七种钾释放动力学方程的比较和动力学参数的应用

Batch equilibrium experiments were conducted to investigate cadmium （Cd） sorption by two permanent-charge soils, a yellow-cinnamon soil and a yellow-brown soil, and two variable-charge soils, a red soil and a latosol, with addition of selected organic acids （acetate, tartrate, and citrate）. Results showed that with an increase in acetate concentrations from 0 to 3.0 mmol L^-1, Cd sorption percentage by the yellow-cinnamon soil, the yellow-brown soil, and the latosol decreased. The sorption percentage of Cd by the yellow-clnnamon soil and generally the yellow-brown soil （permanent-charge soils） decreased with an increase in tartrate concentration, but increased at low tartrate concentrations for the red soil and the latosol. Curves of percentage of Cd sorption for citrate were similar to those for tartrate. For the variable-charge soils with tartrate and citrate, there were obvious peaks in Cd sorption percentage. These peaks, where organic acids had maximum influence, changed with soil type, and were at a higher organic acid concentration for the variable-charge soils than for the permanent charge soils. Addition of cadmium after tartrate adsorption resulted in higher sorption increase for the varlable-charge soils than permanent-charge soils. When tartrate and Cd solution were added together, sorption of Cd decreased with tartrate concentration for the yellow-brown soil, but increased at low tartrate concentrations and then decreased with tartrate concentration for the red soil and the latosol.     

An analytical solution for advance of solute front in soils

Based on the assumption that solute transport in a semi-infinite soil column or in a field soil profile can be described by the boundary-layer method, an analytical solution is presented for the advance of a solute front with time. The traditional convection-dispersion equation (CDE) subjected to two boundary conditions: 1) at the soil surface (or inlet boundary) and 2) at the solute front, was solved using a Laplace transformation. A comparison of resident concentrations using a boundary-layer method and an exact solution (in a semi-infinite-domain) showed that both were in good agreement within the range between the two boundaries. This led to a new method for estimating solute transport parameters in soils, requiring only observation of advance of the solute front with time. This may be corroborated visually using a tracer solution with marking-dye or measured utilizing time domain reflectometry (TDR). This method is applicable to both laboratory soil columns and field soils. Thus, it could be a step forward for modeling solute transport in field soils and for better understanding of the transport processes in soils.     

城市土壤特征土层的数值分类

Pedogenetic soil horizons are one of the fundamental building blocks of modern soil classification; however, in soils of urban areas which are often strongly disturbed by human activities, horizons are difficult to distinguish but substitutive morphological layers may be identified. To identify the characteristic soil layers in an urban environment, 224 soil layers of 36 in-situ pedons were examined and described in urban and suburban Nanjing, and 27 variables were extracted for multivariate analysis. Three groups and six subdivisions were identified by TwoStep cluster analysis combined with hierarchical cluster analysis based on factor scores. Soil forming factors and soil forming processes could be interpreted from the principal component analysis （PCA） of variables, cluster analysis of soil layers, and discriminant analysis of soil layer groups and their subdivisions. Parent materials, moisture regimes, organic matter accumulation, and especially nutrient accumulation were the main causes of characteristic soil layer formations. The numerical approaches used in this study were useful tools for characteristic soil layer identification of urban soils.     

子午岭植被自然恢复过程中土壤有机碳密度的时空变化

To probe the processes and mechanisms of soil organic carbon （SOC） changes during forest recovery, a 150-year chronosequence study on SOC was conducted for various vegetation succession stages at the Ziwuling area, in the central part of the Loess Plateau, China. Results showed that during the 150 years of local vegetation rehabilitation SOC increased significantly （P 〈 0.05） over time in the initial period of 55-59 years, but slightly decreased afterwards. Average SOC densities for the 0-100 cm layer of farmland, grassland, shrubland and forest were 4.46, 5.05, 9.95, and 7.49 kg C m^-3, respectively. The decrease in SOC from 60 to 150 years of abandonment implied that the soil carbon pool was a sink for CO2 before the shrubland stage and became a source in the later period. This change resulted from the spatially varied composition and structure of the vegetation. Vegetation recovery had a maximum effect on the surface （0-20 cm） SOC pool. It was concluded that vegetation recovery on the Loess Plateau could result in significantly increased sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in soil and vegetation, which was ecologically important for mitigating the increase of atmospheric concentration of CO2 and for ameliorating the local eco-environment.     

Mechanistic Model for Predicting NO3-N Uptake by Plants and Its Verification

Some mechanistic models have been proposed to predict the No3^- concentrations in the soil solution at root surface and the NO3-N uptake by plants,but all these relatively effective non-steady state models have not yet been verified by and soil culture experiment.In the present study,a mathematical model based on the nutrient transport to the roots,root length and root uptake kinetics as well as taking account of the inter-root competition was used for calculation,and soil culture experiments with rice,wheat and rape plants grown on alkali,neutral and acid soils in rhizoboxes with nylon screen as a isolator were carried out to evaluate the prediction ability of the model through comparing the measured NO3-concentrations at root surface and N uptake with the calculated values.Whether the inter-root competition for nutrients was accounted for in the model was of less importance to the calculated N uptake but could induce significant changes in the relative concentrations of NO3^- at root surface.For the three soils and crops,the measured NO3-N uptake agreed well with the calculated one,and the calculated relative concentrations at root surface were approximate to the measured values.But an appropriate rectification for some conditions is necessary when the plant uptake parameter obtained in solution culture experiment is applied to soil culture.In contrast with the present non-steady state model,the predicted relative concentrations,which show an accumulation,by the Phillips‘ steady-state model were distinct from the measured values which show a depletion,indicating that the present model has a better prediction ability than the steady-state model.     

氧化节杆菌生物降解苯并芘

A pot experiment was conducted with multi-metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) contaminated acidic soil to investigate changes in available metal burden resulting from the application of industrial wastes (fly ash and steel slag). The efficiency of amendments-induced metal stabilization was evaluated by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), sequential extraction, and plant uptake. The stability of remediation was assessed by an acidification test and by chemical equilibrium modeling. Addition of fly ash (20 g kg-1 ) and steel slag (3 g kg-1 ) resulted in similar increase in soil pH. Both amendments significantly decreased the concentrations of metals measured with DGT (C DGT) and the metal uptake by Oryza sativa L. Significant correlations were found between C DGT and the concentration of a combination of metal fractions (exchangeable, bound to carbonates, and bound to Fe/Mn oxides), unraveling the labile species that participate in the flux of metal resupply. The capability of metal resupply, as reflected by the R (ratio of C DGT to pore water metal concentration) values, significantly decreased in the amended soils. The C DGT correlated well with the plant uptake, suggesting that DGT is a good indicator for bioavailability. Acidification raised the extractable metal concentration in amended soil but the concentration did not return to the pre-amendment level. Equilibrium modeling indicated that the soil amendments induced the precipitation of several Fe, Al and Ca minerals, which may play a positive role in metal stabilization. Chemical stabilization with alkaline amendments could be an effective and stable soil remediation strategy for attenuating metal bioavailability and reducing plant metal uptake.     

N Mineralization as Affected by Long-Term N Fertilization and Its Relationship with Crop N Uptake.

A field experiment established in 1997 was conducted to study the effect of long-term N fertilizer application on N mineralization in a paddy soil determined using a laboratory anaerobic incubation followed with a field incubation and to measure the relationship between in situ N mineralization and crop N uptake. To estimate N mineralization in the laboratory, soil samples were collected from plots with N application at different rates for six years and were incubated. Soils treated with fertilizer N mineralized more N than unfertilized soils and mineralization increased with N application rates. Also, the fraction of total N mineralized increased with increasing N fertilizer application. These findings meant that a substantial portion of previously applied N could be recovered slowly over time in subsequent crops. The field incubation of the plot receiving no fertilizer N showed that the NH4^＋-N concentration varied greatly during the rice-growing season and seasonal changes of N mineralization were due more to accumulation of NH4^＋-N than NO3^-N. Hice N uptake increased up to a maximum of 82 kg N ha^-1 during the season. The close agreement found between in situ N mineralization and rice N uptake suggested that the measurement of in situ N mineralization could provide useful recommendations for adequate fertilizer N application.     

三叶草对污染土壤中芘的去除研究

Phytoremediation has been used as an emerging technology for remediation of soil contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ubiquitous persistent environmental pollutants derived from natural and anthropogenic processes, in the last decade. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the potential of phytoremediation of pyrene from spiked soils planted with white clover (Trifolium repens) in the greenhouse with a series of pyrene concentrations ranging from 4.22 to 365.38 mg kg^-1. The results showed that growth of white clover on pyrenecontaminated soils was not affected. The removal of pyrene from the spiked soils planted with white clover was obviously higher than that from the unplanted soils. At the end of the experiment (60 d), the average removal ratio of pyrene in the spiked soils with white clover was 77%, which was 31% and 57% higher than those of the controls with or without micobes, respectively. Both roots and shoots of white clover took up pyrene from the spiked soils and pyrene uptake increased with the soil pyrene concentration. However, the plant-enhanced dissipation of soil pyrene may be the result of plant-promoted microbial degradation and direct uptake and accumulation of pyrene by white clover were only a small part of the pyrene dissipation. Bioconcentration factors of pyrene (BCFs, ratio of pyrene, on a dry weight basis, in the plant to that in the soil) tended to decrease with increase in the residual soil pyrene concentration. Therefore, removal of pyrene in the contaminated soils was feasible using white clove.     

Ecological Behavior of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate （LAS） in Soil-Plant Systems

More and more linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) has contaminated the water and soil via pollution discharge, making it important to identify the ecological behavior and toxicity of LAS so as to carry out measures that will reduce its negative effects on the ecosystem. The ecological behavior of LAS, including degradation, migration, and plant uptake in both soil-paddy rice and soil-soybean systems, was studied. Reduction of LAS in pot and field plots followed the first order reaction kinetics with degradation half-lives of 35--50 days with LAS decreasing to very low concentrations after a season of crop growth. Strong migration ability for LAS was found and the breakthrough time in a 1.5 m soil monolith was significantly shortened to 23 days by preferential flow. Leachate volumes of soil-paddy and soil-soybean systems at preferential breakthrough were much different, while the leachate volumes at equilibrium governed by soil adsorption/desorption processes were very similar. Significant uptake of LAS in both paddy rice and soybeans was observed in pot and field experiments (P < 0.05). In aquatic culture, 20 μg mL-1 and above of LAS significantly inhibited the growth of paddy seedlings (P < 0.05). The critical concentration for LAS in soil inhibiting the growth and yield of paddy was 160 μg g-1; when higher, there was a strong negative influence, with decreases in height, spike length, and production; when lower than 80 μg g-1, paddy growth was stimulated. There was little effect of LAS on soybeans.     

耕作方式对双季稻田土壤有机碳储量的影响

Tillage practices can potentially afect soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation in agricultural soils. A 4-year experiment was conducted to identify the influence of tillage practices on SOC sequestration in a double-cropped rice (Oryza sativa L.) field in Hunan Province of China. Three tillage treatments, no-till (NT), conventional plow tillage(PT), and rotary tillage(RT), were laid in a randomized complete block design. Concentrations of SOC and bulk density(BD) of the 0-80 cm soil layer were measured, and SOC stocks of the 0-20 and 0-80 cm soil layers were calculated on an equivalent soil mass(ESM) basis and fixed depth (FD) basis.Soil carbon budget(SCB) under diferent tillage systems were assessed on the basis of emissions of methane(CH4) and CO2 and the amount of carbon (C) removed by the rice harvest. After four years of experiment, the NT treatment sequestrated more SOC than the other treatments. The SOC stocks in the 0-80 cm layer under NT (on an ESM basis) was as high as 129.32 Mg C ha 1,significantly higher than those under PT and RT (P < 0.05). The order of SOC stocks in the 0-80 cm soil layer was NT > PT > RT,and the same order was observed for SCB; however, in the 0-20 cm soil layer, the RT treatment had a higher SOC stock than the PT treatment. Therefore, when comparing SOC stocks, only considering the top 20 cm of soil would lead to an incomplete evaluation for the tillage-induced efects on SOC stocks and SOC sequestrated in the subsoil layers should also be taken into consideration. The estimation of SOC stocks using the ESM instead of FD method would better reflect the actual changes in SOC stocks in the paddy filed, as the FD method amplified the tillage efects on SOC stocks. This study also indicated that NT plus straw retention on the soil surface was a viable option to increase SOC stocks in paddy soils.     

镉同位素分馏在土壤-植物体系中的研究进展

镉污染土壤因其导致粮食作物超标以及通过食物链对居民健康构成威胁,引起了人们的高度关注。土壤镉的迁移转化、植物根部对镉的吸收、植物体内对镉的装载转运和贮存是土壤-植物体系镉生物地球化学循环的重要过程。近年来,稳定同位素分馏技术被广泛应用于土壤-植物系统中镉的迁移和储存,为研究镉在不同土壤库和植物部位中的迁移和转化提供了新的思路和视角。本文首先介绍了镉同位素组成分析的基本原理和方法;其次对土壤矿物溶解、共沉淀、吸附和有机质螯合配位等四个关键过程引起的镉同位素分馏方向和程度进行综述,并重点针对植物根部对镉的吸收、根部-地上部转运和籽粒储存等三个关键过程阐述植物体内镉同位素分馏机制;最后基于目前研究现状,展望了土壤-植物体系镉同位素分馏尚需解决的科学问题和未来的研究方向。有助于深入理解镉在土壤-植物体系中的生物地球化学过程与机制,以期为镉污染土壤的安全利用与治理修复、农产品减毒脱毒等应用技术的研发提供科学依据。     

Comparisons of metal accumulation and excretion kinetics in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to contaminated field and laboratory soils

The uptake and excretion kinetics of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc were studied for Eisenia fetida exposed to mixtures of these metals in field and OECD artificial soil. Body burdens in worms exposed to all contaminated soils increased over the duration of the experiment. Highest accumulation rates were for worms exposed to the most polluted soils. Pronounced differences were found in the uptake and excretion patterns for essential and non-essential elements (particularly in field soils). For cadmium and lead (non-essential), an equilibrium plateau was not reached during the uptake study and slow excretion was found on transfer of worms to clean soil. For copper and zinc (essential), fast initial uptake was followed by equilibrium after only a few days exposure. Rapid excretion was found after transfer to clean soil, with half-lives of less than 1 day for both metals. A previous study of the effects of metals on worms exposed in OECD and field soils had indicated a higher toxicity in the artificial medium. Thus, in the present study, it was anticipated that greater toxicity would be reflected by increased body burdens for worms in OECD soil. This was, however, not the case. Explanations are given that might account for the fact that the greater toxicity in OECD soil is not invariably accompanied by higher metal burdens. These include the presence of high concentrations of very toxic and highly available ions in laboratory tests and potential differences in the importance of soluble and total metal concentration for determining toxicity and body burdens.     

A model for sorption,flux and plant uptake of cadmium in a soil profile: Model structure and sensitivity analysis

Fluxes of cadmium in a soil profile are simulated by coupling a model for linear and nonlinear equilibrium sorption to an existing hydrological model. The aim is to develop a model for Cd transport in soil systems. A separate flow model is used to calculate the water fluxes, which are then used in an equilibrium sorption model, allowing different Freundlich isotherms to be chosen. The model is tested and a sensitivity analysis is made. The variation of soil compartment sizes gave small changes in the results, which is interpreted as a measure of the solution stability. The factor influencing Cd transport most, according to these simulations, is the sorption isotherm. The degree to which Cd sorbs to soil decides how much will be available in the soil water for plant uptake or transport through the soil to the ground water. Other studied factors such as root distribution and hydrological properties influence the result only to a limited degree. With an application of 10 mg Cd/m² in the given range of Freundlich isotherms, the simulations gave a plant uptake of between 0 and 30% of the applied Cd in two years. At the concentration mainly used in this study (with 10 mg Cd/m² applied), the nonlinear isotherms found in the literature gave Cd lower mobility than the linear isotherms used for comparison. For high Cd concentrations the situation would be the reverse.     

锰改性猪粪炭对水稻吸收累积土壤中汞镉的影响

为了探明KMnO4改性猪粪炭对水稻吸收累积复合污染土壤中汞镉的阻控效果，通过盆栽试验研究添加不同量的锰改性猪粪炭（MZC）对水稻中汞镉累积分布特征、根际土壤有效态汞镉含量和土壤理化性质的影响，并探讨了MZC阻控水稻籽粒吸收累积汞镉的可能机制。结果表明：与空白对照相比，添加0.5%MZC使水稻籽粒的总汞、甲基汞和总镉含量分别降低了50.4%、58.4%和79.3%，同时降低了31.1%和39.9%根际土壤有效态汞和镉的含量，但增加了70.3%根际土壤总Mn含量；且添加0.5%的原始猪粪炭对水稻籽粒中总汞、甲基汞和镉含量的降幅显著小于锰改性猪粪炭的，表明经过KMnO4改性可以显著增强猪粪炭对土壤汞镉的钝化能力。水稻籽粒、茎叶中的汞镉含量和根际土壤有效态汞镉含量都随着MZC添加量的增加呈明显的降低趋势。统计分析显示水稻籽粒和茎叶中的汞镉含量与根际土壤中有效态汞、镉呈显著正相关性，而土壤中有效态汞镉含量与土壤的pH、CEC呈负相关。添加MZC使土壤pH、CEC升高，降低了根际土壤中汞、镉的生物有效性，从而减少了水稻地上部分对汞镉的吸收累积。因此，锰改性猪粪炭是一种具有应用潜力的能保障汞镉复合污染农田水稻安全生产的土壤修复剂。     

Modelling and measurement of the nitrogen cycle in a vegetable field in Switzerland. I. A soil-plant model for the nitrogen cycle

Correct nitrogen fertilization is particularly important in vegetable growing, because not only the nitrate content of the product but also leaching of nitrate into the groundwater is affected. To apply the appropriate amount of fertilizer at the right time, the supply of plant-available nitrate throughout the whole vegetation period has to be known. This may be achieved by repeated soil nitrate measurements (KNS-System), however, the work involved in carrying out soil analyses is considerable. A reliable nitrogen-prediction-model would facilitate the task. A dynamic system model for the nitrogen cycle in a soil-plant system is presented to predict yield, nitrate uptake and nitrogen leaching. To account for particularities of the site, specific information collected from the soil profile is required as input. Expected growth and nitrate uptake of the plant, the amount of fertilizer and plant residues applied, time of cultivation and climatic information are also required (list of inputs in table 1). Simulated crop growth is driven by potential relative growth which is dependent on the air temperature. Exponential growth is restricted by either a factor for maximal weight of a single plant, by maximal yield of the crop or by shortage of nitrogen in the plant. The nitrate uptake into the plant is governed by passive uptake through transpiration. It may be enhanced by a sink factor for active uptake when the simulated nitrogen content in the plant is lower than the expected value. Nitrate uptake thus depends on transpiration, water and nitrate availability in the rooted soil layers. Water (and hence nitrate) transport through the soil profile is divided into rapid transport in the macropores of the soil for a water content above field capacity and slow transport in the soil matrix for a water content below field capacity; the corresponding transfer factors have to be estimated in the field. As revealed by a sensitivity analysis (table 2) the input parameters having the greatest influence on final yield and nitrate uptake of lettuce are air and soil temperature, precipitation and the water content at field capacity. Parameters which increase nitrate availability have a favourable effect on nitrate uptake. Nitrate leaching over winter from a fallow plot is approximately proportional to water loss below the rooted soil layers; thus precipitation and water content at field capacity are the main factors affecting nitrate leaching. Calibration and validation of the model against data collected from a commercial vegetable field with different crops is presented in part II of the paper.     

水稻吸收转运铁的生物地球化学机制研究进展

铁的生物吸收转移是环境中铁生物地球化学循环的重要过程之一，不仅控制着铁在稻米的累积，且影响水稻累积锌等养分元素及镉等重金属。阐明土壤-水稻体系中铁的吸收转移机制对深入理解稻田铁的环境行为与归趋具有重要的科学意义。主要介绍了水稻中铁吸收转运的功能基因、土壤-水稻系统铁同位素分馏及水稻植株中铁分布的光谱分析方法与手段，重点总结铁在水稻根部吸收及植物体内的转运过程，探讨铁对水稻根部锌和镉吸收的影响机制，可为提高水稻产量及改善稻米品质提供科学依据。     

黄褐土和潮土中硫素在植物生长发育关键时期的消长

为了解河南省分布面积最大的两种类型土壤中硫素的转移、转化和积累规律，从而指导硫肥的合理施用，本研究测定了黄褐土和潮土烟田上层（0~20 cm）、中层（20~40 cm）和下层（40~60 cm）土壤在烤烟关键生育期（移栽前、团棵期、现蕾期和收获后）的全硫、有机硫、无机硫和有效硫含量。结果表明：①团棵期，黄褐土上层各形态硫含量降低、中下层各形态硫含量增加，潮土中上层各形态硫含量增加、下层各形态硫含量下降；现蕾期，黄褐土中层无机硫和有效硫含量降低，潮土中层各形态硫和下层无机硫、有效硫含量均下降；收获后，黄褐土中下层无机硫和有效硫含量降低，潮土各土层无机硫和有效硫含量增加、有机硫含量降低。②在黄褐土和潮土烟田，现蕾期烤烟体内的全硫积累量分别约为当地硫肥施用量的25.35%和11.84%，且与移栽前相比，黄褐土各土层各形态硫在烤烟收获后均显著增加；收获后潮土上层有机硫含量略有降低（-10.21mg/kg）、但无机硫（+175.11 mg/kg）和有效硫（+174.99 mg/kg）含量显著增加，中层各形态硫含量均增加显著，下层有机硫和全硫含量降低、但无机硫和有效硫含量增加。综上，黄褐土和潮土试验点的硫肥施用量均大于需求量。但黄褐土中可能因硫素的转移能力较弱、向有机硫转化的能力较强，硫素更容易在各层土壤积累，而潮土中过量的硫则可能较易转移和淋失，污染其他土壤及地表和地下水，因此，黄褐土和潮土烟田的硫肥施用量均应适当减少，且潮土烟田还应适当减少基肥施用量、增加追肥次数并减小施肥深度，以减少土壤硫素的积累和淋失，从而减少土壤面源污染。     

Wirkung von 2,2′,5,5′ Tetrachlorbiphenyl,Benzo-a-pyren,Cadmium und Kupfer in einem Rieselfeldboden und Aufnahme dieser Stoffe durch Roggen (Secale cereale)

Effect of 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, benzo-a-pyren, cadmium and copper in an original sewage field soil and uptake of these substances by rye Rye was cultivated in pots on weakly polluted sewage field soil (R) and artificially polluted variants of this soil. The aim of the project was to study the combined effect of organic pollutants (PCB, PAH) and heavy metals (HM) to parameters of soil biology, biomass production and soil-plant transfer. R was contaminated with 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 52), benzo-a-pyren (BaP), cadmium (Cd) or copper (Cu) as well as with combinations of these substances up to concentrations comparable with an extremely polluted sewage field soil. Rye showed significant yield reductions on all treatments enriched with copper ( > 60 ppm plant-available Cu in soil). In this context copper only produced the impairments of microbial activity in the soil and caused its phytotoxicity. The yield reductions were connected with higher copper contents and also higher cadmium contents of rye as a result of concentration effect. Added copper led to increasing mobility and availability for plants of Cd in the soil. Addition of copper in combination with organic pollutants to soil R increased also availability of Cd for plants.     

Single and Combined Effects of Cadmium and Zinc on Carrots: Uptake and Bioaccumulation

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn), singly and in combination, on uptake and bioaccumulation of Cd and Zn in Daucus carota L. (carrot) grown under natural field conditions. Carrot plants were treated with two Cd concentrations (10 and 100 μg mL^?1), two Zn concentrations (100 and 300 μg mL^?1), and two combined concentrations of Cd and Zn (10 + 100 and 100 + 300 μg mL^?1) 15 d after seed germination. Treatments were repeated at 10 d intervals up to 90 d of plant age. A control was also kept without a Cd or Zn treatment. Uptake, total accumulation rate (TAR), bioconcentration factor (BCF), primary transport index (PTI), secondary transport index (STI), and accumulation of Cd and Zn in root, stem, and leaf were quantified. The results show that uptake, TAR, and accumulation of Cd and Zn are concentration-dependent phenomena. Highest accumulation of Cd and Zn was found in the root, followed by the stem and then leaves. The results also showed that bioaccumulation of Cd in root, stem, and leaf was greater at the low metal-application rates of Cd and Zn in combination than at the higher rate. This study further showed that interactions of Zn and Cd are dependent on the concentrations of those metals in the soil.     

区域农田土壤质地剖面的随机模拟模型

冲积土壤剖面的质地层次分层是该类土壤的重要特性,对农田水分转化和溶质运移具有重要影响。本文论据已取得的研究结果,采用Ｍａｒｋｏｖ链理论提出了区域冲积土壤质地层次的随机模拟模型－ＭＣ模型和ＭＣ－ＬＮ模型,采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了研究区的土壤质地剖面,并与实测结果进行了对比。