添加酵母培养物对绵羊全颗粒饲粮中氮消化代谢的影响

试验选用3只健康,并装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的杂种羯绵羊,采用3×3无重复拉丁方试验设计。研究以玉米秸、小麦秸和苜蓿草为粗料的全颗粒饲粮中添加不同水平酵母培养物(YC)对绵羊饲粮中氮的消化与代谢的影响。试验用饲粮为基础饲粮+0%YC、基础饲粮+1.5%YC和基础饲粮+3%YC,基础饲粮粗精比为67∶33。试验分3期,每期16d,全期48d。试验结果表明:全饲粮颗粒料中添加YC,对粗蛋白质表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著提高了氮的存留率(P=0.022);添加YC,对瘤胃液总氮、氨氮、尿素氮及蛋白氮浓度无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

单宁和聚乙二醇对绵羊和山羊瘤胃纤维降解菌数量的影响

本文旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平的单宁和高单宁饲粮条件下添加聚乙二醇( PEG )对绵羊和山羊瘤胃纤维降解菌数量的影响。试验选用1.5岁、体重约45 kg、安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的绵羊和绒山羊各4只,采用自身对照试验设计,分4期进行。第1期饲喂基础饲粮(Ⅰ组),第2期在基础饲粮中添加2%的单宁(Ⅱ组),第3期在基础饲粮中添加6%的单宁(Ⅲ组),第4期在基础饲粮中添加6%单宁+12% PEG(Ⅳ组)。每期试验30 d,其中预试期12 d,正试期18 d。每个正试期第1天,采集绵羊和山羊瘤胃内容物,测定瘤胃液pH、氨态氮( NH3-N)和菌体蛋白( MCP)浓度;运用实时定量PCR技术对固相、液相及全食糜中所附着的白色瘤胃球菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、产琥珀酸拟杆菌进行定量检测。结果表明：1)与Ⅰ组相比,添加6%单宁显著降低了山羊瘤胃液NH3-N浓度和绵羊瘤胃液MCP浓度( P<0.05)。添加6%单宁+12% PEG后,这2个指标恢复至与Ⅰ组相当的水平。2)与Ⅰ组相比,添加6%单宁显著降低了绵羊和山羊瘤胃固相、绵羊瘤胃液相白色瘤胃球菌数量( P<0.05);添加2%和6%单宁显著降低了绵羊和山羊固相黄色瘤胃球菌数量( P<0.05),添加6%单宁显著降低了绵羊和山羊瘤胃液相黄色瘤胃球菌数量( P<0.05);添加6%单宁显著降低了绵羊和山羊瘤胃固相、绵羊全食糜产琥珀酸拟杆菌数量( P<0.05)。添加6%单宁+12% PEG后,绵羊和山羊瘤胃这3株纤维降解菌数量恢复至Ⅰ组水平或高于Ⅰ组。由此可见,饲粮单宁添加量达到6%时降低了瘤胃液NH3-N的浓度,影响MCP的合成,抑制瘤胃固相纤维降解菌的增殖;添加PEG可以削弱单宁对瘤胃纤维降解菌生长的负面影响,促进瘤胃发酵。     

牛至油对绵羊瘤胃发酵特性及饲粮营养物质瘤胃降解率的影响

本试验旨在研究牛至油对绵羊瘤胃发酵特性和饲粮营养物质瘤胃降解率的影响。试验选用4只平均体重为(40.83±4.11) kg的4周岁新疆细毛羊×杜泊羊杂交的安装永久瘤胃瘘管的绵羊,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,对照组饲喂基础饲粮(不添加牛至油),试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.015%、0.030%和0.045%牛至油的试验饲粮。试验共分为4期,每期12 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期2 d。第1天于早餐采食后2、4、6及10 h采集瘤胃液,测定瘤胃液pH、挥发性脂肪酸、总氮、氨氮和尿素氮浓度,第2天利用尼龙袋法测定基础饲粮的营养物质瘤胃降解率。结果表明:1)添加牛至油对饲粮干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率均未产生显著影响(P0.05); 2)添加牛至油对各组在各时间点的绵羊瘤胃液pH、总氮、氨氮和尿素氮浓度均未产生显著影响(P0.05); 3) 0.030%和0.045%组绵羊瘤胃液4 h的总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05); 0.015%组绵羊瘤胃液0、2、6 h乙酸比例显著低于其余各组(P0.05),6 h的乙酸/丙酸显著低于其余各组(P0.05),而2 h丙酸比例显著高于除了对照组外的其余各组(P0.05)。由此可知,饲粮中添加牛至油不影响饲粮营养物质的瘤胃降解率,对瘤胃氮浓度也无显著影响,但会影响瘤胃内挥发性脂肪酸浓度,以添加0.015%牛至油效果最好。     

醋酸棉酚对绵羊瘤胃微生物数量及消化代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究添加醋酸棉酚后绵羊瘤胃微生物数量、瘤胃液代谢指标、水解酶活性的变化,探究醋酸棉酚对绵羊瘤胃微生物数量及消化代谢的影响。试验选用8只3岁左右、平均体重为(49.13±4.70)kg的健康哈萨克羊,安装永久性瘤胃瘘管后随机分为2组(每组4只),分别为对照组和试验组,试验分为2期,每期25 d。所有羊只饲喂同一营养水平粉状精料,每只羊每天粉状精料饲喂量为体重的1.50%,小麦秸秆及苜蓿为体重的1.00%,玉米青贮为体重的0.05%(干物质基础),混合饲喂,自由饮水;在此基础上,试验Ⅰ期试验组饲粮每天每只添加600 mg醋酸棉酚,试验Ⅱ期饲粮每天每只添加1 200 mg醋酸棉酚。结果表明:添加醋酸棉酚对绵羊瘤胃液pH及细菌总数量无显著影响(P>0.05),饲喂前(即0h)试验组绵羊瘤胃液氨态氮浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),饲喂后6.0、9.0、12.0 h,试验组绵羊瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ期各时间点试验组绵羊瘤胃原虫总数量极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),饲喂后3.0h,试验组绵羊瘤胃液纤维素酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),饲喂后9.0、12.0 h,试验组绵羊瘤胃液蛋白酶活性极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);试验Ⅱ期,饲喂后6.0 h,试验组绵羊瘤胃液蛋白酶活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05),饲喂后12.0h极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);添加醋酸棉酚后瘤胃液中棉酚的浓度在饲喂后1.5、3.0 h最高。综上,醋酸棉酚在初期摄入后显著降低绵羊瘤胃原虫数量;醋酸棉酚通过抑制绵羊瘤胃液蛋白酶活性,降低瘤胃液中戊酸、异戊酸及异丁酸的浓度而对瘤胃内蛋白质消化代谢产生影响,这种作用主要发生在摄入醋酸棉酚6.0 h后;醋酸棉酚对绵羊瘤胃液中的纤维素酶、淀粉酶的活性整体没有显著影响。     

α-酮戊二酸对绵羊瘤胃发酵、消化代谢和血液生化指标的影响

【目的】评估α-酮戊二酸(AKG)对绵羊瘤胃发酵、营养物质消化代谢及血液生化指标的影响,为AKG作为反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控剂提供参考。【方法】选用5只健康、安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的小尾寒羊公羊,采用5×5拉丁方试验设计,每天每只分别按照0、25、50、100和200 mmol的剂量在基础饲粮(精粗比为55∶45)中添加AKG;试验共5期,每期试验24 d,其中预饲期14 d,消化代谢试验期7 d,瘤胃液采样期3 d。在瘤胃液采样期第1天,于饲喂后1.5 h采集颈静脉血液;在消化代谢试验期收集全部粪和尿液,用于测定营养物质的表观消化率和氮、钙、磷的代谢;瘤胃液用于测定发酵参数和原虫计数,血液用于测定生理生化指标。【结果】AKG对瘤胃液中氨态氮(NH₃-N)、戊酸、异戊酸含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。随着AKG添加量的增加,瘤胃液pH线性降低(P<0.05);原虫数量和乙丙比呈先升高后降低的二次曲线变化规律(P<0.05),乙酸、丙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸随AKG添加水平的增加呈先降低后升高的二次曲线变化规律(P<0.05)。添加AKG对干物质、有机物...     

含不同秸秆的全饲粮颗粒料对绵羊瘤胃代谢参数的影响

选用4只1岁左右、装有瘤胃永久瘘管的杂种羯羊,按2×3交叉试验设计分为2组,交替饲喂以玉米Zea mays秸和苜蓿Medicago sativa为粗料(A处理,精粗比为1∶1)和以小麦Triticum aestivum秸和苜蓿为粗料(B处理,精粗比为5.3∶4.7)的等消化能、等氮饲粮.每期试验19 d,3期试验共57 d.测定了试羊在采食2种饲粮的情况下,瘤胃液pH值及瘤胃内环境参数(总氮、氨态氮、尿素氮及蛋白氮)的变化.试验结果表明:采食2种饲粮绵羊的瘤胃液pH值及瘤胃液总氮、氨态氮、尿素氮及蛋白氮之间均无显著差异(P＞0.05).2种饲粮的配方均有较好的效果.     

饲喂不同结构性与非结构性碳水化合物比例日粮对绵羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

试验旨在研究不同结构性碳水化合物(SC)与非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)比例日粮对绵羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响。选取6只体重为(54.58±2.8)kg、体况相近且装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的哈萨克绵羊作为试验动物,采用有重复的3×3拉丁方试验设计,分别饲喂SC/NSC为2.32、1.60和1.14的3种日粮,试验共3期,每期17 d,其中预试期14 d,正试期3 d,正试期内于饲喂前记为0 h,饲喂后0.5、1、2、4、8、12 h共计7个时间点采集瘤胃液样品。结果表明,饲喂不同SC/NSC日粮条件下:①瘤胃液pH值试验Ⅲ组除饲喂前0 h以外,其它时间点均极显著低于试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.01),试验Ⅱ组与试验Ⅰ组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。②3个试验组绵羊瘤胃液氨态氮浓度随采食后时间的延长呈先升高后降低变化趋势,采食后2 h瘤胃液氨态氮浓度达到最高;试验Ⅲ组的瘤胃液氨态氮(NH_3-N)浓度均极显著高于试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组(P<0.01),在饲喂后0.5、1、2、4、8 h,试验Ⅱ组的瘤胃液氨态氮(NH_3-N)浓度均极显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.01)。③在饲喂后4 h,乙酸浓度试验Ⅰ组与试验Ⅲ组相比显著升高(P<0.05),饲喂后8、12 h,试验Ⅰ组与试验Ⅲ组相比极显著升高(P<0.01),试验Ⅱ组与试验Ⅲ组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲喂后0.5、1、2 h,丙酸浓度试验Ⅲ组与试验Ⅰ组相比极显著升高(P<0.01),在饲喂后2 h,试验Ⅱ组与试验Ⅲ组相比差异显著(P<0.05),瘤胃液中丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸的平均浓度随日粮SC/NSC比例的降低呈升高的趋势。由此可见,随着日粮SC/NSC比例的降低,绵羊瘤胃液pH值、乙酸浓度呈降低的趋势,NH_3-N、丙酸浓度呈升高趋势,瘤胃发酵类型由乙酸型发酵为主向丙酸型发酵为主转变。     

饲粮中添加复合益生菌对绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究复合益生菌制剂对绵羊瘤胃发酵及瘤胃周转率的影响.选用4只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管,体况相近的哈萨克绵羊,采用前后自身对照设计,分为对照期和试验期(每天每只羊1.2万亿个),每期18d.试验结果表明:1)饲粮中添加复合益生菌后,瘤胃液pH显著降低,氨态氮质量浓度有降低趋势,但差异不显著,甲烷质量浓度略有升高,但差异不显著；2)饲粮中添加复合益生菌使瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸质量浓度、乙酸质量浓度及乙酸/丙酸的比例显著升高,瘤胃液丙酸质量浓度没有变化,丁酸的质量浓度有升高趋势但差异不显著；3)饲粮中添加复合益生菌后,绵羊瘤胃周转率和瘤胃相对稀释率有所升高,但无显著影响.在哈萨克绵羊饲粮中添加复合益生菌可以改善瘤胃发酵环境,提高瘤胃发酵水平.     

不同加工方式针茅草对绵羊干物质采食、消化及瘤胃内环境的影响

本试验旨在研究针茅草的不同加工方式对绵羊采食、消化及瘤胃内环境的影响。选用体重[(45±2)kg]、年龄(1.5~2.0岁)相近安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的乌珠穆沁羯羊48只,随机分为4组,每组12只,分析干草、草颗粒、草块、草粉4种加工方式的针茅草对绵羊干物质采食量、表观消化率及瘤胃液pH及总氮、氨氮、总可利用氮、挥发性脂肪酸浓度的影响。预试期10 d,正试期7 d。结果表明:1)针茅草颗粒的干物质采食量及表观消化率显著高于其他组(P0.05)。2)与其他各组相比,针茅草颗粒组的绵羊食后1 h瘤胃液pH显著降低(P0.05),总氮、氨氮和总可利用氮浓度较高。3)草颗粒组的瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著高于干草和草粉组(P0.05)。由此可见,针茅草颗粒的干物质采食量、表观消化率以及在绵羊瘤胃内的发酵指标均较优,是饲喂绵羊的最佳利用形态。     

不同亚油酸来源的日粮以绵羊瘤胃发酵和营养物质表观消化率的影响

研究探讨日粮添加花生油、玉米油和大豆油对绵羊瘤胃发酵和营养物质表观消化率的影响.选取4只雄性、健康且安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年东北半细毛羊×陶赛特杂交绵羊,体重(40±1)kg,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,预饲期10 d,正试期6 d,4个处理组分别为不添加油脂组(CK组)、添加4%花生油(PO组)、2.84%玉米油(CO组)和2.86%大豆油(SO组)的加油组,日粮精粗比均为40:60,经测得3个加油组亚油酸水平一致.结果表明:添加植物油后,对绵羊瘤胃液pH值、NH3-N浓度、VFA没有影响(P>0.05),花生油处理组原虫数量比对照组降低了42.18%(P<0.05),玉米油和大豆油处理组原虫数量分别比对照纽降低28.07%、29.81%(P>0.05);对DM、CP和NDF的瘤胃动态降解率没有影响(P>0.05);对日粮DM、CP、NDF和ADF的全消化道表观消化率没有影响,显著提高了EE的全消化道表观消化率(P<0.05).日粮添加植物油对瘤胃发酵没有负面影响,并显著提高了EE的全消化道表观消化率.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.