金冠苹果果实特性及其长期贮藏

品质优良的金冠苹果在苏联广泛地栽培。在格鲁吉亚共和国许多农场成功地栽培金冠苹果。为了确定最适宜的采收期和改进贮藏状况,我们研究了该品种果实解剖学和生物学特性。在我们条件下,金冠苹果果实平均直径     

苹果果实质地软化过程中碳水化合物代谢及其关键酶基因表达的变化

以耐贮的富士苹果和不耐贮的金冠苹果果实为试材,研究果实发育和采后软化过程中糖和淀粉含量及其代谢相关酶活性变化,并分析其关键酶基因表达的变化。结果表明,淀粉含量和淀粉酶(AM)活性与果实硬度变化显著相关,且在富士和金冠果实间差异显著。随果实软化,金冠果实AM活性显著升高,而富士果实维持在较低水平,与金冠果实淀粉含量下降而富士淀粉含量低且稳定的变化规律相吻合;MdAM基因在金冠贮藏期的表达量迅速增加,显著高于富士。苹果果实蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量均与成熟期果实硬度变化显著相关,贮藏期金冠果实蔗糖含量与硬度变化显著负相关,且SPS活性与硬度下降显著负相关,MdSPS基因大量表达,与此期SPS活性升高及蔗糖积累相一致。由此认为,淀粉降解参与了苹果果实软化,并与果实耐贮性关系密切,而且SPS在苹果果实蔗糖代谢和果实软化中起着重要作用,也与果实贮藏品质存在一定的相关性。     

苹果果实β-Gal和LOX活性变化特性及其与果实软化的关系

 以‘富士’和‘金冠’苹果果实为试材, 研究了β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal) 和脂氧合酶(LOX) 在果实发育、成熟和软化过程中的变化规律及采后乙烯调控对其活性的影响。结果表明: 在果实发育后熟过程中, 金冠果实β-Gal活性显著高于富士, 在果实后熟软化期间这种差异尤为突出; 而富士和金冠果实LOX活性呈相似的变化规律, 虽然花后富士的活性高峰显著高于金冠, 但之后其活性下降迅速,并一直低于金冠。采后苹果果实β-Gal和LOX均受乙烯调控, 乙烯抑制剂1-MCP极显著地抑制β-Gal和LOX的活性, 而乙烯利对二者活性起促进作用, 但因品种耐藏性不同其促进效应不同。综合来看, 苹果果实β-Gal和LOX活性表现相似的变化规律, 并且β-Gal在果实贮藏初期受乙烯的调控作用较LOX显著, 因此认为在苹果果实软化早期β-Gal的作用可能大于LOX。     

绿帅苹果在江苏丰县的引种初报

绿帅是辽宁省果树科学研究所从金冠实生后代中选育出的中早熟苹果新品种,果实品质优良,外观美,树体抗病性强,成熟早。在江苏省丰县表现为果实品质好,丰产,较耐贮,抗苹果斑点落叶病和苹果树腐烂病,优于对照品种金冠,可在金冠品种适栽区栽培。     

苹果园桃小食心虫卵的分布型

通过对苹果园自然条件下桃小食心虫卵在果实上的分布状况调查,明确了在不同苹果品种、不同世代、不同卵密度情况下桃小食心虫卵的分布型,并确定了田间常规预测的理论抽样数量。桃小食心虫卵在苹果主栽品种国光、金冠树上的分布,不论其卵果密度高低、第一代与第二代均呈聚集分布类型,大多属负二项分布。其调查取样数量可由以下公式确定:     

砧木和肥料对苹果果实在成熟和贮藏期间乙烯的影响

本试验着重研究在高密度果园中不同砧木和钾、氮不同施用量时“短枝金冠”苹果果实在离体和非离体条件下的内部乙烯水平,进而确定内部乙烯的增加和乙烯变化对成熟期的可能影响。这项研究有助于我们了解砧木对果实成熟的影响及对贮藏寿命的预测。     

套袋防止金冠苹果果锈试验

金冠苹果易成花,坐果率高,丰产,果实风味酸甜适口,较耐贮运,栽培历史悠久,曾是我国包括江苏省丰县的苹果主栽品种。20世纪80年代初,江苏省丰县大面积发展富士苹果,金冠作为主要授粉树配置,目前金冠栽培面积约占江苏省丰县苹果栽培面积的20%。金冠苹果易产生果锈,为重新发掘金冠     

多菌灵防治金冠果锈效果好

金冠苹果是隆化县主栽品种之一,但是金冠苹果每年都程度不同地发生果锈,影响果实品质和经济效益。为解决这一问题,1989年我们在去年金冠果锈发生严重的四道营乡三道营村苹果园进行了用多菌灵防治金冠果锈试验,取得了很好的防治效     

土壤营养对金冠系苹果果实品质的影响

【目的】探究宁夏不同产区土壤条件对金冠系苹果品种品质的影响，为提升宁夏金冠系苹果品质提供理论支持。【方法】以宁夏吴忠市、中卫市共7个果园9个金冠系苹果品种为试材，采用土壤元素含量分析、多样品品质隶属函数分析及相关性分析，探究不同土壤条件下果实品质的差异及不同营养含量对果实品质的影响。【结果】土壤分析结果表明，采样果园土壤pH值在7.81～8.61，土壤呈弱碱性，主成分分析从15个品质指标中提取出4个主成分，其中，维生素C含量、可溶性固形物含量、酸含量、硬度、破裂力在成分1上的载荷较高，成分1的方差贡献率最高。通过Topisis综合分析法得出宁夏万齐无锈金矮生评分最高，说明宁夏万齐的果实品质最好。土壤因素与果实品质之间的相关性分析表明，20～40 cm土层pH值以及有机质、水解性氮、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙含量等指标与果实部分外观品质、内在品质、质地品质呈正相关，且土壤有机质、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙含量与果实品质中维生素C含量、单果质量、纵横径以及质地指标相关性显著(p<0.05)，说明20～40 cm土层的营养元素对金冠系苹果果实品质影响最大，也表明该深度土壤是...     

金冠苹果果锈发生原因及预防措施

金冠苹果果锈发生原因及预防措施金冠苹果果实产生果锈是生产上普遍存在的难题,严重时锈斑粗糙连片使果实失去商品价值。除金冠外,赤阳、红玉、国光及元帅等品种也有发生。１发生果锈的原因易发生果锈的品种,果实表皮细胞较大,细胞壁薄且排列疏松,果面角质层薄,易于...     

采后热空气处理对金冠苹果后熟衰老及病害的影响

金冠苹果采用38℃,72h或96h热空气处理,可降低0℃贮藏中果实的呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,延缓非溶性果胶的降解,维持较高的硬度、脆度,同时也会加速果皮的褪绿变黄和固酸比的上升,尤其是38℃96h处理的作用效果更为明显,显著提高了货架期后(20℃7d)苹果的质地品质和可接受程度,延缓衰老。苹果分别接种扩展青霉、灰葡萄孢霉,0℃和20℃条件下其病害发生率和腐烂均很严重,采用38℃96h热空气处理可以完全控制病害的发生,避免腐烂。可见,热空气处理一方面能延缓金冠苹果的后熟衰老,另一方面还能控制贮期病害的发生。     

苹果果实酶促褐变底物及多酚氧化酶活性的研究

 以5个苹果品种为试材，研究了果实的褐变度，绿原酸、儿茶素和表儿茶素含量及多酚氧化酶(PPO)对不同底物的活性。结果表明，‘富士’果实褐变度最高，其次为‘新红星’，‘金冠’最低。3种酚类物质总量新红星和富士最高，金冠最低。儿茶素仅在‘乔纳金’和金冠果实中检测到少量。富士果实绿原酸含量显著高于表儿茶素，新红星和‘王林’表儿茶素含量显著高于绿原酸。以绿原酸为底物，PPO活性新红星最高，其次是富士和金冠，王林最低。以表儿茶素为底物，富士、乔纳金和王林PP0活性显著高于金冠和新红星。以儿茶素为底物，王林PPO活性最高，其次是富士，新红星最低。     

苹果果实软化与果胶含量、质膜透性和钙溶性的关系

以金冠、新红星、富士和碣石红苹果品种为试材，研究表明，在室温贮藏过程中，软化快的金冠、新红星果肉细胞的质膜透性和水溶性果胶含量显著增高，原果胶含量明显降低，而软化慢的富士和碣石红变化较小。果实中钙溶性以水溶性钙最多，贮藏期间，金冠、新红星苹果水溶性钙下降较为明显，其他溶性的钙含量无明显的变化，而富士、碣石红的钙溶性变化无明显的规律。     

苹果新品种-绿帅的选育

通过17年的系统调查和观察,果实理化性状分析,综合性状评定,区域试验.抗寒能力鉴定等试验研究,从金冠实生后代中选育出中早熟苹果新品种一绿帅(初选系代号7-8,复选系编号384-8,决选系编号384-8)。其果实单果重245g,果面黄绿色,可溶性固形物含量12.78%,酸含量0.34%,果实生育期为90d,室温可存放15d,对苹果腐烂病、粗皮轮纹病抗性较强,可在金冠品种适栽区栽培。     

Sind Pollenspritzungen oder Pollendispenser Alternativen zur herkömmlichen Bestäubung der Apfelbäume durch Bienen?

