足火工艺参数对工夫红茶热风干燥特性和品质的影响

干燥是制茶必不可少的工序,为探究足火条件对红茶热风干燥特性及品质形成的影响,明确较优足火工艺参数,该文以工夫红茶为研究对象,分别设定130、110、90和70℃共4个不同热风足火温度,茶叶干燥至10、20、30、40、50、60min时通过其品质成分含量的测定和感官审评,分析了不同足火温度下工夫红茶的热风干燥特性,探讨了足火条件对工夫红茶生化成分和感官品质的影响,并运用偏最小二乘判别分析(PartialLeastSquaresDiscriminantAnalysis,PLS-DA)研究了足火温度间的关键差异性成分。结果表明:足火温度越高,茶叶含水率越低、干燥速率越大、干燥至含水率小于5%的时间越短,其水分有效扩散系数在1.729×10-8～3.648×10-8 m2/s之间,干燥活化能为15.40 kJ/mol;Page模型可用于反映茶叶足火过程水分随时间的变化规律,其决定系数在0.924～0.995之间,均方根误差在0.008～0.023之间,离差平方和在1.043×10-4～7.866×10-4之间;足火温度越高,简单儿茶素、酯型儿茶素、总儿茶素、茶多酚、咖啡碱等含量越高,同时茶黄素、氨基酸、可溶性糖等含量越低;90℃足火40min为工夫红茶的较佳足火干燥工艺;咖啡碱、可溶性糖、氨基酸、儿茶素C、茶黄素可作为工夫红茶足火工序的控制指标。该研究为优质工夫红茶标准化加工工艺参数的优化提供了理论依据。     

Analysis of glycosidically bound aroma precursors in tea leaves. 2. Changes in glycoside contents and glycosidase activities in tea leaves during the black tea manufacturing process

Glycosides are known to be precursors of the alcoholic aroma compounds of black tea. They are hydrolyzed by endogenous glycosidases during the manufacturing process. Changes in the amounts of these glycosides during the manufacturing process were investigated by using a capillary gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric analysis after trifluoroacetyl derivatization of the tea glycosidic fractions. Primeverosides were 3-fold more abundant than glucosides in fresh leaves, but they decreased greatly during the manufacturing process, especially during the stage of rolling. After the final stage of fermentation, primeverosides had almost disappeared, whereas glucosides were substantially unchanged. These results show that hydrolysis of the glycosides mainly occurred during the stage of rolling and confirm that primeverosides are the main black tea aroma precursors. This was also supported by the changes in the glycosidase activities in tea leaves. The glycosidase activities remained at a high level during withering but decreased drastically after rolling.     

红茶在超微-酶解反应器中的萃取特性研究

本文通过研究红茶在超微－酶解反应器(超微粉碎与酶解反应耦合)中作用所得茶汤的品质变化情况,探讨超微－酶解反应器在红茶萃取方面的优越性,并寻求一条生产茶汤的新途径。结果表明：经过超微－酶解反应器后的茶汤的可溶性固形物含量和茶多酚含量,随着剪切温度、剪切频率、剪切时间、加酶量的增大呈增大的趋势;较过胶体磨后的茶汤,二者含量分别提高了6.7%～12.6%和1.5%～8.0%;较直接热水萃取,二者含量分别提高了16.0%～20.1%和6.2%～24.4%。红茶加酶后在反应器中反应较不加酶所得茶汤茶多酚含量显著提高23.3%～35.6%。     

Application of far-infrared irradiation in the manufacturing process of green tea

Seven kinds of green tea leaves were manufactured with far-infrared (FIR) irradiation, and the physicochemical characteristics of the green tea were determined. Appropriate FIR irradiation during the manufacturing process significantly increased the polyphenolic content of green tea. FIR irradiation at 90 degrees C for 10 min, replacing the roasting step, and of the fully processed green tea leaves (GTP3) increased the total phenol content of green tea from 475.6 to 811.1 mg/g and the total flavanol content from 175.7 to 208.7 mg/g, as compared to the control. Epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate increased from 57.68 and 9.60 mg/g in a nonirradiated control to 89.88 and 16.33 mg/g in GTP3, respectively. Ascorbic acid, caffeine, and nitrite scavenging activities were also increased in GTP3. However, the overall color change of GTP3 was negligible. These results indicate that the chemical properties of green tea are significantly affected by FIR irradiation at specific stages of the manufacturing process of green tea leaves and that this FIR irradiation results in high-quality green tea.     

