近红外分析技术辅助水稻直链淀粉含量育种方法研究

本文分析了近红外分析仪两种方法测定水稻种子直链淀粉含量的结果,并与标准碘蓝比色法测定结果进行印证,实验结果表明：近红外分析仪对单粒水稻种子直链淀粉含量的测定误差较大,对混合样品的测定结果较准确。讨论了如何在育种中有效地利用近红外分析结果。     

利用近红外透射光谱技术同步测定糙米的多项品质指标初报

利用FOSS TECATOR 公司生产的1241型近红外透射光谱仪,对266份整粒糙米样品进行了光谱扫描并测定了其多项品质指标。借助于近红外定标软件WINISI,建立了利用近红外透射光谱同时测定糙米多项品质指标的模型。结果表明,蛋白质模型的分析效果最好,其外部检验 (经校正的) 工作标准误\[SEP (C) \] 为0.312,检验决定系数(RSQ )为0956,而其他4项指标直链淀粉含量、糊化温度(碱消值)、透明度（透光率）和垩白度模型的SEP (C)分别为1.672、 0.389、 0034和4.024,RSQ分别为0.745、0.838、0.797和0.714。分析了近红外测定的重复性并讨论了该模型在水稻遗传育种等方面的应用前景。     

NITS测定稻米表观直链淀粉含量的研究

分别利用化学法和近红外透射分析法（NTTS）测定了54个水稻品种的表观直链淀粉含量,对其结果进行了比较。两种方法的决定系数R^2=0．6892,讨论了近红外分析法用于稻米品质分析的优缺点。     

基于近红外光谱法的花生籽仁中蔗糖含量的测定

对72份国内外优质食用花生种质资源进行花生籽仁蔗糖含量的化学测定,利用瑞典波通DA7200型近红外分析仪采集近红外光谱,采用偏最小二乘法(Modified PLS)建立近红外光谱定标模型,以寻找花生籽仁蔗糖含量的快速测定方法。研究结果表明:所建模型中蔗糖含量的定标决定系数为0.822,定标标准误差为0.386,决定系数较高,误差较小,表明该模型代替化学分析进行花生籽仁蔗糖含量的测定是可行的。     

单粒稻米直链淀粉含量测定方法的研究

 本文提出一种米粒不经磨粉、煮沸,直接用冷碱液在30℃下糊化溶解后测定其直链淀粉含量的单粒稻米直链淀粉含量测定法。本法测得的结果与常规方法基本一致,并具有简便易行,工作量小,样品用量少等优点,可应用于稻米直链淀粉的生理和遗传方面的研究,为优质育种的后代筛选提供有效手段。     

小麦籽粒淀粉和直链淀粉含量的近红外漫反射光谱法快速检测

为寻找一种简便易行的小麦籽粒淀粉和直链淀粉含量测定方法,以91个普通小麦品种及高代稳定品系为材料,采用偏最小二乘（PLS）回归法,对利用近红外漫反射光谱（NIRS）法测定小麦完整籽粒淀粉及直链淀粉含量进行了研究。结果表明,采用一阶导数+减去一条直线、矢量归一化光谱预处理,分析谱区为7 501.9~5 450 cm-1、7 501.9～4 597.6 cm-1,分别建立淀粉、直链淀粉含量的校正模型,校正和预测效果最佳。模型的校正决定系数(R2cal）分别为0.894 8和0.920 6,交叉验证决定系数（R2cv）分别为0.690 2和0.827 6,外部验证决定系数（R2val）分别为0.815 1和0.806 7;各项误差为1.479~1.080。表明利用NIRS分析法测定完整小麦籽粒的淀粉和直链淀粉含量是完全可行的。     

