八种城市旱垂柳林木材腐朽菌分解能力的测定

通过测定8种城市旱垂柳Salix matsudana var.pseudo-matsudana的木材腐朽菌,树舌Elfvingia applanata(Pers.)Karst.、香栓菌Trametes suaveolens(L.)Fr.、单色下皮黑Cerrena unicolor(Bull.:Fr.)Murr、桦革裥Lenzites betulina(L.:)Fr.、黑管菌Bjerkandera adusta(Willd.:Fr.)Karst、毛革盖Coriolus hirsutus(Wulf.:Fr.)Quél.、云芝Coriolus versicolor(L.:Fr.)Quél.、多毛盖菌Funalia gallica (Fr.)Pat.对旱垂柳木材的分解能力,研究其生物降解规律.结果表明:8种旱垂柳木材腐朽菌的降解能力排序为:毛革盖>云芝>香栓>多毛盖菌>单色下皮黑>树舌>桦革裥>黑管菌.其中毛革盖和云芝的分解能力最高,在100 d内即可将柳材样品分解解体,降解率超过50%.     

中国革菌一新记录种——哈氏杯革菌

2005年8月,作者对北京市的松山自然保护区的木材腐朽菌进行了考察,采集了大型真菌100余号,并对这些标本进行了鉴定.研究发现一种生长在阔叶林下的革菌为哈氏杯革菌Cotylidia harmandii (Lloyd)D.A.Reid.杯革菌属(Cotylidia P.Karst)在我国曾有过报道,全球有描述的分类单位共有20余个[1～4],在我国仅发现了5个种,即金黄杯革菌Cotylidia aurantiaca(Pers.)A.L. Welden,明亮杯革菌Cotylidia diaphana(Schwein.)Lentz,克玛波杯革菌Cotylidia komabensis(Henn.)D.A.Reid,苍白杯革菌Cotylidia pallida(Pers.)Boidin,波纹饰杯革菌Cotylidia undulata(Fr.)P.Karst.[2],但哈氏杯革菌此前未被国内报道过,因此,该种为中国革菌的一新记录种.     

阔叶树伐桩培养食用菌

在阔叶树伐桩培养食用菌,一方面生产林副产品,一方面促进伐根腐朽。方法简单。首先在伐桩树皮上钻孔接种,并在伐桩上横截圆盘,然后在伐桩保留部分的面上放置锯屑菌(种菌、米糠、锯屑按1:2:3:比例的加水混合物), 圆盘复位覆盖黑色塑料袋,注意保持湿度,防止杂菌侵入。     

科技期刊(森林病虫害部分)题录选

森林病害锥栗对栗疫病的抗性与氨基酸的关系 (郭文硕 .《林业科学》 ,2 0 0 2 ,1:16 0 - 16 3.)枣疯病的早期预防及手术治理 (刘书晓 .《林业实用技术》 ,2 0 0 2 .1:33.)樟子松枯梢病损失估测与防治指标 (李耀民 ,等 .《东北林业大学学报》 ,2 0 0 2 ,1:33- 35 .)松材线虫和拟松材线虫不同株系线粒体ＤＮＡ的ＲＮＰＤ分析(张路平 ,等 .《林业科学研究》 ,2 0 0 2 .1:7- 12 .)木麻黄青枯菌的根表吸附及根内增殖与其致病性关系 (罗焕亮 ,等 .《林业科学研究》 ,2 0 0 2 ,1:2 1- 2 7.)松针褐斑病菌毒素活性的生物检测 (叶建仁 ,等 .《南京林业…     

喜树育苗和接种菌根菌试验

用苏格兰球囊菌 [Glomuscaledonium (Nicol&Gerd .)Trappe&Gerd .]和地表球囊 [Glomusversiforme (Karsten)Berch]菌种接种喜树幼苗。试验结果表明 :喜树幼苗根均可与两种菌种菌形成菌根 ,接种前者的苗木菌根感染率为 5 3% ,接种后者的苗木菌根感染率为 4 0 % ,非接种苗木 (对照 )的感染率 6 .7%。接种菌根菌后的苗木总生物量、根茎比及根系长度和地径有所提高 ,反映了 2个菌种均促进了喜树幼苗的生长 ,但对幼苗高生长的促进作用不大。     