Flavor characteristics of lapsang souchong and smoked lapsang souchong, a special Chinese black tea with pine smoking process

The major volatile constituents of lapsang souchong, smoked lapsang souchong, and smoked souchong, a group of special black teas in China, were analyzed with GC and GC-MS analyses. Forty-nine constituents were identified. Longifolene and alpha-terpineol were the most abundant compounds in the aroma. Due to its special production process, the compounds longifolene, longicyclene, guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol, etc., were identified only in this kind of black tea. The aroma constituents of tea origin decreased during the smoking process, whereas the pine terpenoids and the thermal pyrolysis products of the pine wood increased markedly. The pine material for smoking was also analyzed for the volatile constituents showing apparent selectivity of the tea leaves to absorb. There were apparent differences among the tea samples in the contents of aroma constituents. The characteristics of the aroma of the teas are discussed with their processes and the features of sensory qualities.     

Nutritional and functional characteristics of seven grades of black tea produced in Turkey

Seven grades of black tea [high-quality black tea (grades 1-3) and low-quality black tea (grades 4-7)], processed by ?AYKUR Tea Processing Plant (Rize, Turkey), were examined for their proximate composition, dietary fiber, minerals, and water-soluble vitamins as well as total phenolic content, various antioxidant assays, phenolics (flavanols, alkoloids, condensed phenolics, and phenolic acids), chlorophylls, and carotenoids. Some variations, albeit to different extents, were observed (p < 0.05) among these parameters in seven grades of black tea. With respect to proximate composition, dietary fiber was the predominant compound (ranging from 49.68 to 54.31 g/100 g), followed by protein, carbohydrate, and, to a lesser extent, ash, moisture, and fat. Thirteen minerals, four water-soluble vitamins, six flavanols, two alkoloids, three condensed phenolics, one phenolic acid, two chlorophylls, and two carotenoids were identified in the seven grades of black tea. Total phenol content ranged from 7.52 to 8.29 g of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g, being lowest in grade 6 and highest in grade 1. With regard to antioxidant activities, a large variation in oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values was observed among all grades of black tea (ranging from 777 μmol of trolox equivalents (TE)/g in grade 7 to 1210 μmol of TE/g in grade 3). The present work suggests that high- and low-quality black teas should not be distinguished on the basis of their nutritional and functional characteristics. The combination of nutritional compounds together with functional characteristics renders combination effects that provide the characteristic quality of each grade of black tea.     

板栗气体射流冲击干燥特性和工艺优化

为了解决板栗深加工中的干燥问题,将气体射流冲击干燥技术应用于板栗干燥,研究了板栗仁在不同风温（70、75、80和85℃）和风速（10、12、14和16 m/s）下的干燥特性;根据单因素试验结果进行了风温、风速和预处理（不烫漂、100℃热水烫漂和100℃蒸汽烫漂）的正交试验。试验结果表明：板栗的整个干燥过程属于降速干燥,风温和风速对板栗的干燥速率均有显著影响,但风温对其的影响比风速更为突出;正交试验各因素对明亮度、蓝黄值和感官评分的影响顺序为：预处理＞风温＞风速,对缩短板栗干燥时间的影响顺序为：风温＞风速＞     

Isolation of black tea pigments using high-speed countercurrent chromatography and studies on properties of black tea polymers

Isolation of theaflavins and epitheaflavic acids from black tea using high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) on a preparative scale is demonstrated. HSCCC also enabled the isolation of a polymeric fraction from black tea. According to Roberts' classification, the polymeric fraction mainly consisted of SII thearubigins (TR). HPLC analysis showed that the isolated material is free of any known chromatographically resolved tea constituents and eluted from reversed-phase packings as a convex "hump" (a broad signal). The antioxidant activity of the TR fraction was 3.6 mmol of Trolox equivalents per gram. The total phenolic content of this fraction was determined to be 34.7 g/100 g (as gallic acid equivalents).     

Antioxidative activities of volatile extracts from green tea, oolong tea, and black tea

Antioxidative activities of volatile extracts from six teas (one green tea, one oolong tea, one roasted green tea, and three black teas) were investigated using an aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay and a conjugated diene assay. The samples were tested at levels of 20, 50, 100, and 200 micrograms/mL of dichloromethane. The results obtained from the two assays were consistent. All extracts except roasted green tea exhibited dose-dependent inhibitory activity in the aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay. A volatile extract from green tea exhibited the most potent activity in both assays among the six extracts. It inhibited hexanal oxidation by almost 100% over 40 days at the level of 200 micrograms/mL. The extract from oolong tea inhibited hexanal oxidation by 50% in 15 days. In the case of the extract from roasted green tea, the lowest antioxidative activity was obtained at the level of 200 micrograms/mL, suggesting that the extract from roasted green tea contained some pro-oxidants. The extracts from the three black teas showed slight anti- or proactivities in both assays. The major volatile constituents of green tea and roasted green tea extracts, which exhibited significant antioxidative activities, were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major volatile chemicals with possible antioxidative activity identified were alkyl compounds with double bond(s), such as 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol (8.04 mg/kg), in the extract from green tea and heterocyclic compounds, such as furfural (7.67 mg/kg), in the extract from roasted green tea. Benzyl alcohol, which was proved to be an antioxidant, was identified both in a green tea extract (4.67 mg/kg) and in a roasted tea extract (1.35 mg/kg).     

双孢菇片微波真空干燥特性及工艺优化

为解决双孢菇的干制问题,采用微波真空干燥技术对双孢菇片进行干燥试验,研究双孢菇片的干燥特性,并与热风干燥、真空干燥和冷冻干燥方法进行比较。研究结果显示,微波真空干燥时,微波强度对双孢菇片的干燥速率有显著影响,而真空度影响较小,最优的干燥参数为：微波强度为17.4 W/g,真空度70 kPa,干燥时间20 min,含水率可达6.9%。通过对比4种干燥方法的干制时间及产品的复水率、色泽和维生素C含量,可知微波真空干燥的菇片品质接近冷冻干燥,明显优于热风干燥和真空干燥,而微波真空干燥在干制时间方面要比冷冻干燥明显缩短。微波真空干燥是适合双孢菇片的有潜力的干制技术。     

Analysis of glycosidically bound aroma precursors in tea leaves. 3. Change in the glycoside content of tea leaves during the oolong tea manufacturing process.

A direct qualitative and quantitative determination of the glycosides of tea aroma compounds at the four stages of the oolong tea manufacturing process (plucking, solar withering, indoor withering, and oolong tea product) was carried out by a capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis after trifluoroacetyl derivatization of the glycosidic fractions. Sixteen glucosides and primeverosides were identified and quantified in cv. Chin-shin-oolong and cv. Chinhsuan-oolong. A comparison of the glycosides in dried fresh leaves between the two cultivars showed significant differences. During the manufacturing process, the amounts of most of these glycosides increased from the solar-withering stage, reaching the highest level at the final stage of oolong tea production. It was noted that no glycoside decreased in its content during the manufacturing process, this being quite different from the manufacture of black tea. In addition, the contents of these alcoholic aroma compounds in the free aroma concentrate from each cultivar remained almost unchanged or slightly decreased, and they constituted only about 12 and 17% in amount of the whole oolong tea aroma compounds. However, jasmine lactone and indole were markedly higher in the final oolong tea products.     

