山西省肉牛养殖布局变动与成因分析

[目的]研究山西省肉牛养殖区域布局的演变规律,有利于科学制定肉牛养殖政策、有利于提高肉牛综合生产能力,为提升肉牛产业竞争力奠定基础。[方法]文章基于2005—2020年山西省肉牛养殖年度数据,运用区域重心分析法测算肉牛养殖区域布局重心变动的轨迹;运用面板数据模型对肉牛养殖区域布局变动因素进行了实证分析。[结果]结果表明,玉米产量、能繁母牛数量、人均收入、规模化品牌化农产品数量、支持养殖的财政政策、抑制散养的禁牧政策对山西省肉牛养殖布局有影响。[结论]提出了肉牛养殖数量应和当地的饲草资源紧密结合、发展种养一体化、降低养殖成本增加市场竞争力、积极应对环保要求、合理利用财政支持政策等建议。     

安顺市平坝区大寨村肉牛养殖调查与发展建议

为了发展安顺市平坝区大寨村的肉牛养殖,使村民通过肉牛养殖脱贫,2016年对全村肉牛养殖情况进行调查。调查发现,资金缺乏和科学养殖技术落后是制约肉牛养殖发展的主要因素。建议政府加大投入力度,制定和完善相关配套政策,在发展畜牧产业的同时提高畜牧队伍人员的技术水平。     

河南伊川肉牛产业发展情况调查报告

调查河南省伊川县肉牛养殖现状以及相关政策落实情况,为政府和伊川肉牛产业发展研究院的肉牛发展决策提供一定参考依据。采用实地走访、查看及与合作社或企业负责人座谈等形式进行调研。经调研发现,伊川县肉牛养殖以品质优良的安格斯肉牛品种为主,加上政府政策的积极引导,如母牛和新增肉牛栏位补贴、粮改饲补贴等,使得肉牛养殖在当地成为一种优势产业。河南省伊川县肉牛养殖产业化格局已经初步形成,并就目前肉牛养殖存在的问题给出相应的解决措施和建议。     

甘肃临泽肉牛产业成增收支柱

正临泽县以建设全省牛产业大县和实施"张掖百万头肉牛基地工程"为契机,通过政策扶持、科技助推、典型带动等措施,大力推进标准化生产,全县肉牛产业发展迅猛。近年来,该县以畜禽养殖标准化示范创建为载体,加大政策扶持力度,推行标准化养殖小区建设,大力发展以养殖小区、专业村社和养殖大户为主体     

关于完善畜禽标准化规模养殖政策的建议——在史密斯模型视角下

公共政策的执行能力对政策实施效果起着至关重要的决定性作用。当前畜禽标准化规模养殖正处于快速发展时期,有效发挥现行的畜禽标准化规模养殖政策作用,确保政策达到预期的实施效果,需要更高水平的政策执行能力与之相适应。作者之前通过运用史密斯政策执行模型,探讨性地提出了全国各地在政策执行方面存在的诸多问题。本文继续通过运用史密斯政策执行模型,有针对性地提出了完善畜禽标准化规模养殖政策的几点建议,供政府、业内同行和读者参考。     

发展中的中国畜牧业与中国畜牧业协会——中国畜牧业协会成立五周年回顾与展望：中国畜牧业协会成立五年工作回顾

针对我国连续两年爆发的高致病性禽流感疫情，给禽业养殖、加工与产品出口造成了空前冲击。协会根据对疫情调查掌握的情况，撰写并上报了一批建议与措施。经过不懈努力，为会员企业争取到国家扶持政策，并配合政府抓落实，确保了畜牧产业安全。其中，国办发[2004]17号文“关于扶持家禽业发展的若干措施”、国办发[2005]56号文“关于扶持家禽业发展的若干意见”、国务院办公厅[国办发明电（2006）26号]“关于延长扶持家禽业发展政策实施期限的通知”等重要文件，吸纳了协会许多合理化建议。     

肉牛粪污资源化利用现状调查分析与对策

十二五以来,随着国家对草畜产业扶持政策的不断出台,我区肉牛养殖量大幅增加,肉牛粪污的大量产生对生态环境的污染问题也越来越凸显。近年来,区委政府虽然对畜禽养殖污染治理高度重视,逐步加大工作力度,取得了一定的成效,因肉牛养殖量大,肉牛粪污处理利用的任务依然繁重。因此,加大肉牛养殖粪污源化利用力度,为科学制定我区畜禽养殖污染防治规划和畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用模式,促进畜牧业健康发展,改善养殖场及周边的环境质量,推动农业循环经济及可持续发展奠定基础。     

景谷县肉牛产业的发展现状及建议

肉牛产业是畜牧业的一个重要支柱产业,发展肉牛产业有利于合理调整农业生产结构、发展农业循环经济,有利于保障国家食品安全,有利于促进农牧民养殖增收,带动脱贫致富的好产业。近年来,各级党委、政府高度重视,相继出台扶持政策,肉牛养殖掀起新热潮,为加快肉牛产业发展,本文结合云南省景谷县独特的气候和丰富的饲草料资源,为县域肉牛产业发展提质增效,就景谷县肉牛发展现状、存在问题提出一系列的建议。     

西宁地区肉牛养殖情况调查

通过对西宁地区肉牛养殖现状、饲草料生产、肉牛改良繁育、从业人员和疫病防疫等情况的调查,发现该地区在肉牛养殖规模、资金扶持、生产母牛等方面存在问题,并对此提出了发展建议。     

陕西肉牛养殖不同规模对养殖效益影响的调研分析

[目的]探讨不同养殖规模的牧场养殖效益情况及养殖效益差异的影响因素。[方法]以陕西省铜川、宝鸡、咸阳、渭南、延安及商洛6个地市共计63家肉牛场为研究对象,调查内容包括养殖规模、养殖规模占比、养殖效益、屠宰性能(包括净肉率、骨重、肉骨比、大理石花纹等级)以及育肥性能(日增重、干物质采食量以及料肉比)等。通过数据分析,从而探讨影响不同规模肉牛养殖场养殖效益的关键因素。[结论]肉牛养殖场并非养殖规模越大养殖场的效益越高,适度的养殖规模不仅可以保障养殖场的经营效益,同时还可以提高养殖场牛群的生长性能。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -