不同耕作措施对雨养冬小麦碳足迹的影响

为了解不同耕作管理措施对我国北方旱作农田作物生产生命周期内生产资料及生产过程碳排放足迹的影响,在山西省临汾市尧都区连续15年保护性耕作长期定位试验基地,利用静态箱-气相色谱法连续两年测定了不同秸秆管理和耕作措施(秸秆不还田旋耕、秸秆还田旋耕、秸秆覆盖免耕)下,旱作冬小麦田N_2O周年排放通量,并对不同耕作管理措施的生产资料和生产过程中的碳排放进行全面分析与计算,以估算不同耕作措施的碳足迹。结果表明:1)秸秆覆盖免耕和秸秆不还田旋耕条件下旱作冬小麦田N_2O年度累积排放量较秸秆还田旋耕分别平均减少19.2%和18.9%;2)旱作冬小麦在秸秆覆盖免耕条件下产量最高;3)旱作农田碳足迹中氮肥生产、农田N_2O直接排放和柴油消耗排放占到总排放足迹的90%以上;4)秸秆覆盖免耕较其他耕作方式的碳足迹低,两年试验期间,较秸秆还田旋耕处理碳足迹分别低11.0%和6.9%,较秸秆不还田旋耕处理碳足迹分别低7.9%和8.3%。5)在半干旱地区,秸秆覆盖免耕处理单位产量碳足迹最低,是本研究中低碳低排的推荐措施。本研究结果可为旱作农田以低碳减排为目标的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

腐植酸与氮肥配施对冬小麦氮素吸收利用及产量的影响

研究腐植酸与氮肥配施对冬小麦产量、氮素吸收及经济效益的影响,可为提高氮肥的增产效益,减少氮肥对生态环境的污染提供理论指导。在河南褐土区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度下,于2014年开始在河南省南阳市卧龙区开展田间定位试验,共设置单施磷钾肥、常规施肥、单施腐植酸、常规施肥+腐植酸、常规施肥减氮15%+腐植酸、常规施肥减氮30%+腐植酸6个处理,分析不同氮肥与腐植酸配施下冬小麦产量和氮肥利用的特征。结果表明,腐植酸与氮肥配施可以有效提高冬小麦的产量及其构成要素,促进植株对氮素的累积,提高氮肥利用率。其中,常规施肥减氮15%+腐植酸处理下冬小麦产量、籽粒氮含量、籽粒氮累积量、地上部总氮累积量、氮肥利用效率和纯收益均增加,与常规施肥相比,冬小麦产量增加4.96%,氮肥利用效率增加23.42%,纯收益增加2.18%。常规施肥减氮30%+腐植酸条件下冬小麦产值和收益降低。因此,在施用腐植酸的基础上,配施适量氮肥才能获得较高的产值和收益。常规施肥减氮15%+腐植酸是本研究区域最佳的施肥模式,对实现现代化农业生产的高产高效、资源节约和生态环境保护具有重要意义。     

Influence of calcium carbide formulations on growth,yield and nitrogen uptake of wheat under field conditions

Field experiments were conducted in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 to evaluate the effects of three calcium carbide (CaC₂) based formulations (slow release sources of acetylene and ethylene) - matrix-1 [(M-1)(21% CaC₂, 58% polyethylene and 21% plaster of paris)], matrix-2 [(M-2)(42% CaC₂, 48% polyethylene and 10% plaster of paris)] and paint coated [(PC)(35% CaC₂, 44% paint and 21% plaster of paris)] - on nitrification inhibition; growth, yield and nitrogen (N)-uptake of wheat. All the three CaC₂ formulations (CCF,s) inhibited nitrification, reduced plant height, and improved N-uptake, spike bearing tillers, 1000-grains weight and yield of Inqulab-91 and Bhakhar-02 wheat cultivars. Increase in grain yield was found maximum (22% over the control) with M-1 applied at 30 kg CaC₂ ha^?1; followed by M-2 and PC. Furthermore, CaC₂ significantly reduced lodging in Bhakhar-02 plots. It is concluded that grain yield of wheat can be enhanced by the application of CaC₂ formulations particularly M-1 along with NPK fertilizers.     

Tillage and mulch effects on soil physical environment, root growth, nutrient uptake and yield of maize and wheat on an Alfisol in north-west India

Field experiments were conducted for 6 years on a silty clay loam to study the effect of soil management on soil physical properties, root growth, nutrient uptake and yield of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a sequence. Treatments were: no-tillage (NT), NT+pine needle mulch at a rate of 10 t ha⁻¹ (NT+M), conventional tillage (CT), CT+pine needle mulch at a rate of 10 t ha⁻¹ (CT+M) and deep tillage (DT). The soil is classified as a Typic Hapludalf and has compact sub-surface layers. The NT treatment increased the bulk density of the surface layer but this problem was not observed in the no-tilled treatment having mulch at the surface (NT+M). The CT+M and NT+M treatments favourably moderated the hydro-theregime resulting in greater root growth, nutrient uptake and grain yields of maize and wheat. The DT treatment, imposed only once, at the beginning of the study, also enhanced root growth and grain yields. The yields were similar to the mulched treatments for maize and somewhat less than the mulched treatments for wheat. Mulched treatments generally showed significantly greater total uptake of N, P and K than corresponding unmulched ones. Since NT+M was comparable to CT for maize and superior for wheat, the latter is preferable since it does not require ellaborate tillage.     

种植密度对冬小麦氮素吸收利用和分配的影响

为了探讨实现冬小麦籽粒产量与氮素利用效率协同提高的途径,为制定高产、高效栽培管理措施提供理论依据,在大田条件下,以大穗型小麦品种"泰农18"和中穗型小麦品种"山农15"为试验材料,根据品种特性分别设置4个种植密度("泰农18":135万苗.hm 2、270万苗.hm 2、405万苗.hm 2和540万苗.hm 2;"山农15":172.5万苗.hm 2、345万苗.hm 2、517.5万苗.hm 2和690万苗.hm 2),研究了种植密度对籽粒产量、氮素吸收积累和运转分配、氮素利用效率以及土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮和无机态氮总积累量的影响。研究结果表明,随种植密度增加,两种穗型冬小麦品种成熟期植株氮素积累量、籽粒产量、氮肥吸收利用效率和氮肥偏生产力均表现为先增加后降低,籽粒氮积累量、氮素收获指数和籽粒氮含量下降,花前营养器官氮素转运量和对籽粒氮的贡献率升高。随种植密度的增加,"泰农18"的氮素利用效率随密度的增大先增大后减小,"山农15"随密度的增大而减小。土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮和无机态氮总积累量随密度增加而降低。在本试验条件下,"泰农18"和"山农15"兼顾高产和高效利用氮素的适宜种植密度分别为270万苗.hm 2和345万苗.hm 2。     

长期施用不同肥料对小麦玉米间作产量、氮吸收利用和土壤硝态氮累积的影响

对连续14年施用不同肥料后,春小麦.春玉米间作下,土壤硝态氮的累积和分布,作物产量及对氮素的吸收利用进行了研究。结果表明,在施农家肥120t.hm2(M)、绿肥45t.hm2(G)、秸杆10.5t.hm2(S)、N375kg.hm2(N)、农家肥60t.hm2+N187.5kg.hm2[1/2(M+N)]、绿肥22.5t.hm2+N187.5kg.hm2[1/2(G+N)]、秸杆5.25t.hm2+N187.5kg.hm2[1/2(S+N)]和CK等8个处理中,土壤剖面硝态氮的累积和分布以N处理最高,地上部N浓度和吸N量以N、1/2(M+N)和1/2(G+N)处理较高,但3处理间无明显差别。间作小麦子粒产量和生物学产量以M、G、1/2(M+N)和1/2(G+N)等处理较高,间作玉米子粒产量和生物学产量以1/2(G+N)、N、G和1/2(M+N)等处理较高。氮肥利用率以1/2(S+N)处理最高,1/2(M+N)和1/2(G+N)低于1/2(S+N)、S和N处理,但高于M、G处理。说明氮肥与农家肥或绿肥配合施用,既能增加作物产量,提高氮素吸收利用,又可减少土壤中硝态氮的累积。     

Priming effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate on uptake of soil N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions

Summary The uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat was measured in a field experiment using ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium nitrate fertilizer. The dry matter yield and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The uptake of applied N by wheat ranged between 25 and 34%. Fertilizer N application increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N which was attributed to a positive priming effect or added N interaction. The added N interaction observed by applying 20, 60, and 120 kg fertilizer N was 11.4, 19.1, and 27.9 kg, corresponding to 26, 44 and 64%, respectively of the N taken up from unfertilized soil. The A values did not alter with the increase in fertilizer N application. The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution whereby added labelled fertilizer N stood proxy for unlabelled soil N. A significant correlation coefficient (r=0.996^**) between the uptake of soil N and the dry matter yield showed that soil N was more important than fertilizer N in wheat production.     

秸秆还田下氮肥运筹对白土田水稻产量和氮吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究小麦秸秆直接还田条件下不同氮肥基追比例运筹方式对白土稻田水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响, 为华中低产白土稻田水稻合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】设置2种小麦秸秆还田量(0和3000 kg/hm2)及3种氮肥基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例(80-0-20、 60-20-20 和40-30-30)和不施氮的对照, 共7个处理, 分别为N80-0-20、 N60-20-20、 N40-30-30、 N80-0-20+S、 N60-20-20+S、 N40-30-30+S和CK。水稻收获期采集代表性样品考察水稻产量结构性状, 同时测定水稻籽粒和秸秆产量, 分析籽粒和秸秆氮素含量, 计算水稻氮素吸收量和氮肥利用效率。【结果】基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例60-20-20的处理水稻籽粒产量最高, 两年试验较不施分蘖肥的对照分别增产9.4%~12.9%和7.4%~8.9%。实施小麦秸秆直接还田后, 水稻籽粒产量较不施秸秆的对照分别提高10.2%~23.4%和0.8%~5.5%。不施秸秆条件下, 基-蘖-穗肥施用比例60-20-20的处理水稻籽粒含氮量最高, 较不施氮的对照提高11.3%, 而秸秆含N量随中后期追肥比例的加大而提高。秸秆还田条件下, 氮肥后移能明显提高水稻籽粒和秸秆含氮量。水稻籽粒氮素吸收量, 基-蘖-穗肥比例60-20-20处理最多, 2011年较对照N80-0-20分别增加13.7%和24.8%, 2012年提高14.5%和9.2%; 秸秆氮素积累量则随中后期追肥用量的增加而增多, 基-蘖-穗肥比例40-30-30处理最多。不施秸秆条件下, 基-蘖-穗肥比例60-20-20的处理氮素干物质生产效率、 氮素稻谷生产效率、 氮收获指数均最高, 百公斤籽粒吸氮量最低。秸秆还田条件下, 氮素干物质生产效率和氮素稻谷生产效率均随中后期追肥量的增加而下降, 而百公斤籽粒吸氮量则最高。氮素农学效率、 氮肥回收利用率和偏生产力也是60-20-20比例的处理最高, 较对照N80-0-20农学效率分别提高4.90和2.44 kg籽粒/kg N, 氮肥利用率提高7.82和21.29个百分点, 偏生产力提高4.90和2.44个百分点。【结论】综合水稻产量、 氮素吸收量以及氮肥利用效率, 安徽省江淮丘陵低产白土地区, 小麦秸秆直接还田条件下, 单季中稻氮肥的基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例, 以60-20-20运筹方式较为适宜。     

氮肥施用对作物吸收土壤氮的影响——兼论作物氮肥利用率

在15N标记肥料微区试验中采取了抑制土壤中氮生物固持作用的措施——用长期不施肥试验地、小麦拔节前施15N标记KNO3,成功显示了影响施氮作物吸收土壤氮的另一个过程:肥料氮对土壤氮库的稀释作用(或作物吸收养分过程中肥料氮和土壤氮的库替换作用)的存在;试验中施氮作物较不施氮作物少吸收土壤氮,呈现负的ANI(加入氮交互作用)。生物固持作用和肥料氮对土壤氮库的稀释作用是两个作用相反且交织在一起的过程,其相互抵消、平衡后的最终结果可以是正ANI,也可以是负ANI,决定于两者影响力的强弱。由于受上述过程的影响,用田间试验估测作物氮肥利用率,无论15N标记法或传统的差值法,均不可能获得可信的结果。作为替代方法,比值法可避免上述过程的影响,经本试验检验,结果良好。     

Effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on soil nitrogen during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions

We studied the effects of ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on the yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mexi-Pak-65) in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 33.6–51.5 and 30.5–40.9% of the N from ammonium nitrate and urea, respectively. Splitting the fertilizer N application had a significant effect on the uptake of fertilizer N by the wheat. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the two N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied according to the fertilizer N split; six split applications gave the highest added N interaction compared to a single application or two split applications for both fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate gave 90.5, 33.5, and 48.5% more added N interaction than urea with one, two, and six split N applications. A values were not significantly correlated with the added N interaction (r=0.557). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N replaced unlabelled soil N.     

高氮条件下硫氮互作对冬小麦幼苗生长及氮、硫吸收利用的影响

本试验在水培条件下,研究了不同氮、硫水平对小麦幼苗生长及氮、硫吸收利用的影响。结果表明,同一供氮水平下,在0.15 mmol/L～2.40 mmol/L供硫水平范围内,小麦幼苗根系活力随供硫水平的提高而显著下降。在4 mmol/L供氮水平下提高供硫水平,小麦幼苗植株地上部含硫量和含氮量均增加,叶片光合速率提高,对叶片和次生根的发育均有促进作用,增加了地上部和根系干物质积累量,但硫素利用效率和氮素利用效率降低。在8 mmol/L供氮水平下,随供硫水平的提高,小麦幼苗地上部含硫量增加,含氮量无显著变化;供硫水平过高则导致幼苗叶片光合同化能力降低,对幼苗发育、地上部和根部干物质及氮硫素积累不利,氮、硫利用效率降低。在0.15 mmol/L供硫水平下提高供氮水平有利于增加小麦幼苗地上部和根系含氮量,在2.40 mmol/L供硫水平下提高供氮水平对小麦幼苗地上部和根系含氮量无显著影响。说明在一定的氮、硫供应水平下,氮素和硫素之间存在互促效应;供应水平过高,则相互抑制,不利于小麦对氮、硫的吸收和利用。不同品种对氮、硫供应水平的反应不同,与鲁麦21和烟农19相比,在4 mmol/L供氮水平下,较高的供硫水平更有利于豫麦34和淄麦12各器官硫素和氮素的积累;在8 mmol/L供氮水平下,豫麦34和淄麦12对过高供硫水平的耐受能力较强。     

Effect of nitrogen deposition on CH4 uptake in forest soils in Hokkaido,Japan

Abstract

It has been well documented by short-term artificial experiments that the CH⁴ uptake is inhibited by N input, especially NH^{4 p+}-N input. To investigate the effect of the natural N input by throughfall and other factors on the CH⁴ uptake in forest soils, we measured the CH⁴ uptake rates for 6 months during the snow-free period of the year and N input by throughfall throughout the year at 10 sites in Hokkaido, Japan, from 1997 to 2002. Water filled pore space (WFPS) and pH values in the soils varied widely among the sites (38-93% and 3.9-6.2, respectively). The rates of NH^{4 p+}-N and NH^{3 p-}-N inputs ranged from 1.3 to 6.9 kg N ha^p-1 year^p-1 and from 0.8 to 2.9 kg N ha^p-1 year^p-1, respectively. The NH^{4 p+}-N input was generally higher than the NH^{3 p-}-N input. Total N input by throughfall amounted to 2.3-9.4 kg N ha^p-1 year^p-1. The highest CH⁴ uptake rate occurred within the period from July to September (41-215 μg CH⁴ m^p-2 h^p-1) each year at most sites. CH⁴ uptake rate was relatively low (~50 μg CH⁴ M-2 h^p-1) at northern sites, while a high CH⁴ uptake rate was observed throughout the year 100 (? CH⁴ m^p-2 h^p-1) at southern sites. The mean CH⁴ uptake rates were significantly different among the sites. Cumulative CH⁴ uptake ranged from 1.4 to 6.6 kg CH⁴ ha^p-1 [184 d]^p-1 with a mean values of 3.22 ± 1.36 kg CH⁴ ha^p-1 [184 d]^p-1. Cumulative CH⁴ uptake increased with increasing temperature and decreased with an increase in precipitation (Rain), NH^{4 p+}-N input (TF^NH4) WFPS, soil total C (TC), and total N (TN). There was a quadratic relationship between the CH⁴ uptake and NH^{3 p-}-N input (TF^NO3), soil pH, and C / N ratio in soil. A regression equation was obtained as follows to predict the CH⁴ uptake in forest soils: Cumulative CH⁴ uptake = 0.47 / Rain + 0.38 / TF^NH4 + 0.34 / TC - 0.30 / TF^N03 (R ^p2 = 0.74, p = 0.0001). This equation indicates that atmospheric N input into forest soils is one of the main factors that control cumulative CH⁴ uptake with precipitation, total carbon content in soil in Hokkaido, Japan.     

Effects of tillage, organic resources and nitrogen fertiliser on soil carbon dynamics and crop nitrogen uptake in semi-arid West Africa

Tillage, organic resources and fertiliser effects on soil carbon (C) dynamics were investigated in 2000 and 2001 in Burkina Faso (West Africa). A split plot design with four replications was laid-out on a loamy-sand Ferric Lixisol with till and no-till as main treatments and fertiliser types as sub-treatments. Soil was fractionated physically into coarse (0.250–2 mm), medium (0.053–0.250 mm) and fine fractions (< 0.053 mm). Particulate organic carbon (POC) accounted for 47–53% of total soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) for 30–37% of total soil nitrogen concentration. The POC decreased from 53% of total SOC in 2000 to 47% of total SOC in 2001. Tillage increased the contribution of POC to SOC. No-till led to the lowest loss in SOC in the fine fraction compared to tilled plots. Well-decomposed compost and single urea application in tilled as well as in no-till plots induced loss in POC. Crop N uptake was enhanced in tilled plots and may be up to 226 kg N ha⁻¹ against a maximum of 146 kg N ha⁻¹ in no-till plots. Combining crop residues and urea enhanced incorporation of new organic matter in the coarse fraction and the reduction of soil carbon mineralisation from the fine fraction. The PON and crop N uptake are strongly correlated in both till and no-till plots. Mineral-associated N is more correlated to N uptake by crop in tilled than in no-till plots. Combining recalcitrant organic resources and nitrogen fertiliser is the best option for sustaining crop production and reducing soil carbon decline in the more stabilised soil fraction in the semi-arid West Africa.     

Effect of straw management, tillage timing and timing of fertilizer nitrogen application on the crop utilization of fertilizer and soil nitrogen in an irrigated cereal rotation

In irrigated grain-growing soils on Canada's prairies, straw management can affect nitrogen (N) fertility and long-term soil organic matter reserves. We conducted a 2-year field experiment in southern Alberta, on a Dark Brown Chernozemic Lethbridge loam (Typic Boroll), to determine the effects of straw removal, tillage, and fertilizer timing on crop uptake of soil and fertilizer N. During the study (1991 and 1992), the crop was oat (Avena sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), respectively, in an experiment that had been in a wheat-wheat-oat-wheat rotation since 1986. Five straw-tillage treatments were: straw-fall plow, straw-pring plow, no straw-fall plow, no straw-spring plow and no straw-direct seeding. Fertilizer N was applied in fall or spring. Ammonium nitrate (5 at.% ¹⁵N) was added at 100 kg N ha⁻¹ in fall 1990 or spring 1991. For oat (1991), plant N derived from soil was higher under fall plow than under spring plow, higher with tillage than direct seeding, and unaffected by straw removal. The plant N derived from fertilizer was not affected by straw removal in fall plow treatments, but under spring plow, it was higher with straw removal. The plant N derived from fertilizer showed a significant straw-tillage × fertilizer timing interaction; with fall incorporated straw, plant N derived from fertilizer was 44.0 kg N ha⁻¹ for spring-applied, and 30.6 kg N ha⁻¹ for fall-applied N, but in other straw-tillage treatments there was no effect of fertilizer timing. Cumulative fertilizer N recovery (plant + soil) over the 2 years averaged 64.2%, and was unaffected by straw-tillage treatment. Fertilizer N recovery, however, was less with fall-applied N (61.3%) than spring applied N (66.8%). At mid-season, fall plow treatments had higher soil inorganic N and inorganic N derived from fertilizer than spring plow treatments, apparently because of less immobilization. The fall plow treatments also retained higher inorganic N after harvest. Straw removal and fertilizer timing did not influence soil inorganic N and soil inorganic N derived from fertilizer. N removal in straw (16 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) could deplete soil N in the long-term. Long-term effects of tillage timing on soil N will depend on the relative amount of N lost by leaching with fall plowing and that lost by denitrification under spring plowing. With direct seeding, crop yield and uptake of soil N was less, and N losses by denitrification could be greater. Application of N in spring, rather than fall, should enhance crop N uptake, reducing N losses and enhancing long-term soil organic N.     

Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization levels on photosynthesized carbon allocation in a temperate spring wheat and soil system

Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration impacts the terrestrial carbon(C) cycle by affecting plant photosynthesis, the flow of photosynthetically fixed C belowground, and soil C pool turnover. For managed agroecosystems, how and to what extent the interactions between elevated CO2 and N fertilization levels influence the accumulation of photosynthesized C in crops and the incorporation of photosynthesized C into arable soil are in urgent need of exploration.We conducted an experiment simulating elevated CO2 with spring wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) planted in growth chambers.13C-enriched CO2 with an identical 13C abundance was continuously supplied at ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations(350 and 600 μmol mol-1, respectively) until wheat harvest.Three levels of N fertilizer application(equivalent to 80, 120, and 180 kg N ha-1 soil) were supplied for wheat growth at both CO2 concentrations. During the continuous 62-d 13CO2 labeling period, elevated CO2 and increased N fertilizer application increased photosynthesized C accumulation in wheat by 14%–24% and 11%–20%, respectively, as indicated by increased biomass production, whereas the C/N ratio in the roots increased under elevated CO2 but declined with increasing N fertilizer application levels. Wheat root deposition induced 1%–2.5% renewal of soil C after 62 d of 13CO2 labeling. Compared to ambient CO2, elevated CO2 increased the amount of photosynthesized C incorporated into soil by 20%–44%. However, higher application rates of N fertilizer reduced the net input of root-derived C in soil by approximately 8% under elevated CO2. For the wheat-soil system, elevated CO2 and increased N fertilizer application levels synergistically increased the amount of photosynthesized C. The pivotal role of plants in photosynthesized C accumulation under elevated CO2 was thereby enhanced in the short term by the increased N application. Therefore, robust N management could mediate C cycling and sequestration by influencing the interactions between plants and soil in agroecosystems under elevated CO2.     

Nutrient uptake,nitrogen use efficiencies,and energy indices in soybean under various tillage systems with crop residue and nitrogen levels after combine harvested wheat

Abstract

A field study was conducted during kharif (rainy season) to study nutrient uptake, nitrogen use efficiencies, and energy indices in soybean under various tillage systems with crop residue and nitrogen levels after combine harvested wheat for two consecutive years. The treatments included three planting methods (Happy Seeder sowing, Straw Chopper?+?Zero Tillage sowing and Conventional sowing) and four nitrogen levels (0, 75, 100, and 125% recommended nitrogen). Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake by seed and straw were significantly higher in Happy Seeder sowing than Straw Chopper?+?Zero Tillage sowing and conventional sowing. Agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency, and apparent recovery were not influenced significantly by different planting methods whereas partial factor productivity, energy output, net energy, energy use efficiency, and energy productivity were significantly higher in Happy Seeder sowing than Straw Chopper?+?Zero Tillage sowing and conventional sowing. N and P uptake by seed and straw increased significantly from 0 to 75 and 75 to 100% recommended N and similar trend was found in K uptake by seed and straw. Agronomic efficiency, apparent recovery and energy output were increased up to 100% recommended N. However, partial factor productivity was decreased significantly with increase in N levels and physiological efficiency was not influenced significantly by different N levels.     

耕作方式对豫南雨养区土壤微环境及冬小麦产量的影响

针对豫南雨养农业区降水基本满足作物生长需求但年内和年际间分配不均、土壤耕性差的生态实际,为解决小麦播种期和冬春干旱以及改善耕层水、肥、气、热等因子提供理论依据。于2007—2015年,在豫南雨养农业区进行了连续9a的大田定位试验,研究了不同耕作模式对小麦生长季土壤水分、容重、温度及冬小麦产量的影响。试验共设置6个处理:T1(传统翻耕)、T2(不覆盖/不深松+覆盖/免耕)、T3(覆盖/不深松+不覆盖/免耕)、T4(不覆盖/深松+不覆盖/免耕)、T5(覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕)以及T6(不覆盖/不深松+还田/旋耕)。结果表明,(覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕)T5可以有效提高小麦播种期0~40cm土层的含水量,为麦播提供较好的水分基础,不同耕作方式处理对冬小麦越冬期和返青期土壤日平均温度影响较小,不足以对冬小麦发育进程产生影响。(覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕)T5能够有效降低耕层0~20cm和0~40cm的土壤容重。覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕处理的前3a,冬小麦产量较对照有所降低,从第4年开始较对照增产,2011—2015年增产幅度分别为2.02%、2.83%、10.93%、5.88%、1.97%。以上结果表明,通过T5(覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕)的简耕覆盖技术可以有效利用降水资源、培肥地力,提高产量,具有节本增效的作用。     

紫云英与氮肥配施对早稻干物质生产及氮素吸收利用的影响

为综合评价紫云英与氮肥配施对早稻干物质生产及氮素吸收利用的影响,筛选紫云英等量翻压条件下,较适宜的施氮水平,以冬闲常规施氮[150 kg(N)?hm~(-2)]处理为对照,在翻压紫云英22 500 kg·hm~(-2)条件下,设置90 kg(N)·hm~(-2)、120 kg(N)·hm~(-2)、150 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和180 kg(N)·hm~(-2) 4个施氮水平,研究紫云英和施氮量对早稻干物质生产及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:紫云英与氮肥配施各处理的干物质积累量均高于对照,其中紫云英配施氮肥90 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和120 kg(N)·hm~(-2)的干物质积累量最多,分别达9.65 t?hm~(-2)和9.97 t?hm~(-2),比对照分别增加11.18%和14.86%。各处理在水稻播种—分蘖期及抽穗—灌浆期干物质积累量较大,占成熟期干物质量的19.26%~24.77%和45.23%~52.75%,这两个生育阶段是干物质主要积累时期。紫云英与氮肥配施各处理的氮素积累量均高于对照,增幅为6.95%~18.68%。氮素干物质生产效率和氮收获指数均以紫云英配施90 kg(N)·hm~(-2)处理最高,比其他处理分别增加3.94%~14.08%和6.65%~14.90%。紫云英配施氮肥有利于提高早稻的干物质积累量和氮素利用率,其中以紫云英配施氮肥90 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和120 kg(N)·hm~(-2)效果较优,可实现减氮增效目的,是较理想的施肥模式。     

Interaction of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate,urea and ammonium sulphate with soil N during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions

The effects of ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate on yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mexi-Pak-65) were studied in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 64.0–74.8%, 61.5–64.7% and 61.7–63.4% of the N from ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea and ammonium sulphate. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the three N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied with the method of application of fertilizer N. Ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate gave 59.3%, 42.8% and 26.3% more added N interaction, respectively, when applied by the broadcast/worked-in method than with band placement. A highly significant correlation between soil N and grain yield, dry matter and added N interaction showed that soil N was more important than fertilizer N in wheat production. A values were not significantly correlated with added N interaction (r=0.719). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N stood proxy for unlabelled soil N.     

Effect of chemical composition on the release of nitrogen from agricultural plant materials decomposing in soil under field conditions

Summary In two field experiments, plant materials labelled with ¹⁵N were buried separately within mesh bags in soil, which was subsequently sown with barley. In the first experiment, different parts of white clover (Trifolium repens), red clover (T. pratense), subterranean clover (T. subterraneum), field bean (Vicia faba), and timothy (Phleum pratense) were used, and in the second, parts of subterranean clover of different maturity. The plant materials were analysed for their initial concentrations of total N, ¹⁵N, C, ethanol-soluble compounds, starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and ash. After the barley had been harvested, the bags were collected and analysed for their total N and ¹⁵N. In the first experiment the release of N was highest from white clover stems + petioles (86%) and lowest from field bean roots (20%). In stepwise regression analysis, the release of N was explained best by the initial concentrations of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and N (listed according to decreasing partial correlations). Although the C/N ratio of the plant materials varied widely (11–46), statistically the release of N was not significantly correlated with this variable. The results of the second experiment using subterranean clover of different maturity confirmed those of the first experiment.