Metabonomics approach to determine metabolic differences between green tea and black tea consumption

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of black and green tea consumption on human metabolism. Seventeen healthy male volunteers consumed black tea, green tea, or caffeine in a randomized crossover study. Twenty-four-hour urine and blood plasma samples were analyzed by NMR-based metabonomics, that is, high-resolution 1H NMR metabolic profiling combined with multivariate statistics. Green and black tea consumption resulted in similar increases in urinary excretion of hippuric acid and 1,3-dihydroxyphenyl-2-O-sulfate, both of which are end products of tea flavonoid degradation by colonic bacteria. Several unidentified aromatic metabolites were detected in urine specifically after green tea intake. Interestingly, green and black tea intake also had a different impact on endogenous metabolites in urine and plasma. Green tea intake caused a stronger increase in urinary excretion of several citric acid cycle intermediates, which suggests an effect of green tea flavanols on human oxidative energy metabolism and/or biosynthetic pathways.     

植物物料红茶的浸提动力学研究

分析了植物物料溶质浸出过程中在高阻力区及低阻力区中的质量传递性质,据此建立了具有快速项和慢速项的两项浸提动力学模型。建立了浸提平衡浓度、快速溶质比例及半平衡时间的三项指标评价体系,全面评价溶质浸提动力学过程。试验表明干燥方法影响着Freedom红茶产品的容积密度,导致组织收缩特性不同,溶质的浸提动力学性能亦不同。流化床干燥、薄层干燥的红茶具有优良的浸提动力学性能,真空干燥红茶的浸提动力学性能较好,盘式干燥红茶的浸提动力学性能较差,微波干燥红茶的浸提动力学性能很差。流化床干燥温度变化不影响红茶的浸提动力学性能。较小颗粒红茶具有更好的浸提动力学性能。     

电磁内热式绿茶毛火工艺参数优化与分析

为探究新型绿茶电磁内热式毛火工艺对绿茶毛火效果的影响,该文应用正交设计和极差分析,以毛火样的生化成分含量和成品样的感官品质为目标值,对电磁内热式毛火工艺参数(热风温度、热风风机转速、链板传动转速等)进行优化,获得最佳参数,并与传统的燃煤式热风毛火、理条机毛火、电热管式热风毛火等在毛火效果和设备性能方面进行比较,结果表明:综合品质生化成分和感官评审的结果,电磁内热式毛火工艺的最佳参数组合为:热风温度115℃,热风风机转速1 200 r/min,链板传动转速1 050 r/min,3因素中以热风风机风速对绿茶毛火效果的影响最为显著;在此毛火条件下所制提香样的氨基酸、茶多酚、叶绿素、可溶性糖、儿茶素和咖啡碱的含量分别达2.31%、17.61%、1.13 mg/g、5.01%、10.74%、2.01%,品质物质加权值为7.66%,均高于其他3种毛火工艺;此工艺下所制成品茶样的外形、汤色、香气、滋味等均得到显著提升,感官总分达86.40,显著优于其他毛火处理;该毛火工艺能耗成本仅0.76元/kg,较电热管式热风毛火减少了70%以上,升温快,预热时间仅10 min,较传统燃煤式热风毛火的预热时间减少约50%,余热回收装置的设计显著提升了热能利用率,热效率提升50%以上;同时,生产效率达150 kg/h,较传统电热管式热风毛火提升3倍以上,而且温控精准和稳定、热风分布均匀。该研究可为茶叶加工提供技术参考和理论指导。     

电子舌在红茶饮料区分辨识中的应用

为检验电子舌在茶饮料方面的辨识能力,该文应用法国Alpha M.O.S公司生产的传感器型电子舌对中国市场上已有的7种红茶饮料进行检测,所得数据用主成分分析法（PCA）和聚类分析法（CA）进行分析。结果表明,该电子舌可以很好的区分这7种红茶饮料。且在PCA第1主成分和第2主成分得分图上,区别指数达95.38。由此可见,电子舌在茶饮料的品牌区分、质检以及真伪辨识中有巨大的应用潜力。同时,该研究也初步探讨了聚类分析法在电子舌数据处理方面的应用。     

Effect of milk and brewing method on black tea catechin bioaccessibility

The aim of this study was to investigate whether milk reduces the bioaccessibility of tea catechins, which would compromise tea beneficial effects ascribed to polyphenols. Adding milk to black tea has been shown to lead to polyphenol-protein complexes. So far, data on the intestinal stability of polyphenol-protein complexes are scarce. English black tea (0.93 ± 0.06 mol/L total catechins) and Indian black tea (1.83 ± 0.08 mol/L catechins) were prepared with skimmed or full-fat milk and subjected to simulated gastric, small intestinal, and brush border digestion. Adding milk (5.6-40%) to tea results in a decrease of total catechin (TCAT) recovery. However, the bioaccessibilities of TCAT of tea with milk versus tea controls were comparable (p > 0.05). The type of milk did not influence TCAT recovery during all digestive stages (p > 0.05). Polyphenol-protein complexes are degraded during digestion. It is very unlikely that consumption of tea with or without milk will result in differences in catechin plasma concentration.     

Characterization of the constituents and antioxidant activity of Brazilian green tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica IAC-259 cultivar) extracts

Freeze-dried extracts from Camellia sinensis var. assamica IAC-259 cultivar named Brazilian green tea were prepared by hot water and ultrasound-assisted extractions using leaves harvested in spring and summer. Their caffeine and catechin contents were measured by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. The antioxidant activity of the major green tea compounds and Brazilian green tea extracts was evaluated using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The levels of caffeine were higher in the summer samples (p < 0.05); otherwise, there were no significant variations related to the catechin contents between spring and summer samples. The sonication method using water/acetone as solvent had a high efficiency to extract not only epigallocatechin gallate but also epicatechin gallate (p < 0.05). Antioxidant activities of the Brazilian green tea extracts were not significantly different among seasons and extraction systems. The antioxidant data (IC50) of the Brazilian green tea extracts showed a significant correlation with their epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate contents (p < 0.05).     

红茶与绿茶感官品质与其化学组分的相关性

对茶叶感官审评分属性与其化学组分的相关性进行探讨,该文以不同等级、产地红茶和绿茶为代表,利用传统感官审评方法鉴定茶叶品质（外形、香气、汤色、滋味和叶底）,并对各品质指标进行相关性分析,筛选出对茶叶品质影响最重要的品质指标,即滋味。在利用尺度评价法对茶叶滋味品质的10个分属性（浓度、厚度、甘度、鲜度、醇度、涩度、嫩度、陈味、纯正度、火工度）进行更为细致的评定和对茶叶中主要呈味物质—茶多酚、咖啡碱、茶氨酸进行定量分析的基础上,对不同等级、不同产地茶叶的滋味分属性进行差异分析,并对化学组分与滋味分属性进行相关性分析,结果表明,各种茶样之间的产地和等级间差异主要是鲜度和涩度,而与之相关的组分主要是茶氨酸和咖啡碱,茶多酚的影响还有待进一步考察。该研究实现了茶叶感官品质的定量分析,提高了感官审评结果的客观性和确定性,为茶叶原产地保护和分等分级提供核心技术和标准支撑。     

茶树土壤的某些生物地球化学特性

Characteristics of the element abundance, material cycling, element budget in tea soils were discussed based on investigations of six tea plantations and the adjacent waste lands in the Three Gorges region. The plantations have different soil-forming parent materials, but similar landforms, and the same tea variety and close ages. The results showed that tea growing could increased the contents of organic matter, total and available N, P, Al and Mn; the elements enriched by tea trees were in the following descending sequence: P>Ca>K>Mn>Mg>Zn>Al>Fe; elements returned through litter of tea were in the sequence of Ca>Mn>P>Zn>Mg>K>Al>Fe; in the nutrient budget of the soil-tea system, P and K were in deficit, whereas Al, Ca, Fe and Mn in surplus.