Genetic diversity in apricot, Prunus armeniaca, aimed at improving resistance to plum pox virus

Plum Pox Virus, a non-persistent virus transmitted by aphids, causes serious damage to stone fruits. The apricot tree is very sensitive and in order to breed apricot cultivars resistant to Plum Pox Virus and establish breeding strategies, genetic diversity based on 10 enzymatic systems, six of which were polymorphic, has been studied. The plant material studied, 94 accessions, included the most important apricot cultivars grown in PPV-affected areas. Genetic diversity is high and showed important differences between the three geographical groups studied (North African, European and North American). The North American group was very diverse and allozymes can be used to identify three subgroups. Some North American PPV-resistant cultivars were very distant from the rest of the cultivars, mainly due to the presence of rare alleles found in an Asian apricot related species. These results support the hypothesis that Asian-related species might be the origin of PPV resistance within the North American cultivars. Three North American cultivars have been considered as putative donors of PPV resistance to the European cultivars because of their agronomic behaviour, chilling requirements and distance from European cultivars. However, to increase the genetic variability of the European group and thereby to favour recombination, the study of Asian apricot resources is also recommended.     

Susceptibility to sharka (Plum pox virus) in Prunus mandshurica×P. armeniaca seedlings

Prunus mandshurica [(Maxim.) Koehne] from Central Asia is a species related to apricot and grown in China and Mongolia. This species has been used in apricot breeding as a source of frost resistance. In addition, P. mandshurica has been suggested as the possible origin of some North American apricot cultivars resistant to sharka (Plum pox virus, PPV). The aim of this work was to transmit the resistance to PPV from P. mandshurica to the Spanish apricot cultivar ‘Currot’ by traditional crossing. The resistance to a Dideron PPV isolate of the descendants of P. mandshuricaבCurrot’ and their progenitors was evaluated under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. The results showed the susceptibility of both, the progenitors and the offspring to PPV, as being much higher than in other apricot seedlings. The results showed that the P. mandshurica accession studied is not a good progenitor in breeding apricot for PPV resistance, but just the opposite. The possible role of P. mandshurica as a source of resistance in apricot resistant cultivars is questioned.     

Inheritance of isozymes in peach x Prunus kansuensis and peach x Prunus davidiana hybrids

Summary Isozyme variation and inheritance were investigated with starch gel electrophoresis in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) x P. kansuensis Rehd. and peach x P. davidiana (Carr.) Franch. interspecific hybrids. Of five enzyme systems surveyed for polymorphism, four systems were identified as polymorphic [isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH, EC 1.1.1.41), phosphoglucomutase (PGM, EC 2.7.5.1), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT, EC 2.6.1.1), and 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD, EC 1.1.1.44)] and may be useful as genetic markers in future cultivar and rootstock development. Analysis of progenies segregating for pairs of loci suggests a possible linkage between the loci coding for Aat-1 and Pgd-2. Independent assortment was observed for isozyme loci Idh/Pgm-2, Idh/Aat-1, Idh/Pgd-2, Pgm-2/Aat-1, Pgm-2/Pgd-2, and Aat-2/Aat-1. The red leaf locus, Gr, assorted independently of the isozyme loci: Idh, Pgm-2, Aat-1, and Pgd-2.     

三华李凉果中复合甜味剂配方的研究

研究了复合甜味剂在三华李凉果中的应用,以解决甜味剂使用量超标的问题。利用甜味剂间的协同增效作用,选择合适的甜味剂复配,得到最优配方为:糖精钠1.511g/kg,甜蜜素6.0g/kg,纽甜2.5g/kg,甜菊糖1.0g/kg。     

黑宝石李酒加工工艺研究

介绍了以黑宝石李为原料,发酵生成黑宝石李果酒的加工工艺,确定了酿制的最佳工艺参数,获得了外观、口感均佳的黑宝石李酒,为黑宝石李的开发利用奠定了基础。     

桃(Prunus persica)组培快繁研究进展

桃是中国主要栽培水果之一,面积和产量均居世界首位,但生产中还没有大面积推广使用无性系抗性砧木,主要原因是桃的无性系砧木的繁殖技术,包括组培快繁技术还不完善。桃的组培快繁技术可用于脱毒、无性系砧木生产、种质资源离体保存及转基因研究等方面,但桃的组织培养相对其它果树较为困难,且不同的品种之间培养条件差异较大。为了总结分析桃组培快繁过程中出现的关键问题,本综述对桃的组培快繁过程中外植体建立、增殖、伸长、生根和炼苗移栽等环节所涉及的关键影响因子,如培养基中的养分、激素种类和浓度、碳源种类和浓度、最佳培养条件、不同的添加物等,进行了全面的分析总结,提出了桃组培快繁基本技术方案和研究思路,为桃的组织培养相关研究提供参考。     

Resistance of almond cultivars to Plum pox virus (sharka)

Sharka, a disease caused by Plum pox virus (PPV), mainly affects some Prunus species, including apricot, peach and plum, and to a lesser degree, sweet cherry and sour cherry. In almond, different PPV isolates have been transmitted experimentally to the ‘Aï’ cultivar. In this study, the resistance of 10 almond cultivars to a Dideron PPV isolate was evaluated in controlled conditions by grafting the cultivars on to inoculated GF305 peach rootstocks. The results demonstrated a high level of resistance to PPV in all the almond cultivars assayed. They did not show any symptoms and were ELISA and RT‐PCR negative, despite the strong symptoms observed in their GF305 rootstocks. The implications of these results for the dispersion of PPV, and the potential role of almond as a source of resistance to PPV in other Prunus species such as peach, are also discussed.     

