中药超微粉对雏鸡生长及免疫器官指数的影响

为确定中药超微粉对雏鸡生长和免疫器官指数的影响,将250只8日龄雏鸡随机分成10组,每组25只,1～9组分别添加0.5%、1%、1.5%中药超微粉Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ,10组为对照组,持续42 d。结果表明,3种中药超微粉均能不同程度地促进雏鸡的生长及其免疫器官的发育。其中以3、7组的增重最为明显,可使8～21、22～35、36～49、8～49日龄雏鸡的日增重分别比对照组显著提高了6.91%、8.47%,9.49%、17.53%,9.92%、9.22%,12.90%、13.33%(P0.05)。以7组的胸腺、脾脏和腔上囊指数的提高效果最为稳定,与对照组比较,可使21、35、49日龄雏鸡的胸腺指数显著提高25.89%、14.94%、24.13%(P0.05),脾脏指数显著提高14.83%、14.47%、35.76%(P0.05),腔上囊指数显著提高18.75%、23.43%、18.59%(P0.05)。本结果可为中药超微粉免疫增强剂的筛选提供科学依据。     

渔用中药免疫增强剂研究进展

报道了中药免疫活性成分如多糖、苷类、生物碱、有机酸、挥发油等在水产养殖上的应用，综述了中药免疫增强剂对水产动物免疫器官的影响及其免疫增强机制研究进展，并指出此类研究的方向应为复方制剂的二次开发。     

黄芪多糖对肉鸡禽流感免疫效果的影响

研究黄芪多糖在禽流感(AI)灭活苗免疫过程中对肉鸡免疫效果的影响.18只1周龄肉雏鸡随机分为3组,每组6只鸡.所有肉鸡于2和6周龄分别进行AI灭活苗的首免和二免,胸肌注射,0.5 mL/羽.试验1组肉鸡每天口服高剂量黄芪多糖1 mL/羽；试验2组肉鸡每天口服低剂量黄芪多糖1mL/羽；对照组正常饲喂全价料.于试验始末称量肉鸡质量,测定脾和法氏囊指数；分别在首免前1d、首免后14和21d及二免后14和21d测定AI血凝抑制抗体的效果.结果表明:与对照组相比,试验1和2组肉鸡的体质量、脾和法氏囊指数均显著提高；二免后AI血凝抑制抗体的效价显著升高.在一定范围内高和低剂量的黄芪多糖都能使肉鸡增质量,显著提高肉鸡的主要免疫器官指数和AI血凝抑制抗体的效价.     

中药免疫增强剂对鸡ILT疫苗免疫和强毒攻击的影响

选择健康仔鸡 70只 ,随机分为 7组 ,每组 10只。 1组为健康对照组 (不免疫、不攻毒 ) ,2～ 4组为不同处理的免疫试验组。在试验仔鸡 45日龄时 ,2组免疫传染性喉气管炎 (ILT)疫苗 ,3组免疫ILT疫苗同时肌肉注射中药免疫增强剂Ⅰ ,4组免疫ILT疫苗同时肌肉注射中药免疫增强剂Ⅱ。 5、6组为非免疫试验组。在仔鸡 5 2日龄时 ,5组肌肉注射中药免疫增强Ⅰ ,6组肌肉注射中药免疫增强Ⅱ。 7组为单纯强毒攻击组。 5 5日龄时 ,2～ 7组全部用ILT强毒 (EID50 =10 -5 33/ 0 1ml)攻击。结果显示 :试验 2组在免疫后 3d ,RBC -CRl和RBC -IC花环率显著降低 ,免疫后第 9d ,上述两个花环率恢复到正常值。试验 3、4组 ,RBC -CRl和RBC -IC花环率在免疫后升高 ,且高于 1组和 2组。强毒攻击后 5d、10d ,试验 2～ 6组 ,RBC -CRl、RBC -IC花环率仍然保持在攻毒前的水平。 7组的RBC -CRl和RBC -IC花环率显著降低 ,与其他各组比较差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ,在攻毒后第 10d(试验 2、3、4组免疫后 2 0d) ,体内ILT抗体检测结果为 ,试验 1组ILT抗体全部阴性 ,其他试验组的ILT抗体效价为 :2组、3组、7组为 1∶8;4组、5组为 1∶32 ;6组为 1∶2 5 6。说明ILT疫苗免疫或强毒攻击 ,均会引起机体红细胞免疫功能降低 ;中药免疫增强剂能够消除ILT     

复方中药免疫增强剂对鸡免疫器官组织形态学影响研究

将5日龄雏鸡分成10组(其中一个对照组)选用三个配方,采用1%、1.5%和2%三个添加水平,进行饲喂试验。结果表明,三个配方的9个试验组鸡群体重均高于对照组,配方二体重467克比对照组的358克提高31.6%,差异显著(P<0.05)。三个配方的9个试验组脾和腔上囊重量均高于对照组(P<0.05)。三个配方的9个试验组,其免疫器官的组织形态学变化均比对照组明显,说明复方中草药免疫增强剂对鸡免疫器官的发育具有明显的促进作用。     

中药复方免疫增强剂中多糖的提取及毒性试验研究

试验采用超声辅助提取法对中药复方免疫增强剂中的多糖进行了提取，并用分光光度法进行含量测定，然后回归动物试验。结果表明，多糖在试验剂量下无毒副作用，对免疫器官的增重有促进作用。     

传染性喉气管炎疫苗免疫对鸡红细胞免疫功能状态的影响

选择健康仔鸡40只，随机分为4组，每组10只。Ⅰ组为健康对照组，Ⅱ－Ⅳ组为不同处理的试验组。在45日龄日，Ⅱ级免疫传染性喉气管炎（ILT）疫苗，Ⅲ组免疫ILT疫苗同时肌肉注射中药免疫增强剂Ⅰ，Ⅳ组免疫ILT疫苗同时肌肉注射中药免疫增强剂Ⅱ。分别在免疫前1天、免疫后第3天和第9天，测定各组鸡的红细胞免疫功能状态。结果发现，试验Ⅱ组的鸡在ILT疫苗免疫后3天，RBC－CR1花环率和RBC－IC花环率显著降低，与其他各组比较差异极显著（P＜0．01）。免疫后9天，RBC－CR1花环率和RBC－IC花环率升高到正常水平；而Ⅲ和Ⅳ组，免疫后RBC－CR1花环率高于I组（P＜0．01、P＜0．05）。说明ILT疫苗免疫会引机体红细胞免疫功能的短暂性降低；疫苗免疫的同时使用中药增强剂能够消除红细胞功能短暂性降低的不良反应。     

中药免疫增强剂对断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫功能的影响

本试验研究了中药免疫增强剂对断奶仔猪生产性能和免疫功能的影响。试验随机选取28日龄断奶仔猪96头,分为对照组(基础日粮)和试验组(基础日粮添加0.1%的中药免疫增强剂),测定仔猪生长性能以及淋巴细胞转化率、血清溶血素含量、脾细胞增殖、脾定量溶血(QHS)等免疫指标。研究结果表明,中药免疫增强剂能改善断奶仔猪生长速度,增强仔猪细胞免疫功能和体液免疫功能。     

缓释复方免疫增强剂对雏鸡免疫功能各项

将40只14日龄蛋用雏鸡随机分成2组,每组20只,A组为对照组,颈部皮下注射新城疫疫苗0.2ml/只,B组为试验组,在颈部皮下注射新城疫疫苗的同时,每只雏鸡投服缓释复方免疫增强剂1粒（0.25 mg左右）,在试验后10、20、30和40 d时检测的新城疫HI抗体效价、T淋巴细胞ERFC形成率、外周血T淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率,试验组显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）,对免疫器官相对重量变化具有明显的促生长作用,对机体的囊体比和脾体比有一定的提高,但差异不显著（P＞0.05）。由此可见,研制的缓释复方免疫增强剂的免疫增强效果明显,持续时间长,同时还可促进机体的生长发育,是一种效果好、副作用小的新型免疫增强剂。     

新城疫中药多糖佐剂油乳苗对鸡免疫器官发育的影响

４２０只７日龄健康罗曼雏鸡随机分为７组,每组６０只。第１组肌注新城疫（ＮＤ）黄芪多糖佐剂油乳苗,第２组肌注ＮＤ香菇多糖佐剂油乳苗,第３组肌注ＮＤ复方多糖（１）佐剂油乳苗,第４组肌注ＮＤ复方多糖（２）佐剂油乳苗,第５组肌注ＮＤ复方多糖（３）佐剂油乳苗,第６组肌注ＮＤ油乳苗（对照）,第７组肌注生理盐水（空白对照）。分别于注苗后５、１０、１５、２５、３５ｄ,每组随机取１０只鸡称重,并取免疫器官脾、法氏囊用１０％福尔马林固定后称重,作统计学处理。结果表明,中药多糖作为新城疫油乳苗佐剂有明显的增加免疫器官重量的作用,复方中药多糖对脾、法氏囊的增重效果优于单一多糖。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.