The efficacy of different methods of applying cv. ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen to ‘Cox Orange‘ apple trees inside insect-proof cages was investigated: (1) spraying pollen suspended in water directly into the trees while they were in bloom (treatment A); (2) pollen transfer by honeybees (treatment B) or by bumblebees (treatment C), both of which had to pass through a dispenser loaded with cv. ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen; (3) transfer by honeybees of pollen from cv ‘Golden Delicious‘ trees bearing compatible pollen and maintained in pots within the same cages (treatment D). Naturally pollinated cv. ‘Cox Orange‘ apple trees outside the cages in the orchard served as controls. For methods A–C normal commercially available ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen was used for hand pollination, and its efficacy was assessed with reference to the amount of fruit that set. The fruit-set at the time of harvesting differed significantly (Nemenyi test) with the different methods of pollination: 1.0% (±2.0) of the blossoms ripened to yield marketable apples after treatment A, 6.1% (±5.2) after treatment B, 4.9% (±4.6) after treatment C, and 20.4% (±11.5) after treatment D, while the corresponding figure for the control trees was 7.3% (±2.8) and that for hand pollination, 41,9%. The low fruit-set after an aqueous suspension of cv. ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen was sprayed on the test trees shows that this procedure did not result in adequate pollination. The density of pollen grains was determined on filter papers during spraying and was an average of 3 (±2.6, range 0.0–8.6) pollen grains/cm². When the pollen dispensers were used, the fruit-set was lower than on the hand-pollinated control trees. Despite the success of manual pollination with exogenous cv. ‘Golden Delicious‘ pollen, pollen spraying to enhance pollination, as specified in current instructions, cannot be recommended for commercial apple growing in Germany.     

论我国苹果品种的更新问题

‘国光’、‘金冠’、‘红星’、‘倭巾’、‘青香蕉’、‘大国光’等是我国主要栽培的苹果品种:其中‘国光’在辽宁省占比重60%—70%,在山东及黄河故道地区占30%—40%,虽然‘国光’在辽东半岛和胶东半岛适应性强、产量高、耐贮藏,但果个小,着色差在国际市场上缺乏竞争力,而且在黄河故道地区裂果严重,急需进行更新,‘金冠’、‘红星’贮藏性差、‘倭巾’、‘青香蕉’、‘大国光’品质不良,作者根据苹果发展趋势和我国具体条件提出一套更新品种组合.认为‘红富士’、‘华冠’(‘金冠’ב富士’)和‘华帅’(‘富士’ב新红星’)应是我国今后主要更新的品种,三者在生产中所占比重应在80%—90%,后两个品种,一个可代替‘金冠’,一个则代替‘红星’.     

The Growth of Apple Central Fruits as Affected by Thinning with NAA,BA and Naphthenic Acids

Plant growth regulators such as α?naphthylacetic acid (NAA) or 6?benzyladenine (BA) are commonly used for thinning apple fruits. NAs exhibits an auxin- and gibberellin-type biological activity, stimulate the uptake and translocation of auxins in plant tissue, as well as IAA synthesis and act as surfactants. It was assumed that NAs applied at the stadium of early fruit growth might cause fruit abscission in apple, similarly to NAA. The goal of the research was to test the presumed thinning effect of naphthenic acids on apple cultivars ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’. Three treatments were applied on both apple cultivars including 16.5?μL L^?1 NAA, 200?μL L^?1?BA and 2.63?mg L^?1?potassium salts of NAs. Cortical cell size and the number of cell layers were measured in order to determine the contribution of cell size and cell division in early fruit growth, as affected by chemical thinning treatments. The effects of plant growth regulators NAA, BA and NAs on fruit set, fruit size and the anatomy of the fruit cortex highly depend on varietal differences. In ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit set reduction by chemical thinning increases both the number of cell layers and cell size of apple fruit, while in ‘Red Delicious’ NAA inhibits fruit growth, while BA is ineffective. Cell growth promoting activity of NAA and NAs, accompanied by the decrease in fruit set and reduced competition among fruits within the canopy, results in a significant fruit weight increase at harvest. The research confirms the auxinic properties of NAs, and their assumed thinning activity.     

Influences of gibberellins A4, A4+7 and A4+iso-A7 on apple fruit quality and tree productivity. II. Other effects on fruit quality and importance of fruit position within the tree canopy

Post-bloom gibberellin sprays increased fruit length:diameter (L/D) ratio and juice soluble solids but did not influence flesh firmness of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples grown in a maritime (Québec) or desert (Okanagan Valley, B.C.) climate. Irrespective of GA treatment, ‘exterior’ fruit at both Canadian locations was larger, yellower, exhibited less russet, and contained more soluble solids at harvest than ‘interior’ fruit. Fruit shape (L/D ratio) was not influenced by position of the fruit within the canopy. Correlation analyses showed that surface russet development is poorly related to seed set, fruit size and other measures of fruit quality. However, a correlation matrix examining the degree of interrelatedness of all fruit size, fruit development and fruit quality indices revealed other relationships that may provide clues to understanding the relationship between fruit growth and quality development of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple.     

热激减轻柿果冷害及其与脂氧合酶的关系

为研究采后柿果实冷害发生机理,探讨热激延缓采后柿果冷害的技术措施,以扁花柿果为试材,研究了经48℃热空气处理3h后,在1℃下冷藏时,热激对柿果冷害、脂氧合酶活性和膜脂脂肪酸含量的影响。结果表明,热激延缓了脂氧合酶活性的上升,其棕榈酸和硬脂酸的相对含量低于对照,而亚油酸和亚麻酸相对含量反而高于对照,并降低柿果冷害指数,但对油酸相对含量则无明显影响。这表明,热激减轻柿果冷害可能与抑制脂氧合酶活性和提高果实亚油酸和亚麻酸相对含量有关。