中国大麦种质资源直链淀粉含量分析

为了弄清中国大麦种质资源中直链淀粉含量的高低,为今后的糯大麦研究和育种提供参考,利用近红外反射光谱（NIRS）法对含糯性基因的167个中国代表性大麦品种的直链淀粉含量进行了测定。结果表明,在中国大麦中鉴定发现的糯大麦种质均属低直链淀粉糯大麦（以下简称低直糯大麦）,尚无一份是无直链淀粉糯大麦（以下简称无直糯大麦）材料。167份含糯性基因品种的直链淀粉含量变异范围为13.34%～38.23%,平均值为25.23%,标准差为4.18,变异系数为16.56%。品种内不同单株间直链淀粉含量不同,有的品种单株变异系数大,有的变异系数小。在28个品种中检测到直链淀粉含量小于15%的单株,其中在6个品种中共鉴定出7份材料,直链淀粉含量低于10%,可以在我国糯大麦育种和遗传等基础理论研究中优先利用。由于大麦品种间和品种内单株之间的直链淀粉含量存在很大差异,因此进行糯大麦种质资源鉴定筛选时,应在品种群体测定的基础上,进一步开展单株纯系繁殖鉴定;在杂交育种中选择糯大麦亲本时,不但要考虑备选品种的直链淀粉含量,还要考虑其个体基因型的遗传一致性。     

密穗型和散穗型粳稻穗部不同部位直链淀粉含量的差异分析

对粳稻密穗型品种浙粳22和散穗型品种浙粳27单株主穗上的单粒稻米,利用碘比色法进行了直链淀粉含量测定。结果表明,浙粳22和浙粳27直链淀粉含量最大值与最小值相差分别达到13.53和10.30个百分点,密穗型比散穗型的变幅大;稻穗内各籽粒在不同直链淀粉含量区间的频数变化趋势呈正态分布;密穗型和散穗型一、二次枝梗籽粒直链淀粉含量与其粒位间的相关系数分别为-0.1167*和-0.3140**,一次枝梗籽粒要高于二次枝梗籽粒,散穗型较密穗型更显著;枝梗顶端籽粒的直链淀粉含量较高,而与此相连的第2粒的直链淀粉含量较低;散穗型与密穗型品种在穗内直链淀粉含量分布上存在相似的规律,如单粒或半粒取样时应以各枝梗上第3、4粒部位的较好。     

水稻不同直链淀粉含量的遗传研究

本文采用单粒稻米作米质分析，研究了直链淀粉含量与亲本遗传特性，分析了微效基因、修饰基因对直链淀粉含量的影响，并讨论了育种的对策。     

云南软米在四川的品质特征研究

引进云南软米品种（系）毫目吕、F4—67在四川的4个不同生态点种植,通过对稻米品质进行分析,结果表明,软米米质与不同直链淀粉含量的粘稻和糯稻有着较大差别,软米外观多表现为半透明,碱消值较高（7级）,直链淀粉含量较低（11．1％）,胶稠度较低（41．5％）,蛋白质含量较高（11．0％）。对软米淀粉RVA谱分析表明,软米峰值RVU低于粘稻高直链淀粉含量类型品种（系）,部分品种低于低直链淀粉含量粘稻品种（系）,高于糯稻;谷值RVU低于粘稻品种（系）,高于糯稻;崩解值RVU高于糯稻,低于粘稻低直链淀粉含量类型品种（系）,部分品种高于粘稻高直链淀粉含量类型品种（系）;终值RVU介于粘稻和糯稻之间;回冷值RVU介于粘稻和糯稻之间。软米与高、低直链淀粉含量的粘稻进行判别分析,结果表明,透明度、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量和淀粉粘滞性终值RVU四个指标可以作为软米、低直链淀粉含量粘稻和高直链淀粉含量粘稻的判别因子,判别正确率达100％。     

Prediction of grain weight,brown rice weight and amylose content in single rice grains using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for simultaneous analysis of grain weight (mg), brown rice weight (mg) and milled rice amylose content (AC, %) in single rice grains was studied. Calibration equations were developed using 474 single grain samples, scanned as both rice grain and brown rice. An independent set containing 90 F₂ generation grains was used to validate the equations. In general, equations developed using the first derivative resulted in superior calibration and validation statistics compared with the second derivative and those developed using brown rice were superior to those developed from the rice grain. Fitting equations were developed and monitored with an external validation set. The standard error of prediction (corrected for bias) SEP(C) for AC, brown rice weight and rice grain weight for equations developed using brown rice were 2.82, 1.09 and 1.30, with corresponding coefficient of determinations (r²) of 0.85, 0.71 and 0.67, and SEP(C)/S.D. of 0.39, 0.57 and 0.59, respectively. It was demonstrated that NIRS provides a convenient way to screen single intact grains. This will be advantageous in early generation selection in rice breeding programs.     

用近红外反射光谱技术测定精米粉样品表观直链淀粉含量的研究

 以约3 g精米粉为测试样品,研究了用近红外反射光谱（NIRS）技术测定稻米表观直链淀粉含量（AAC）的效果及影响校正的一些因素。对3种不同回归统计分析方法校正效果的差异比较表明,用修正的部分最小平方法（MPLS）、部分最小平方法（PLS）和主成分回归法（PCR）进行AAC校正时,校正标准误（SEC）、交叉检验标准误（SECV）和检验工作标准误［SEP（C）］均呈上升趋势,分别为0.83、1.75和1.09 (MPLS);1.73、1.98和1.74 (PLS)以及2.29、2.56和1.72 (PCR);相反,校正决定系数[WTBX]R[WTBZ]2和检验决定系数RSQ呈下降趋势,分别为0.983和0.91 (MLPS);0.927和0.84 (PLS)以及0.870和0.84 (PCR)。由此可见,用MPLS技术建立AAC回归方程效果最佳。而从两种校正群体选定方法对校正效果的结果看,用软件程序SELECT根据样品光谱特征选定的校正群体和用AAC测定值按比例选定的校正群体,在建立AAC回归方程时,前者的SEC、SECV和SEP（C）均比后者要小,而[WTBX]R[WTBZ]2和RSQ相仿,表明根据光谱特征选定校正群体效果略好。     

四川省新育成的杂交水稻组合的品质分析

对2001年参加四川省优质米组区试的25个新组合的主要品质指标进行了分析,并研究了主要品质性状与产量性状的关系。结果表明,参试组合中没有一个组合的垩白率达到部颁优质米（NY/T83 1988）二级标准,胶稠度达到一级标准的组合比例很少;垩白粒率与垩白度呈极显著正相关,直链淀粉含量与垩白粒率和胶稠度分别呈显著正相关和负相关;产量与垩白度和直链淀粉含量分别呈显著和极显著正相关。适当增加千粒重可兼顾杂交稻的品质改良与产量提高。     

Relationship Between the First Base of the Donor Splice Site of Waxy Gene Intron 1 and Amylose Content in Yunnan Indigenous Rice Varieties

There exists a single nucleotide polymorphism, G or T, at the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 in rice. In order to study the relationship between the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 and amylose content in rice, the one-step PCR method was used to determine whether it is G or T in 220 Yunnan indigenous rice varieties from 14 districts, 55 towns/counties of Yunnan Province, and 101 varieties of which were validated by the PCR-Acc I method. According to the G/T polymorphism, 164 rice varieties showed GG-genotype, while the other 56 fell into TT-genotype, accounting for 74.5% and 25.5% of all the test varieties, respectively. When all the rice varieties were divided into indica and japonica subspecies, it was found that 80.5% of indica rice and 67.0% of japonica rice belonged to GG-genotype. The rice varieties with GG-genotype had significantly higher amylose content (18.95% on average) than those with TT-genotype (all below 16%), but 33 rice varieties with GG-genotype still had low amylose content ranging from 3.91% to 15.93%, and most of them came from the Dai minority area in the Southwest of Yunnan Province. However, there was no significant difference in the mean amylose content of the same GG or TT genotypes between indica and japonica rice, suggesting that different genetic backgrounds, indica or japonica, had no effect on amylose content. The coefficient of correlation between the genotype and amylose content was 0.733 (P<0.01).     

水稻亚种间优质米组合的选育初报

对籼粳交组合及其亲本的稻米品质进行了分析，结果表明：在选育水稻亚种间优质米组合时，亲本中必须有１个优质米亲本，另一个为高产中等米质亲本；配制偏粳组合时，最好选用粳型不育系作母本；反之，配制偏籼组合时，应选用籼型不育系作母本；双亲垩白度都高的亲本不宜选用；另外，在选配偏粳组合时，不宜选用直链淀粉含量高（２４％以上）的籼稻作父本，最好直链淀粉含量在２０％以下。     

云南地方稻种Wx基因第一内含子供体+1位碱基变异与直链淀粉含量的关系

应用PCR一步法对来自云南省14个地州、55个市/县的220个籼、粳地方稻种Wx基因第一内含子供体+1位碱基G/T进行了检测,同时用PCR Acc I酶切法对其中的101份进行验证,结果表明两种方法检测结果一致。根据G/T碱基将220个供试材料分为GG、TT两种基因型。云南地方稻种以GG型占优势,有164个,占74.5%;TT型有56个,占255%;籼稻中80.5%属GG型,粳稻中67.0%属GG型。GG型直链淀粉含量较高,平均18.97%,TT型较低,均低于16%, GG、TT基因型之间的平均直链淀粉含量差异极显著。G/T与直链淀粉含量存在密切的联系,其相关系数为0733**。GG型品种中有33个直链淀粉含量较低（3.91%～15.93%）,多数为来源于云南西南部傣族地区的品种。籼稻中的GG型或TT型品种与粳稻中的GG型或TT型品种间平均直链淀粉含量无显著差异,表明GG/TT基因型在籼粳不同遗传背景下直链淀粉表达无显著差异。     

Starch digestibility and the estimated glycemic score of different types of rice differing in amylose contents

Three types of rice cultivars (indica, japonica and hybrid rice) with four levels of amylose were selected for assessing variability in starch digestibility. A vitro enzymatic starch digestion method was applied to estimate the glycemic index in vivo based on the kinetics of starch hydrolysis in vitro. The results indicated that significant differences in term of glycemic response were observed in three types of rice. Amylose content had an obviously impact on the estimated glycemic score (EGS) value and resistant starch (RS) content. The contents of RS were increased with the increasing amylose in the same type of rice. Japonica rice was significantly lower in RS content compared to indica rice and hybrid rice with similar amylose. The high amylose rice cultivar ZF201, which was characterized by low major RVA parameters, i.e. peak viscosity (PKV), hot paste viscosity (HPV) and cool paste viscosity (CPV), were obviously higher in RS content and lower in EGS. The retrogradation of cooked rice led to a reduction of HI and EGS of all varieties. Starch hydrolysis tends to be more quick and complete for the waxy and low amylose rice than for the intermediate and high amylose rice.     

QTL Analysis for Seven Quality Traits of RIL Population in Japonica Rice Based on Three Genetic Statistical Models

QTL mapping for seven quality traits was conducted by using 254 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from a japonica-japonica rice cross of Xiushui 79/C Bao. The seven traits investigated were grain length (GL), grain length to width ratio (LWR), chalk grain rate (CGR), chalkiness degree (CD), gelatinization temperature (GT), amylose content (AC) and gel consistency (GC) of head rice. Three mapping methods employed were composite interval mapping in QTLMapper 2.0 software based on mixed linear model (MCIM), inclusive composite interval mapping in QTL IciMapping 3.0 software based on stepwise regression linear model (ICIM) and multiple interval mapping with regression forward selection in Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5 based on multiple regression analysis (MIMR). Results showed that five QTLs with additive effect (A-QTLs) were detected by all the three methods simultaneously, two by two methods simultaneously, and 23 by only one method. Five A-QTLs were detected by MCIM, nine by ICIM and 28 by MIMR. The contribution rates of single A-QTL ranged from 0.89% to 38.07%. All the QTLs with epistatic effect (E-QTLs) detected by MIMR were not detected by the other two methods. Fourteen pairs of E-QTLs were detected by both MCIM and ICIM, and 142 pairs of E-QTLs were detected by only one method. Twenty-five pairs of E-QTLs were detected by MCIM, 141 pairs by ICIM and four pairs by MIMR. The contribution rates of single pair of E-QTL were from 2.60% to 23.78%. In the Xiu-Bao RIL population, epistatic effect played a major role in the variation of GL and CD, and additive effect was the dominant in the variation of LWR, while both epistatic effect and additive effect had equal importance in the variation of CGR, AC, GT and GC. QTLs detected by two or more methods simultaneously were highly reliable, and could be applied to improve the quality traits in japonica hybrid rice.     

稻米糊化温度和直链淀粉含量的简易测定法

采用2 mol/L的KOH进行糙米糊化,其糊化温度与标准方法测定结果相比,两者相关系数为0.932,达极显著水平;糊化后直接染色,样品直链淀粉含量与标准方法测定样品直链淀粉含量之间的相关系数为0.915,达极显著水平。该方法具有简便、高效并相对准确的特点,非常适合低世代材料的直链淀粉含量和糊化温度的快速鉴定。