杨树重要病害

一、印度杨树的重要病害1、根部病害(1)灵芝菌根腐病。病原系灵芝菌【Ganoderma lucidum(Fr.)Karst.】造成各种杨树死亡。1972年 Bakshi 报导,在 Phillaur,Punzab 地区,不同品种杨树     

伏牛山区山茱萸林下套种天麻技术

山茱萸(Cornus officinalis Sieb.et Zucc.)林分为天麻(Gastrodia elata)、蜜环菌[Armillariella ua mellea(Vahi.Fr)Karst]生长提供了凉爽湿润的森林环境,在山茱萸林下套种天麻。天麻收获后废弃的菌材是有机肥料,既能增加经济效益,又能提高山茱萸林分质量,达到山茱萸少收天麻补、双方互相促进的目的。     

几种丛生竹根际联合固氮研究

对几种丛生竹种麻竹、吊丝球竹、青皮竹、粉丹竹、马甲竹、绿竹等进行根系固氮能力调查测定 ,用直接法测定 (干根样品 )前 5个种竹种的根系最高固氮酶活性分别为 2 0 .50、2 4 .81、10 .83、7.4 9、2 .4 6nmol(C2 H4 )·g- 1·h- 1,用富集培养法测定 (鲜根样品 )前 5个种竹种的根系平均固氮酶活性分别为 2 75、4 31、169、188、79nmol(C2 H4 )·g- 1·h- 1。不同生境和不同季节丛生竹根系固氮能力的调查显示 ,充足的水分供应、较高的温度及适当施用有机肥有利于竹子固氮。对几种丛生竹种根际不同部位固氮菌数调查测定显示 ,根际固氮菌数最多的竹种是吊丝球竹 ,在根际不同部位固氮菌数由非根际土→根际土→根表→根内依次急剧递增 ,越往内部根际效应越明显。用 2 #、12 #、14#、7#菌及混合菌液对麻竹组培苗进行接种显示 ,接种固氮菌可提高苗木成活率和植株含氮量 ,14#、7#菌和混合菌接种可显著提高麻竹组培苗生物量。     

外生菌根菌对湿地松苗防病和生长的作用

将外生菌根菌牛肝菌(Boletus sp.)、铆钉菇(Gomphidin viscidns)、厚环枯盖牛肝菌(Snillus grevillei)的人工纯培养物接种于培育湿地松苗的大田中,对苗木的生长、产量和抗病能力都有显著提高,施菌苗比未施菌苗每亩净增值分别为B 菌66.2%、G 菌105%、S菌70.8%,经济效益显著。     

板栗接种食用菌根真菌的菌根化效果及对幼苗促生效应的研究

[目的]通过板栗幼苗人工接种食用菌根菌固体菌剂,分析其对板栗幼苗生长指标和根系菌根化的效果,以验证大红菇(菌株编号2014-10)、红绒盖牛肝菌(菌株编号2014-14)和美味牛肝菌(菌株编号50559)这3种食用菌根菌固体菌剂作为板栗接种体的有效性及其促生效应,为进一步探索"板栗食用菌根菌新型经济林栽培模式"提供基础。[方法]在板栗播种时分别接种上述3种食用菌根菌固体菌剂,并设空白作对照。对当年生幼苗苗高、地径、根系干质量、侧根数、侧根总长、幼苗侵染率、吸收根侵染率等指标进行调查和分析,并制作菌根石蜡切片进行微观结构观察。[结果]表明:(1)上述3种食用菌根菌在人工接种下均能侵染板栗幼苗根系,平均幼苗菌根化率分别达95.8%、87.0%和96.7%,平均吸收根菌根化率分别达57%、53%和50%,达较高的侵染强度;经微观观察,板栗幼苗根系均形成典型的菌根结构——菌丝套和哈蒂氏网。(2)与对照幼苗相比,3个菌种处理幼苗的平均苗高分别提高32.5%、24.0%和22.7%,平均地径分别提高19.4%、14.1%和5.0%,差异显著(P0.05);平均根系干质量分别提高18.9%、25.3%和14.1%,平均侧根数分别提高16.0%、14.1%和12.1%,平均侧根总长分别提高26.8%、28.9%和44.8%,差异极显著(P0.01)。[结论](1)上述供试食用菌根菌均与板栗根系建立了共生关系,幼苗菌根化效果良好,吸收根菌根化强度高,形成了菌根的典型结构,即菌丝套和哈蒂氏网,验证了上述菌种固体菌剂的有效性,认为其可以作为板栗食用菌根菌栽培的接种体而用于生产实践,为探索"板栗食用菌根菌新型经济林栽培模式"提供了基础。(2)上述供试菌种接种后,对板栗幼苗各项主要生长指标均有不同程度的促进作用,说明上述食用菌根菌对板栗幼苗具有显著的促生效应。     

Sprouting of Populus tremula L. in spruce regeneration areas following alternative treatments

We investigated the efficiency of three different methods to restrict sprouting in European aspen (Populus tremula L.) in regeneration areas of spruce in Finland. The methods compared were (1) traditional method (cutting at 10?C15 cm height) (2) cutting at 1 m height, and (3) fungus treatment (cutting at 10?C15 cm height, and mycelium of a white-rot fungus, Chondrostereum purpureum [Pers. Ex Fr.] Pouzar was applied to freshly cut stumps). The results indicated that the fungus treatment can restrict the emergence and growth of stump sprouts better than other methods, whereas cutting at 1 m seemed to yield the lowest numbers of root suckers. However, differences between the treatments were not significantly different (P values were > 0.05). For future experimentation, we suggest that the cutting of higher stumps to control the number of root suckers should be combined with application of C. purpureum to restrict the emergence and growth of stump sprouts. We also suggest developing more efficient C. purpureum isolates to control European aspen stump sprouting.     

外生菌根真菌菌剂的制备及其对松苗生长效果的研究*

从不同林型下分离获得的外生菌根真菌纯培养菌株中,选择了劣味乳菇、美味红茹、赭丝膜菌、彩色豆马勃四株菌根菌,进行菌剂制备及其对松苗生长效果的试验。结果表明,PDMA和PD培养基是培养外生菌根真菌较适合的培养基,木屑、麸皮、米糠、玉米粉、珍珠岩、蛭石等是培养菌根菌菌剂较适宜的基质。供试菌对油松、马尾松、落叶松、樟子松、红松苗都具促进生长作用,效果较明显的是丝膜菌,其次是劣味乳菇、美味红菇、彩色豆马勃;对促进火炬松苗生长效果最明显的是劣味乳菇,其次是美味红菇、彩色豆马勃。四种菌对湿地松苗生长效果均高于对照。     

Polypores on Spruce in Northeast China

Poroid species of wood-inhabiting fungi growing on spruce (Picea koraiensis Nakai or Picea yezoensis (Sieb. & Zucc.) Carriere) in Northeast China were investigated during 1993-2002, and 71 species were recorded from these trees or their wood. Skeletocutis lilacina A. David & Jean Keller and Skeletocutis papyracea A. David are new to China. Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.:Fr.) P. Karst., Onnia leporina (Fr.) H. Jahn, Perenniporia subacida (Peck) Donk, Phaeolus sckweinitzii (Fr.:Fr.) Pat., Phellinidium sulphurascens (Pilat) Y.C. Dai and Phellinus yamanoi (Imazeki) Parmasto are the pathogens on the two trees. Among the 71 species 18 species (ca. 25% of all species) are considered as rare species, 34 species (48% of all species) are the occasional species, and 19 species (27% of all species) are the common species.     

The effect of Trifluralin on the formation of ectotrophic mycorrhizae in some pine species I. Toxicity to mycorrhiza forming fungi

Laboratory experiments were conducted to test the effect of various concentrations of Trifluralin on certain fungi. The ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungi tested were: Amanita citrina Schaefer, Tricholoma pessundatum (Fr.) Quel., and Tricholoma saponaceum (Fr.) Qtiel. All exhibited sensitivity to Trifluralin concentrations. The consequence of such fungitoxicity was discussed.     

不同套种模式对无核碰柑生长的影响

通过对无核椪柑园内套种西瓜、花生试验,结果表明:不同的套种模式对无核椪柑的生长均有促进作用,效果依次为:套种西瓜>套种花生>无套种,椪柑幼树通过套种后能提高林木生长量及林地早期收益,达到以短养长、以农养林的目的。     

Morphologische und taxonomische Untersuchungen an Naemacyclus niveus (Pers. ex Fr.) Fuck. ex Sacc. und verwandten Arten

Morphological and taxonomical studies in Naemacyclus niveus (Pers. ex Fr.) Fuck. ex Sacc. and related species. Biometrical studies of apothecia, ascospores and pycnospores suggest that two species of Naemacyclus exist on pine needles; each has a characteristic host-relationship. One is Naemacyclus niveus (Pers. ex Fr.) Fuck. ex Sacc., the original species of Persoon ; the other is described here as Naemacyclus minor nov. spec.     

Biological control of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. (Fomes annosus) in Finland

Fresh stumps of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were inoculated with Peniophora gigantea (Fr.) Massee, Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., Gliocladium deliquescens Sopp, Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr. ex S. F. Gray aggr. and Verticicladiella procera Kendrick in order to study their effect on infection by Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. The organisms colonizing spruce stumps under natural conditions were identified by collecting samples in the field. In addition, the effect of season of the year, air temperature, precipitation and relative air temperature on fungal colonization of the stumps was investigated.     

东北红豆杉内生真菌的鉴定-----新种和已知种及其代谢产物

从长白山自然保护区原始森林200多年生的东北红豆杉(TasxuscuspidateSiebetZucc.)的树皮中分离出94株内生真菌,鉴定出19种。其中,除10个新记录属种外,还包括2个新种:长线孢拟茎点(PhomopsislongiscoleosporuY.XiangetLuAnGuo,WuWenFang)和大孢盾壳霉(ConiothyriummacrospoumY.Xiang,LuAnGou,WuWenFang);1个新变种为紫杉链格孢[Alternariaalternata(Fr.)Keisslervar.taxiY.XiangetLuAnGuo];还有6个国内已知种:阿姆斯特丹散囊菌(EurotiumamstelodomiMgngin),匐散囊菌原变(EurotiumrepensdeBary),葡萄孢(Botrytissp.),桔青霉(PenicilliumcitrinumThom),黑附球孢(EpicoccumnigriumLinK),镰刀孢(Fusariumsp.)。用薄层层析技术,测定了各菌种发酵代谢产物,经筛选发现紫杉链格孢[Alternaria(Fr.)Keisslervar.taxiY.XiangetJ.X.Cui],葡萄孢(Botrytissp.),阿玛姆斯丹散囊菌(EurotiumamsteloodomiMgngin),匍匐散囊菌原变种(EurotiumrepensdeBary)4种内生真菌的代谢产物可与紫杉烷类物质显色剂——香草试液发生较明显的颜色反应,其中紫杉链格孢[Alternariaalternata(Fr.)Keisslervar.taxiY.XiangetJ.X.Cui]菌种的代谢产物中有一种含量较大的组分,还可与稀碘化铋钾生物碱试剂发生反应,该组分化合物经过光谱分析,为紫     

Aspect of herbicidal effects on the ectosymbiotic microorganism of the forest plants

Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions to establish the sensitivity or otherwise of the following mycorrhizal fungi: Tricholoma saponaceum (Fr.) Quel., Tricholoma pessundatum (Fr.) Quel. and Amanita citrina Schaefer to the herbicides Dalapon and Aminotriazole. Various reactions were shown by the fungi. In general, the rareness of growth stimulation coupled with significant inhibition of mycelial growth are indications of the fungitoxicity of the herbicides.     

东北林区64种木材腐朽菌木材分解能力的研究

采用常规重量分析法，分别测定了64种木材腐朽菌对红松、青杨、白桦木块的木材分解能力，测定了受菌侵染46d后木材样品的重量损失百分率和木块的颜色变化。结果表明这些木腐菌的木材分解能力显著不同。采自长白山林区的厚黑层孔菌Nigrofomes castaneus(Imaz.)Teng是木材分解能力最强的褐腐菌、它分别引起白桦、青杨、红松木材样品的重量损失百分率为64．9％、52．2％和16．9％。白干酪菌（Tytomyces albidus)，灵芝（Ganoderma lucidum)、冬拟多孔菌（Polyporellus brumalis)、三色革裥菌（Lenzites tricolor)、棱孔菌（Favolus alveolaris)、朱红密孔菌（Pycnoporus cinnabarinus)、彩绒革盖菌（Coriolus versicolor)等是几种木材分解能力强和较强的白腐菌。