中药复方对高温中鸡肠黏膜杯状细胞数量的影响

试验选用农大3号35日龄公鸡144只,随机分成4组,常温对照组在22℃环境下饲养,高温对照组和2个高温用药组在26-39℃环境下饲养。各组分别于实验第1、4、8、10天捕杀5只,取十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠各1cm,PAS染色,光学显微镜检测肠绒毛杯状细胞的数量。结果表明,与常温对照组相比,高温对照组鸡各肠段黏膜杯状细胞数量增加,随着热应激时间的延长,高温对照组杯状细胞数量呈下降趋势;方1和方2能在高温状态下促进鸡肠道杯状细胞数量增加,且方1的效果优于方2。     

强冷应激对阿勒泰羔羊血清IgG、皮质醇及小肠免疫相关细胞的影响

为了探讨较强寒冷刺激对阿勒泰羔羊血清IgG和皮质醇含量的影响及小肠黏膜免疫屏障的适应特征。把阿勒泰羔羊置于-30～-35℃分别进行0,6 h、1,4,12,24 d的冷刺激,利用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对阿勒泰羔羊血清中IgG和皮质醇的含量进行测定;通过石蜡切片和HE染色对阿勒泰羔羊小肠的显微结构进行观察;并通过改良甲苯胺蓝染色鉴定小肠中的甲苯胺蓝染色阳性细胞。发现冷应激后IgG质量浓度都比正常组明显降低,其中冷应激4 d与正常组质量浓度差异极显著(P0.01),冷应激后皮质醇质量浓度比正常组表达上升,其中冷应激6 h时与正常组差异显著(P0.05),而24 d与正常组差异极显著(P0.01);IgG与皮质醇浓度在4,12和24 d呈较强正相关,6 h和1 d呈负相关,说明在强冷应激时,绵羊机体免疫机能的调节及抗炎症反应等受到了抑制。冷应激后十二指肠、空肠和回肠的显微结构发生了相应变化,其中最明显的是肠绒毛变短且变粗,回肠内淋巴小结数量增多;对小肠免疫相关细胞而言,同一温度下各肠段中细胞数量呈趋势变化,上皮内淋巴细胞和杯状细胞的数量在十二指肠、空肠和回肠中呈上升趋势,而肥大细胞数量呈下降趋势;冷应激后淋巴细胞数量较常温有所减少,杯状细胞和肥大细胞数量较常温下都有所增加,说明在强冷应激下机体通过激素的释放努力适应环境变化的同时,也会使小肠免疫功能下降。     

宁都黄鸡小肠显微结构和甲苯胺蓝染色阳性细胞分布特点

通过石蜡切片和HE染色方法观察了宁都黄鸡小肠的显微结构,同时通过改良甲苯胺蓝染色的方法鉴定小肠中的甲苯胺蓝染色阳性细胞.结果显示,宁都黄鸡小肠与一般禽类小肠显微结构类似,黏膜下层缺乏十二指肠腺,黏膜固有层缺乏淋巴小结.小肠从前到后,杯状细胞逐渐增多.3段小肠的肠腺和回肠杯状细胞呈甲苯胺蓝染色阳性.小肠壁四层结构中都有肥大细胞的分布,主要分布于黏膜上皮细胞下、黏膜下层、肌层和外膜结缔组织中.肥大细胞体积较大,多数呈卵圆形,有的细胞形态不规则,甚至有突起.胞核染色呈深蓝色,胞质中含有紫红色颗粒.结果表明,宁都黄鸡小肠腺细胞和杯状细胞甲苯胺蓝染色呈阳性,说明其能够分泌有助于吸收的活性物质;小肠中具有丰富的肥大细胞,说明宁都黄鸡有较完善的肠道免疫屏障.     

热应激后猪血清中IL-2、IFN-γ及TNF-α水平的动态变化

检测热应激后猪血清中的IL-2、IFN-γ及TNF-α水平,观察其变化规律.将12头体重基本一致的3月龄中国试验用小型猪随机分成高温试验组和常温对照组两组.高温试验组在人工气候仓内饲养,模拟夏季炎热气候,气温从26～39℃24 h循环变温,39℃时维持4 h;常温对照组在22℃下饲养.试验持续10 d,在热应激的第1、3、5、7、9天,39℃高温持续期结束的时刻采血,分离血清.用ELISA法检测各血清样品中IL-2、IFN-γ及TNF-α水平.结果显示：IL-2水平有所上升,且在热应激的第1天和第3天与常温对照组差异显著（P＜0.05）;IFN-γ水平有所下降,且在热应激的第3天和第5天与常温对照组差异显著（P＜0.05）;TNF-α水平有所上升,但与常温组比较差异不显著（P＞0.05）;热应激试验进行的10 d中,IL-2、IFN-γ及TNF-α水平变化有其共同特点,即随着试验的进行各细胞因子浓度都向常温对照组的正常值发展.本研究从细胞因子的角度验证了前人热应激抑制机体免疫机能的结论.     

不同月龄山羊小肠黏膜免疫相关细胞的数量变化

为揭示不同发育阶段山羊小肠黏膜免疫特点的内在规律，本试验采用组织学和组织化学方法，对0．5、2和12月龄山羊小肠不同肠段的上皮内淋巴细胞、杯状细胞和肥大细胞的分布和数量变化进行了比较研究。结果显示：随着年龄增长，小肠各段上皮内淋巴细胞和肥大细胞的数量逐步增多（P〈0．05），而杯状细胞却逐渐减少（P〈0．05）。上皮内淋巴细胞数从十二指肠至回肠逐渐减少，0．5月龄的回肠上皮内淋巴细胞数仅是十二指肠和空肠的84．45％和98．14％（P〈0．05），肥大细胞的分布规律与上皮内淋巴细胞相似；相反，杯状细胞数从十二指肠至回肠逐渐增多。以上结果提示，在山羊小肠的早期发育中，杯状细胞起着重要的黏膜屏障功能，随着肠道黏膜免疫系统的发育，上皮内淋巴细胞和肥大细胞的黏膜防御作用进一步增强。     

热应激对鹅小肠形态结构及肥大细胞影响的研究

采用肥大细胞研究的一些常规组织化学技术与形态学方法,对吉林白鹅小肠各段形态结构及小肠中肥大细胞数量、分布变化进行观察,进而探讨热应激对鹅小肠发育的影响。结果显示,对照组白鹅小肠形态结构完整,肠绒毛排列整齐;十二指肠中肥大细胞多于空肠和回肠;随日龄增加,肥大细胞数量随之增加。热应激组小肠各段肠黏膜结构不完整,肠绒毛断裂,十二指肠损伤最严重;小肠各段肥大细胞的数目明显多于对照组的小肠各段。表明热应激在一定程度上抑制了吉林白鹅小肠黏膜结构和免疫功能的正常发育。     

甘蔗提取物对热应激大鼠肠道炎症因子及杯状细胞的影响

本试验旨在研究甘蔗提取物(sugar cane extract,SEC)对热应激大鼠肠道组织的影响,为SCE在动物生产上的应用提供理论依据。选取21日龄雌性Wistar-Imamichi大鼠20只,按体重均分为4组,分别是对照组(NT)、SCE组(SCE)、热处理组(HT)、SCE热处理组(SH),其中SCE组和SH组均是日粮中添加2.16%的SCE纯品。NH组和SCE组处于25℃恒温环境中,HT组和SH组每天在38℃温控环境中暴露3 h(12:00-15:00),试验期10 d。结果表明:SCE和热处理对空肠IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-αmRNA表达以及回肠IL-1β和TNF-αmRNA表达无显著影响,但SCE显著降低IL-6在回肠上的基因表达;热处理使十二指肠杯状细胞数目增多,其中SCE和热处理组尤为显著;空肠和回肠各组杯状细胞无明显变化。由此可见,甘蔗提取物可显著降低热应激大鼠回肠组织IL-6基因表达水平,且甘蔗提取物和热应激影响十二指肠杯状细胞数目。     

日龄对小鼠结肠组织形态和杯状细胞数量的影响研究

将实验小白鼠分别在6日龄、9日龄、13日龄、17日龄、22日龄、28日龄随机选取4只解剖,取结肠制作组织切片,并作HE染色,光镜下观察每组结肠黏膜、肠腺、杯状细胞、肌层、浆膜的形态结构.检测和分析杯状细胞的数量变化以及黏膜肌层的厚度变化.结果表明,在小白鼠生长发育过程中,结肠中杯状细胞的数目随着日龄增长而不断增多,肠黏...     

丁酸钠对肉鸡小肠黏膜免疫相关细胞的影响

本试验通过日粮中添加丁酸钠研究其对肉鸡小肠黏膜免疫相关细胞的影响.将32只1日龄健康AA肉鸡随机分为4个处理组:A组(对照组:基础日粮)、B组(丁酸钠组:基础日粮 500mg/kg丁酸钠)、C组(丁酸钠 芽孢杆菌组:基础日粮 100 mg/kg丁酸钠 200 mg/kg芽孢杆菌)和D组(丁酸钠 酶制剂组:基础日粮 100 mg/kg丁酸钠 500 mg/kg酶制剂).试验7周后,采用组织学技术研究肉鸡小肠黏膜免疫相关细胞的分布变化.结果显示:(1)与对照组比较,小肠肥大细胞、上皮内淋巴细胞及杯状细胞的形态无明显变化,肥大细胞多存在于肠腺周围和肠绒毛固有层,(2)各试验组的小肠肥大细胞、上皮内淋巴细胞及杯状细胞数均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);(3)各试验组和对照组小肠肥大细胞和上皮内淋巴细胞数均从前向后逐渐减少,十二指肠的肥大细胞最多,空肠的次之,回肠的较少;杯状细胞数则与之相反.由此可知,3种添加剂可不同程度地改善肉鸡小肠黏膜结构,且将丁酸钠分别与芽孢杆菌和酶制剂混合饲喂,效果在一定程度上好于单独饲喂丁酸钠.     

消暑促情散缓解雌鼠热应激引起的脏器损伤研究

为探讨消暑促情散缓解热应激对内脏器官的影响,将60只成年昆明雌鼠随机分成3组,室温对照组(25℃,基础日粮)、热应激对照组(33℃,基础日粮)和中药组(33℃,基础日粮+1%消暑促情散)。试验期间测定小鼠各项生长指标。30 d后脱颈处死,称量每只小鼠体重以及肝、脾、肺、肾的重量,而后将组织放入波恩氏液中固定,HE染色并观察内脏组织结构变化。结果表明,中药组的增重率和生长率分别为80.23%和1.96%,均显著高于热应激对照组(P0.05);中药组的料肉比为27.83,低于热应激对照组;与热应激对照组相比,中药组的小鼠内脏指数均有所升高,其中肾脏指数显著升高(P0.05),脾脏以及肺脏指数极显著升高(P0.01);通过切片可以看出,热应激对照组肝细胞出现脂肪变性,细胞核浓染以及裂解消失,脾脏炎性细胞明显增多,肺脏组织中肺泡收缩,且有大量炎性细胞浸润,肾脏有明显出血,而中药组有显著改善。说明消暑促情散能够明显缓解热应激造成小鼠生长不良及内脏的损伤。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -