Soil characteristics and plant distribution in saline wetlands of Oued Righ,northeastern Algeria

Saline wetlands are rare ecosystems in Saharan areas,which are important for conservation of many endemic and rare plant species.In this study,we investigated five saline wetland sites of the Oued Righ region,located in the northeastern Algeria,to determine the environmental factors controlling the composition and distribution of plant communities.We established a total of 20 transects to measure the vegetation parameters(density and cover) and soil characteristics(electrical conductivity,moisture,pH,CaSO_4,CaCO_3,organic matter,Na~+,K~+,Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),SO_4~(2–),Cl~–,NO_3~– and HCO_3~–).A total of 17 plant species belonging to seven families were identified.The natural vegetation was composed of halophytic and hydro-halophytic plant communities,presented specially by the species of Amaranthaceae family.Soils in the studied wetlands were moist,gypsiferous,alkaline,salty to very salty with dominance of chloride and calcium.Results of the Canonical Correspondence Analysis(CCA) showed that community structure and species distribution patterns of vegetation were mainly dependent on soil characteristics,mainly being soil salinity(CaSO_4,K~+,Ca~(2+) and Cl~–) and moisture.The distribution of plant species was found to follow a specific zonal pattern.Halocnemum strobilaceum was observed to grow in highly salt-affected soils,thus being the more salt-tolerant species.Phragmites communis plants were widely distributed in the study area with a high density at the edges of accumulated water body.Juncus maritimus,Tamarix gallica and Salicornia fructicosa grew in soils that are partially or completely flooded in winter.Suaeda fructicosa,Traganum nudatum,Arthrocnemum glaucum,Aeluropus littoralis,Cressa cretica and Cynodon dactylon were distributed in salty and moist soils away from the open water body.Plants of Zygophyllum album,Limonastrirum guyonianum,Cornulaca monacantha,Cistanche tinctoria,Mollugo nudicaulis and Sonchus maritimus were found in soils with less salty and moisture.They constituted the outermost belt of vegetation in the studied wetlands.This study will provide a reference on introducing the salt-tolerant plant species as a fodder resource in saline habitats and regenerating the degraded saline wetlands.     

近20 a来新疆植被覆盖变化特征研究

以前人提取的近20a(1982—2000年)植被覆盖度指数FVC为基础数据,根据新疆不同的自然地理区域和地貌类型,采用分区海拔的方法对FVC影像进行分类。对各地理区域植被的变化采用距平处理,初步定量分析了新疆植被的变化状况。结果表明,近20a来新疆无论是山地还是平原,高植被覆盖度的绿洲和森林面积均有所增加。以地区论,伊犁地区植被覆盖变化幅度最小,状况最为稳定;东疆地区绿洲与高覆盖度植被稳定,低覆盖度植被变化幅度相对较大;北疆平原地区绿洲面积增加,高覆盖度植被和无植被区面积减少;北疆山地森林植被增加,不同时间增加的速率不同,高覆盖度植被与森林的变化呈一定的相互转换关系;南疆地区绿洲面积显著增加,与此相对应的是高、中覆盖度草地的面积下降,山地荒漠面积近年来有所增加,森林和高覆盖度草地面积也有所增加。从植被类型转换方式来看,在平原区,绿洲与中、高覆盖度草地面积之间具有强烈负相关;而山区的植被类型转换多发生在无植被区与低、中覆盖度草地之间或高覆盖度草地和森林之间。人工绿洲面积的变化成为新疆平原区植被类型变化的重要因素,南北疆绿洲面积增加的同时,中、高覆盖度植被减少,即绿洲与沙漠之间过渡带的植被面积减少。     

基于RS的武都区植被覆盖度动态变化及其驱动力分析

以1992、2006和2011年的landsat TM影像为基础,采用基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)的像元二分模型对1992-2011年间武都区的植被覆盖度分别进行计算,分析了其年际间的动态变化,并从自然因素和人为因素方面对植被覆盖度变化进行了驱动力分析,最后采用PCA对选取的影响指标进行定量分析。结果表明:武都区的植被覆盖度总体上呈增长趋势,其中高覆盖区增幅最为明显,达到46.30%。植被覆盖类型以向中高覆盖度和高覆盖度转变为主,2011年中高覆盖度和高覆盖度面积已占总面积的70.57%。人为因素尤其是人口因素是影响武都区植被覆盖度变化的最主要驱动力。     

青土湖区植被与土壤盐渍化响应研究

以甘肃民勤县青土湖为研究区,用Landsat OLI数据计算植被覆盖度(FVC)和改进盐渍化指数(MSI),在分级分析和探究两者相关性的基础上,定量分析了不同植被覆盖度和发展变化特征对不同程度盐渍土的响应。结果表明:2015—2017年中高和高覆盖度植被占比较低,分别为4.3%和2.0%,极低覆盖度占比最大为50.0%,低覆盖度占比为44.3%。2015—2017年非盐渍土面积为25.9%,重度盐渍土占研究区总面积的45.4%。植被覆盖度和土壤盐渍化呈显著负相关,相关系数为-0.691。高覆盖度和中高覆盖度植被分布于非盐渍土区域达90.0%以上,极低覆盖度植被分布于盐渍土区域面积为93.4%。青土湖浅水区植被覆盖度与改进盐渍化指数呈显著负相关关系(r=-0.532,P<0.05)的面积为88.95 km²,占研究区总面积的62.84%。且植被覆盖度发展和土壤盐渍化逆转区域在空间分布上相一致。因此,土壤盐渍化是影响青土湖区植被覆盖度的重要因素之一。     

1976-2010年祁连山中段岗格尔肖合力雪山冰川退缩和气候变化的关系研究

运用最大似然监督分类法和比值阈值法（TM3/TM5）结合目视解译方法,从1976、1990、2001和2010的MSS、TM、ETM影像中提取了岗格尔肖合力雪山四个时段的冰川边界,并结合距其较近的托勒、野牛沟、祁连、德令哈和刚察5个气象站点1960-2010年年总降水量数据和年平均气温数据进行了分析,得到如下结论：1）...     

基于遥感的近30年来河西地区盐碱地动态变化研究

以河西地区为研究区,采用1975年MSS影像及1990年、2000年、2007年的TM和ETM＋影像为数据源,提取了4期盐碱地现状信息和3期盐碱地时空变化信息,对研究区近30年来的盐碱地现状与动态变化进行统计与分析。研究结果表明：1）盐碱地总面积整体上经历了先增加后减少的趋势,2000年其分布面积达到峰值,为10554...     

川藏铁路沿线植被覆盖度时空变化特征分析

基于MODIS-NDVI遥感数据反演了川藏铁路地区2000-2018年植被覆盖度,采用线性回归分析植被覆盖度的时空变化规律,利用相关分析法分析气候、地形等与植被覆盖度的相关关系.结果 表明:(1)2000-2018年川藏铁路沿线平均植被覆盖度为0.629,呈现波动上升趋势,2000-2012年为缓慢增长,2013-20...     

应用MODIS数据估算草地生物量

利用新一代EOS/MODIS卫星遥感数据,针对MODIS的应用特点,借鉴国内外基于遥感手段监测植被的方法以及植被指数的研究进展.以天山北坡乌鲁木齐南郊的草地为研究区,通过野外实地采样得到与MODIS影像资料时相一致的草地地上生物量数据.并利用ENVI软件,提取典型区各样点的植被指数,分析遥感植被指数与植被生物量的相关关系,从而建立植被指数在不同季节草甸和草原的生物量估测模型.     

基于GIMMS NDVI的中亚干旱区植被覆盖时空变化

选用1982—2013年GIMMS NDVI数据,运用变异系数法、Theil-Sen median趋势分析耦合Mann-Kendall检验以及Hurst指数法,研究了中亚干旱区植被覆盖的空间格局、不同维度的空间变异性、时间变化特征和未来趋势预测。同时,结合CRU降水、气温资料和MODIS土地覆盖数据,对植被覆盖时空格局及其变化的驱动因素进行分析。结果表明:1 1982—2013年中亚干旱区植被覆盖有较强的空间异质性,有植被覆盖的区域占总面积的85.32%,无植被覆盖的区域占14.68%。受降水量控制,植被覆盖呈山区高平原低、西部高东部低、北部高南部低的特点;受河流和人工灌溉的影响,绿洲区的植被覆盖高于荒漠区。2近32 a全区植被覆盖的波动变化较明显,各变异程度的面积比例:中等波动变化相对较高的波动变化高波动变化相对较低的波动变化低波动变化。受降水变率和人工种植的影响,植被覆盖的高波动变化主要在荒漠区和诸流域绿洲区;低波动变化主要在植被生长良好的区域。3 32 a间全区NDVI呈增长趋势,NDVI距平的变化率为0.01·(10a)~(-1)。基于像元尺度的分析也表明,全区植被覆盖变化趋势以增加为主,各类变化趋势的面积比例:轻微增加显著增加轻微减小显著减小无法确定。植被改善是区域气候增湿增暖和绿洲土地覆盖变迁所致。4全区NDVI的Hurst指数均值为0.63,Hurst指数大于0.5的范围所占比例为75.17%,即未来全区植被覆盖的变化趋势以持续性增加为主,其中25.23%的区域未来变化趋势无法确定。     

宁夏土壤侵蚀动态变化与原因分析

通过对 1990年和 1999年两次土壤侵蚀遥感普查数据的对比 ,从类型、面积、强度、分布等方面对宁夏土壤侵蚀的动态变化进行了较为详细的分析。结果表明 :宁夏回族自治区各类型区水土流失面积有所减小 ,土壤侵蚀的剧烈程度普遍减弱。初步分析认为 ,土壤侵蚀变化的原因 ,除两次普查存在方法上的系统误差外 ,水土保持的作用功不可没。针对不同类型区土壤侵蚀的特点 ,提出了今后应采取的相应防治方略。     

毛乌素沙地17年间植被覆盖度变化的遥感监测

为揭示毛乌素沙地植被变化规律,利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)和像元分解模型,建立了TM影像尺度下的毛乌素沙地植被覆盖度遥感定量模型。在此基础上,对毛乌素沙地1990年和2007年2个时期植被覆盖的进行了等级的划分。采用转移矩阵的方法,分析了该区17年来植被覆盖度的变化趋势。研究结果表明:研究区植被覆盖类型的主体为低盖度植被(NDVI,<0.3),其面积由1990年的33176.7369km2下降为2007年的30671.6454km2,年变化率为-0.048%;中盖度(NDVI,0.3-0.6)、高盖度(NDVI,>0.6)的总面积由1990年的1313.5023km2变为2007年的3818.5938km2,年变化率分别为3.91%和3.48%。整个研究区17年间发生正向转移的面积为3209.5153km2,占总面积的9.31%;负向转移的面积为633.0195km2,占总面积的1.84%。毛乌素沙地植被覆盖状况总体呈良性转移趋势,但局部退化的问题也应该加以关注。     

1957-2009年祁连山老虎沟流域冰川变化遥感研究

利用1:50000地形图,4期Landsat TM遥感影像及2009年RTK冰川边界测量结果,获得了1957-2009年间老虎沟冰川流域的面积变化特征,结合气候变化背景资料,探讨了冰川面积变化对气候变化的响应。结果表明:目视解译是老虎沟流域冰川变化遥感研究的最优方法;1957-2009年间老虎沟冰川面积共减少了11.59%,以1994-1999年间的缩减最为显著,1999-2009年间的变化次之,1957-1994年变化最小。冰川缩减率与气温增加值成正比,与冰川规模成反比。该结果为进一步丰富冰川变化及水资源研究奠定了基础,具有重要的科研价值和社会意义。     

基于MODIS干旱指数与RBFNN方法的江苏冬小麦需水关键期土壤水分遥感监测应用

利用遥感指数反演土壤水分已成为监测干旱的重要手段之一,而单一的遥感干旱指数对于反演土壤水分存在一定局限,本研究从7种不同MODIS遥感干旱监测指数中选取适宜的5种并结合径向基函数神经网络（RBFNN）协同反演江苏省2018年冬小麦需水关键期的土壤相对湿度。结果表明：与单一的遥感干旱指数相比,协同RBFNN的遥感干旱指数反演的模型效果更好,与10 cm和20 cm深度的实测土壤相对湿度的相关系数分别达到0.5161和0.4307,能综合多种通道的遥感信息反映当地土壤水分的变化;同时研究利用RBFNN对2017年5月江苏冬小麦10 cm深度土壤相对湿度进行反演,得到的土壤相对湿度分布图与实测土壤墒情结果较为接近,说明利用RBFNN反演模型有效。研究结果提高了土壤湿度的反演精度,为当地农业干旱的实时监测提供了新思路。     

近22年关中地区林草覆盖率时空动态研究

以关中地区遥感影像、数字高程、地貌类型等资料为依据,运用地学信息图谱理论和方法,在RS和GIS的支持下生成了关中地区1986～2007年林草覆盖率变化图谱,并从栅格、坡度带、地貌单元及行政区等多个尺度上分析了该区近二十二年来林草覆盖率的时空变化特征。研究表明:1986～2007年,关中地区林草覆盖率增加了15.25%,2000～2007年段增速约为1986～2000年段的2.60倍;各地貌单元林草覆盖率增幅表现为:山地>黄土梁峁>黄土塬>黄土台塬>平原;各坡度段的林草覆盖率增加,增速随坡度增大而加大;各地市林草覆盖率增速为:西安市>渭南市>咸阳市>铜川市>宝鸡市。研究区的林草植被覆盖率的时空变化特点是土地利用/覆被变化的结果,"退耕还林"政策的实施促使了该区林草覆被情况的改善。     

玛纳斯河流域绿洲农田土壤盐分反演及空间分布特征

土壤盐分的准确监测是干旱、半干旱地区农业可持续发展的前提,气候变化、不合理灌溉等因素使土壤盐渍化问题逐渐显现.文中以新疆玛纳斯河流域为例,采用多光谱遥感影像和野外实测土壤盐分数据相结合的方法,选取对土壤盐渍化影响较大的归一化差异水体指数及其它具有代表性的多光谱遥感指数与土壤盐分构建反演模型,探讨研究区内土壤盐渍化的空间...     

高寒矮嵩草草甸覆被动态变化对土壤气候的影响分析

文中从季节动态变化出发,探讨了覆被对土壤温、湿度的影响特点。表明:有植被覆盖区,在4月下旬到8月下旬期间的随季节进程中,土壤温度与无植被区相比是逐渐升高的,其温度升高的倾向率达0.2276℃/旬。随植被盖度的加大土壤湿度降低,0-60cm整层土壤湿度以1.2587%/旬的速率递减。植被能滞留大部分太阳辐射,发生植被的蒸散要消耗大量的土壤水分。     

博尔塔拉河与精河流域绿洲植被盖度变化特点及其驱动力分析

绿洲是维系干旱地区人类生存、活动与发展的基本场所。探讨植被盖度在时间和空间尺度上的动态变化及由此所引起的环境效应,对合理利用绿洲国土资源具有重要战略意义。本研究利用1990年到2005年遥感数据资料,计算了博尔塔拉河、精河流域绿洲植被盖度,分析了该地区植被盖度的历史演变特征。结果显示:(1)1990~2000年期间,植被退化型所占比例最大,弃耕型所占比例最低;(2)2000~2005年期间,植被恢复型所占比例最大,弃耕型所占比例最低;(3)1990~2005年的16年间,研究区总体呈现植被恢复趋势。结果也表明:影响研究区绿洲植被盖度的主要自然因素是年降水量和年蒸发量,而人口剧增带来的水土资源开发强度增大则是主要人文因素。     

Spatiotemporal changes of typical glaciers and their responses to climate change in Xinjiang,Northwest China

Glaciers are highly sensitive to climate change and are undergoing significant changes in mid-latitudes. In this study, we analyzed the spatiotemporal changes of typical glaciers and their responses to climate change in the period of 1990-2015 in 4 different mountainous sub-regions in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of Northwest China: the Bogda Peak and Karlik Mountain sub-regions in the Tianshan Mountains; the Yinsugaiti Glacier sub-region in the Karakorum Mountains; and the Youyi Peak sub-region in the Altay Mountains. The standardized snow cover index (NDSI) and correlation analysis were used to reveal the glacier area changes in the 4 sub-regions from 1990 to 2015. Glacial areas in the Bogda Peak, Karlik Mountain, Yinsugaiti Glacier, and Youyi Peak sub-regions in the period of 1990-2015 decreased by 57.7, 369.1, 369.1, and 170.4 km², respectively. Analysis of glacier area center of gravity showed that quadrant changes of glacier areas in the 4 sub-regions moved towards the origin. Glacier area on the south aspect of the Karlik Mountain sub-region was larger than that on the north aspect, while glacier areas on the north aspect of the other 3 sub-regions were larger than those on the south aspect. Increased precipitation in the Karlik Mountain sub-region inhibited the retreat of glaciers to a certain extent. However, glacier area changes in the Bogda Peak and Youyi Peak sub-regions were not sensitive to the increased precipitation. On a seasonal time scale, glacier area changes in the Bogda Peak, Karlik Mountain, Yinsugaiti Glacier, and Youyi Peak sub-regions were mainly caused by accumulated temperature in the wet season; on an annual time scale, the correlation coefficient between glacier area and annual average temperature was -0.72 and passed the significance test at P<0.05 level in the Karlik Mountain sub-region. The findings of this study can provide a scientific basis for water resources management in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China in the context of global warming.     

Monitoring the impact of climate change andhuman activities on grassland vegetation dynamics in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateauof China during 2000-2015

Climate change and human activities can influence vegetation net primary productivity (NPP), a key component of natural ecosystems. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China, in spite of its significant natural and cultural values, is one of the most susceptible regions to climate change and human disturbancesin the world. To assess the impact of climate change and human activities on vegetation dynamics in the grassland ecosystems ofthe northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, we applied a time-series trend analysis to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets from 2000 to 2015 and compared these spatiotemporal variations with trends in climatic variables over the same time period. The constrained ordination approach (redundancy analysis) was used to determine which climatic variables or human-related factors mostly in?uenced the variation of NDVI. Furthermore, in order to determine whether current conservation measures and programs are effectivein ecological protection and reconstruction, we divided the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau into two parts: the Three-River Headwater conservation area (TRH zone) in the south and the non-conservation area (NTRH zone) in the north. The results indicatedan overall (73.32%)increasing trend of vegetation NPP in grasslands throughout the study area. During the period 2000-2015, NDVI in the TRH and NTRH zones increased at the rates of 0.0015/aand 0.0020/a, respectively.Specifically, precipitation accounted for 9.2% of the total variation in NDVI, while temperature accounted for 13.4%. In addition, variation in vegetation NPP of grasslands responded not only to long- and short-term changes in climate, as conceptualized in non-equilibrium theory, but also to the impact of human activities and their associated perturbations. The redundancy analysis successfully separated the relative contributions of climate change and human activities, of whichvillage populationand agricultural gross domestic product were the two most important contributors to the NDVI changes, explaining 17.8% and 17.1% of the total variationof NDVI (with the total contribution >30.0%), respectively. The total contributionpercentages of climate change and human activitiesto the NDVI variation were27.5% and 34.9%, respectively, inthe northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Finally, our study shows that the grassland restoration in the study area was enhanced by protection measures and programs in the TRH zone, which explained 7.6% of the total variation in NDVI.