金属硫蛋白对应激猪血清中某些酶活性的影响

金属硫蛋白是一类低分子量、富含半胱氨酸的金属结合蛋白。它与应激及应激性疾病有关。本文试探讨金属硫蛋白对应激猪血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响，以便为金属硫蛋白在畜牧业生产中的应用提供一定的理论依据。     

金属硫蛋白与动物应激

金属硫蛋白是一类低分子量、富含半胱氨酸的金属结合蛋白,它与应激及应激性疾病有关。文章就应激对金属硫蛋白合成的诱导,金属硫蛋白对应激的保护作用及其机制等问题做了简单介绍,说明金属硫蛋白在动物养殖业中具有广阔的应用前景。     

金属硫蛋白及其抗应激功能

金属硫蛋白（MT）是一类富含半胱氨酸的低分子量金属结核蛋白，本文通过对金属硫蛋白（MT）的概述，介绍了金属硫蛋白的理化性质，逐个分析了能诱导金属硫蛋白合成的因素，并就金属硫蛋白主要生物学功能作了详细的说明。     

富含金属硫蛋白酵母对蛋鸡高温热应激的影响

 在蛋鸡日粮中添加富含金属硫蛋白酵母菌,研究其对蛋鸡高温应激的影响。试验选取360只产蛋盛期的海兰灰蛋鸡,采用笼养方式,随机分为3个组,每个组120只,其中A组为对照组饲喂基础日粮,B组和C组为试验组,在基础日粮中分别添加0.5%和1.0% 的富含金属硫蛋白酵母。结果显示,通过在蛋鸡日粮中分别添加0.5%和1%的富含金属硫蛋白酵母菌后使产蛋率分别提高了5.2%和9.97%（P<0.05）,使料蛋比分别降低了0.85%和6.8%（P<0.05）。同时降低了体内MDA含量的,提高了体内SOD酶的活性。小鼠安全性实验中小鼠各个生理和脏器指数除高剂量组的肝脏和肾脏与对照组差异显著外（P<0.05）其他脏器指数差异均不显著。上述结果表明,在蛋鸡饲料中添加适量的富含金属硫蛋白酵母可有效缓解蛋鸡应激,提高产蛋鸡的生产性能,同时安全无毒副作用。     

金属硫蛋白及其与动物应激的关系

本文就金属硫蛋白的性质,应激对金属硫蛋白合成的诱导,金属硫蛋白对应激的保护作用及其机制等问题做了探讨,并分析了金属硫蛋白在动物养殖业中的应用前景。     

非酯化脂肪酸对原代犊牛肝细胞内质网应激信号通路的影响

通过体外添加一定浓度的非酯化脂肪酸(nonestesterifiedfatty acid,NEFAs)(1.8 mmol/L)处理犊牛原代肝细胞不同时间,运用Western blot和实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法,测定NEFAs对内质网应激(ER stress)标志分子IRE1α磷酸化水平和GRP78、CHOP、XBP-1的mRNA表达水平的影响。结果显示,随着NEFAs作用时间的增加,与0.5h组相比,IRE1α磷酸化水平逐渐升高,NEFAs处理小于5h时,IRE1α磷酸化水平呈时间依赖性增加。并在5h达到最高水平,极显著高于0.5h组(P0.01),此后,磷酸化水平降低。与0.5h组相比,GRP78、CHOP、XBP-1的mRNA的表达水平整体逐渐升高,NEFAs处理9h时极显著高于0.5h时组(P0.01)并达到最高水平。结果表明,一定浓度的NEFAs可诱导奶牛肝细胞发生内质网应激。     

金属硫蛋白及其抗应激功能

<正>1金属硫蛋白概述1.1金属硫蛋白的理化性质金属硫蛋白(MT)是一类富含半胱氨酸的低分子量金属结合蛋白,广泛存在于从细菌到哺乳动物的多种生物体内。金属硫蛋白的氨基酸序列是很相似的     

金属硫蛋白对热应激下体外培养奶牛淋巴细胞的影响

本研究的目的在于探讨外源性金属硫蛋白(MT)对热应激下体外培养奶牛淋巴细胞凋亡的影响。将屠宰获取的奶牛脾脏淋巴细胞随机分为4组,每组细胞培养液中MT的终浓度分别为0 μg/mL(对照组)、70 μg/mL(第Ⅰ组)、140 μg/mL(第Ⅱ组)、210 μg/mL(第Ⅲ组),同时置于细胞培养箱(37℃、5%CO₂)中培养20 h,之后同时置于43℃水浴锅中进行热应激处理1 h,再回细胞培养箱中培养3 h,然后利用形态学观察、RT-PCR等方法进行各项指标的检测。结果如下,1)通过形态学观察和AO/EB染色观察,表明添加MT可以有效缓解热应激对奶牛淋巴细胞的损伤,但缓解效果随MT浓度的增加而下降; 2)第Ⅰ~Ⅲ组的CAT活性、SOD活性和GSH-Px活性均高于对照组(P<0.01),MDA含量均低于对照组(P<0.01),表明MT能够有效改善淋巴细胞的抗氧化能力;3)试验Ⅰ~Ⅲ组的Bax基因相对表达量均显著低于对照组(P<0.01),但试验Ⅰ~Ⅲ组Bcl-2基因的表达量和p50基因的表达量均显著低于对照组(P<0.01),表明MT可以调节与细胞凋亡相关基因的表达。综上所述,添加MT可以降低奶牛淋巴细胞死亡率,改善奶牛淋巴细胞抗氧化性能,抑制奶牛淋巴细胞凋亡,以添加终浓度为70 μg/mL的MT效果最好。     

金属硫蛋白对热应激奶牛血淋巴细胞凋亡基因和HSP70基因表达的影响

为探讨金属硫蛋白(MT)对热应激奶牛血淋巴细胞凋亡基因和HSP70基因表达的影响及其机理,选取25头中国荷斯坦奶牛经产泌乳母牛,随机均分为A、B、C、D、E 5组,分别按每头0(对照),16.0,24.0,32.0和40.0 mg颈静脉注射Zn-MT,于试验第1(注射Zn-MT之前),7和14天逐头采取血样,测定不同剂量的外源性MT对热应激奶牛血淋巴细胞HSP70、Bcl-2、Bax和p53基因表达水平的影响。结果表明,补给外源性MT后,4个试验组奶牛的产奶性能都有不同程度提高,其中B组奶牛的产奶量比A、C、D和E组分别高出20.94%(P＜0.05),15.83%(P＞0.05),10.94%(P＞0.05)和8.85%(P＞0.05);各试验组HSP70基因的表达水平都有所上升,其中D组比对照组高出130.00%,达到显著(P＜0.05)水平;各试验组Bcl-2基因的表达水平均高于对照组,其中C组达到显著(P＜0.05)水平;B、D组Bax基因的表达水平和C、E组p53基因的表达水平较对照组分别降低了22.00%,13.00%和22.00%,34.00%,但均未达到显著(P＞0.05)水平。说明外源性MT能改善热应激奶牛的产奶性能并有效调控奶牛血淋巴细胞HSP70、Bcl-2、Bax和p53基因的表达水平,且表现出较为明显的剂量效应。     

金属硫蛋白对机体锌营养状况的反应

本试验以小鼠为动物模型,研究了金属硫蛋白(MT)对机体锌营养状况的反应。其结果显示低锌饲粮使血浆MT总量升高,肝脏、肾脏、小肠MT总量下降;限饲应激使血浆MT总量初期(10d)升高,后期(20d)下降,肝脏、肾脏、小肠MT总量初期(10d)下降,后期(20d)升高。限饲应激、低锌饲粮使MT中ZnMT比例升高。限饲组肝脏MT中Zn与Cu的比例约为6∶1、肾脏的比例接近2∶1、血浆和小肠则全部与Zn结合;低锌饲粮组血浆、肝脏、肾脏、小肠MT都以ZnMT形式存在。     

Effects of long‐term microalgae supplementation on muscle microstructure,meat quality and fatty acid composition in growing pigs

We investigated the effects of long‐term microalgae supplementation (7% in a piglet diet and 5% in a fattening diet) on muscle microstructure and meat quality, including fatty acid composition in female Landrace pigs (n = 31). The major effects were muscle‐specific increases in n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) concentrations, resulting in increased accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Carcass traits and meat quality of longissimus thoracis muscle were not affected by the microalgae diet with the exception of reduced drip loss (p = 0.01) and increased protein proportion (p = 0.04). In addition, the microalgae diet resulted in a shift to a more oxidative myofibre type composition in semitendinosus but not longissimus thoracis muscle. In conclusion, microalgae supplementation offers a unique opportunity to enhance essential n‐3 PUFA contents in pig meat. The results support small but coordinated changes in skeletal muscle phenotypic appearance and functionality.     

Effects of exercise on skeletal muscle and serum enzyme activities in pigs

In order to determine skeletal muscle and serum enzyme activities following exercise, six adult Landrace pigs were submitted to 10 min running on a treadmill (0.5 m/s, on a 12% gradient) and compared to six controls. Blood samples were obtained just before the exercise, immediately after, and 24 h, 48 h and 144 h after exercise. Muscle biopsies were taken from the longissimus dorsi and biceps femoris 24 h after exercise. Total lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and LDH isoenzymes in muscle and serum were unchanged. In muscle homogenates, there was no difference in total creatine phosphokinase (CK) activity between the two groups. Total CK activity in the biceps femoris muscle represented only 59% of that observed in the longissimus dorsi muscle. A mean CK-MB value of 2.5% was found in the control group for both muscles but after exercise it was 9.5% (p<0.05) for the biceps femoris and 12.2% (p<0.01) of the longissimus dorsi muscle. In serum, the total CK (p<0.05), CK-MM (p<0.05) and CK-BB (p<0.05) increased immediately after the exercise, followed by a progressive decrease.     

Effects of breed, sex and halothane genotype on fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols and phospholipids in pork longissimus muscle

The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of breed, sex, and halothane (HAL‐1843^TM) genotype on fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL) extracted from porcine longissimus muscle (LM). Purebred Yorkshire (n = 131), Duroc (n = 136), Hampshire (n = 49), Spotted (n = 35), Chester White (n = 74), Poland China (n = 51), Berkshire (n = 169) and Landrace (n = 82) pigs (n = 727; 427 barrows and 300 gilts) from the 1994 and 2001 National Barrow Show Sire Progeny Tests were used. For statistical analyses, a mixed model was used that included fixed effects of breed, sex, HAL‐1843^TM genotype, year, slaughter date within each year, interaction of breed × sex and random effects of sire and dam within breed. Breeds and sex were significantly associated with the percentages of the majority fatty acids in TAG. Duroc pigs had greater total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and lower total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (p < 0.05) contents than did pigs of all other breeds except Berkshire (p > 0.05). The concentration of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was the greatest in Hampshire pigs (p < 0.05). The content of total SFA was greater (p < 0.01), whereas the concentrations of total MUFA and PUFA were lower (p < 0.01) in barrows than those in gilts. The contents of major SFA in PL did not differ significantly among pigs from different breeds and sex groups. However, breed and sex significantly affected the concentrations of major MUFA and PUFA in PL and strong negative correlation between the total contents of MUFA and PUFA in PL was observed in the current study. Chester White pigs had greater total MUFA and lower total PUFA contents (p < 0.05) in PL than did pigs of all other breeds except Spotted (p > 0.05). In contrast to breed and sex effects, the concentrations of fatty acids in PL were more affected by HAL‐1843^TM genotype than those in TAG. The content of C16:0, a major SFA in PL, differed significantly in pigs with different HAL‐1843^TM genotypes. In conclusion, these results suggest that breed and sex are important sources of the variations for fatty acid composition of TAG and PL in LM.     

营养水平对荣昌猪肌内脂肪、脂肪酸含量的影响研究

试验选用84头10 kg左右荣昌阉公猪,随机分成2组,每组6个重复,每个重复7头猪,在参照中国瘦肉型猪饲养标准(高营养水平组)、荣昌猪(GB 7223—1987)饲养标准(低营养水平组)配制的2种日粮饲喂条件下,研究日粮营养水平对生长肥育期荣昌阉公猪肌内脂肪、脂肪酸含量及组成的影响。结果表明:本试验条件下,营养水平对生长育肥阶段荣昌猪肌内脂肪含量无显著影响;高营养水平组显著提高荣昌猪35 kg时硬脂酸含量(P0.05)和20 kg时亚麻酸含量(P0.05);荣昌猪的饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸和必需脂肪酸含量,高低营养水平组在各个体重阶段差异均不显著(P0.05)。     

Digestion and deposition of individual fatty acids in growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing either beef tallow or sunflower oil

The apparent digestibility and deposition in carcass of individual dietary fatty acids (FA) were determined in growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing either beef tallow or sunflower oil. The beef tallow was rich in saturated FA (SFA) and the sunflower oil had a high content of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). A total of 39 barrows was used. The experimental diets contained 5% (w/w) of the variable fat source and were fed ad libitum . The dietary fat type had no effect (p > 0.05) on growth performance, even though the apparent digestibilities of crude fat and crude protein were higher (p < 0.05) in the animals fed sunflower oil. The pigs fed the sunflower oil diet showed higher apparent digestibilities (p < 0.05) of the sum of SFA, monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and PUFA, but had a lower digestibility (p < 0.05) of stearic acid. The intakes of individual digestible FA were derived feed intake data, FA contents of the diets and the digestibility of individual FA. For the entire feeding period of 13 weeks, the ratio of deposition in carcass to intake of digestible FA was increased (p < 0.05) for palmitic and stearic acid in the pigs fed sunflower oil, but the ratios for oleic acid and linoleic acid were decreased (p < 0.001). In the pigs fed sunflower oil instead of beef tallow, the deposition:intake ratio was raised for the SFA (p < 0.001), but diminished for the MUFA (p < 0.05). The calculated minimum de novo synthesis of SFA was increased (p < 0.05) and that of MUFA decreased (p < 0.05) in the pigs fed sunflower oil. It is concluded that the feeding of a diet with sunflower oil instead of beef tallow improved apparent digestibility of SFA, MUFA and PUFA, increased the deposition:digestible intake ratio for SFA, but lowered that for MUFA and PUFA.     

甜菜碱日粮对热应激条件下肉鸭生长性能、血液指标及盲肠脂肪酸含量的影响

文章旨在评估甜菜碱对热应激条件下肉鸭血液指标、电解质、气体分压和盲肠短链脂肪酸含量的影响。试验选择平均体重为48.6g当天孵化的肉鸭400只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复20只。试验日粮处理分为对照组和3个处理组,对照组饲喂基础日粮(自由采食),处理1组为热应激条件下添加1500mg/kg甜菜碱,处理2组为热应激条件下5点~10点以及17点~20点饲喂含1500mg/kg甜菜碱日粮,处理3组为热应激条件下17点~10点饲喂含1500mg/kg甜菜碱日粮,试验共进行42d。结果显示:饲喂甜菜碱日粮的肉鸭较对照组体重显著提高(P<0.05)。对照组肉鸭血液红细胞总数、红细胞压积、血红蛋白、红细胞平均体积、红细胞分布宽度、血小板计数、血小板压积、血小板平均体积均低于甜菜碱组(P<0.05)。不同饲喂时间的甜菜碱组肉鸭电解质浓度均高于对照组(P<0.05)。对照组肉鸭血液二氧化碳分压、氧气分压、细胞外液碱浓度、碳酸氢盐和总二氧化碳浓度均低于甜菜碱组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,甜菜碱组肉鸭盲肠中总短链脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸的浓度较高(P<0.05),而丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸含量较低(P<0.05)。因此,与自由采食相比,在上午和下午限制饲喂甜菜碱日粮或17~10点饲喂甜菜碱日粮显著提高了热应激条件下肉鸭的生长性能和生物学参数。     

Effects of omega-7 palmitoleic acids on skeletal muscle differentiation in a hyperglycemic condition

Maternal obesity and diabetes are known to be involved in fetal myogenesis, but the later stages of myogenesis are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the influence of a hyperglycemic environment on L6 skeletal myoblast differentiation and the function of omega-7 palmitoleic acids. Exposure to a high concentration of glucose (25 mM) in high-glucose culture medium (HG) increased the expression of myogenic genes (MyoD, Myogenin, MRF4, Myhc2x, and Myhc2a) and the synthesis of myosin. HG also activated the PI3K/AKT pathway revealed muscle cell differentiation. Furthermore, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an inflammatory cytokine (Tnfaip3; tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3), which are crucial for the growth and differentiation of skeletal muscle, were increased by HG. Palmitoleic acids suppressed the expression levels of myogenic regulatory genes and increased the expression level of a cell proliferation-related gene (Pax3). Trans-palmitoleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (TPA and EPA) increased the phosphorylation level of MAPK/ERK1/2 and downregulated ROS generation and Tnfaip3 expression. In contrast, cis-palmitoleic acid inactivated MAPK/ERK1/2, leading to increased ROS generation. In conclusion, a hyperglycemic environment mediated by HG induced excessive muscle differentiation. Palmitoleic acids inhibited myoblast differentiation by downregulating muscle-specific genes. Moreover, trans-palmitoleic acids may have beneficial antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory effects in cells.     

陈化大米替代玉米对断奶猪生长性能、血液生化及游离氨基酸水平的影响

本研究旨在研究用陈化大米完全替代玉米对仔猪断奶后1～28?d生长性能、血液生化及游离氨基酸水平的影响.试验将21?d断奶、平均初始体重为(6.32±0.09)kg的480头仔猪随机分为2组,每组8个重复,每个重复30头.两组断奶仔猪在28?d的试验期中分别饲喂玉米和陈化大米为主的日粮.结果:与玉米组相比,陈化大米组仔猪...     

Effect of different exogenous fatty acids on the cytosolic triacylglycerol content in bovine mammary cells

The objective of this study was to determine how cytosolic triacylglycerols (TAG) are stored in mammary cells and whether this depends on the individual chemical configuration of fatty acids (FA). This objective was accomplished by addition of different FA to a FA-free medium used to culture mammary alveolar cells-large T antigen cells (MAC-T). Treatments consisted of adding FA (palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate, rumenic acid [CLA], elaidate and vaccinate) solutions to the medium at 100, 200, 300 and 400 mmol/L concentrations for a 24-h incubation period. At the end of each incubation period, cytosolic TAG, DNA and protein contents were measured. Palmitate, vaccenate, linoleate and CLA increased (P < 0.05) cytosolic TAG (μg/mg protein). Palmitate and CLA increased (P < 0.05) cytosolic TAG adjusted for DNA content. Overall, effects on cytosolic TAG accumulation depended on individual FA structure (chain length, degree of saturation, and number and orientation of FA double bonds). In addition, the long-chain FA used in this study did not have a detrimental effect on MAC-T cells as indicated by cytosolic protein and DNA contents reflecting their biological role in lipid accumulation.