Primers amplifying a range of Prunus S-alleles

Although various consensus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers have been reported for identifying Prunus S‐alleles, they have been developed from and optimized on a limited set of alleles, which may limit their applicability to a broader allele range. To develop a primer set for use across the genus, degenerate consensus primers were designed from conserved regions of 27 S‐RNase sequences available from five Prunus species. The primers were tested in 15 previously genotyped cultivars of cherry, almond and apricot, representing alleles S₁ to S₆ in each crop and also S_c in apricot. Comparisons were made with previously published primers tested in the same 15 cultivars under reported reaction conditions. The new primers generated an amplification product for each of the 19 S‐alleles whereas those previously available amplified no more than 14. The primers will be useful for genotyping and genetic studies in cultivars and wild populations.     

欧李果酱系列产品的加工工艺

以欧李为主要原料,研制了混浊果酱、透明果酱、带果块透明果酱、带果块低甜度透明果酱和带果块低糖透明果酱等欧李果酱系列产品。对以上产品的加工工艺、产品配方及操作要点等进行了论述。     

桃不同类群及李属近缘种植物多态信息量的比较

通过RAPD技术对桃、李、杏、梅、樱类植物及桃种内的不同类群的DNA扩增带的多态信息量的统计分析,结果表明:供试的21个引物均能为桃类植物提供较大的多态信息量,樱类和梅类的多态信息位于其次,而李类和杏类则较低。有11个引物最适用于桃、李、杏、梅、樱类的群体样品的多态性检测,每类植物均有各自能提供较大信息量的引物,其变化由李类只有1个引物到桃类有21个引物。在桃种内的各类群中,供试引物在黄肉桃、红叶桃、蟠桃、蜜桃类群中的信息量较大,有9个引物较适宜于对桃种内的各类群多态信息量分析;对于单个类群提供最大信息量的引物,从水蜜桃只有1个引物到黄肉桃有18个。根据多态信息量的指标,为桃及其李属近缘种植物的分子生物学分析,提供直接可供选择的引物和比较直观确定供试样品的遗传多样性。     

欧李发酵茶加工工艺研究

欧李作为我国特有的一种珍贵经济植物,具备产业化开发的潜力。本试验在采用传统发酵茶加工工艺的基础上,利用正交试验研究了漂烫时间、发酵罐装罐质量及发酵温度对成品品质的影响。结果表明,漂烫杀青5 min,稍凉后手揉捻,待茶条紧索装罐发酵,装罐250 g以紧实度较紧为好,然后在40℃下恒温发酵1周后干燥,得到的成品质量较好。并利用高效液相色谱测定了最优条件发酵茶成品中苦杏仁苷的含量,为欧李发酵茶的开发生产提供参考。     

大山樱种子休眠机理的探讨

本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,测定同工酶及种子内贮存物质的变化,并结合种子吸水性、种皮透气性、外种皮结构和种子抑制物质的生物测定等研究,探讨了大山樱种子的休眠机理.研究结果表明,大山樱外种皮机械障碍及种子中存在的发芽抑制物质是导致其休眠的主要原因;在3～4℃下层积6个月,种胚中的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量有增加的趋势;过氧化物酶同工酶谱多出一条P1酶带,而少了一条P4酶带,P2酶带的表达增强;淀粉酶同工酶谱新增加了一些酶带,并且原有酶带的表达都有所加强.     

中国樱桃体细胞胚的诱导

探讨了基因型、发育期和植物生长调节剂对中国樱桃(Prunus pseudocerasu L.)体细胞胚诱导的影响.结果表明,长5mm左右的未成熟种子胚性愈伤组织诱导率较高；细胞分裂素/GA接近1,甚至无细胞分裂素时易于诱导胚性愈伤组织;生长素中NAA更适合胚性愈伤组织诱导.     

仁用杏栽培管理技术探讨

探讨仁用杏品种、园地的选择,栽植及栽后管理。分析了仁用杏的经济价值、发展方向和适宜发展的地区。     

基于隶属函数法的李涂白防寒措施筛选

为筛选较适宜的李涂白防寒措施,本研究以‘早红’、‘公主红’和‘吉红’3个李品种为试材,通过不同涂白剂及方法对李树体进行涂白预防冻害,测定枝条冻害级别、植株生长及果实品质等指标,利用正交设计及隶属函数法对防寒效果进行综合评价。结果表明,涂白可降低李树一年生枝冻害情况,促进萌芽及果实生长;筛选出‘公主红’李最佳涂白措施:树干涂白剂+0.5 g/kg纤维素,涂干100 cm。本研究结果可为寒冷地区李树抵御低温胁迫提供技术指导。     

RFLP variability in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

The level of polymorphism of the restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected by 33 almond genomic and cDNA probes was studied in a set of 52 European and North-American apricot cultivars. Eighteen of these probes were polymorphic and yielded a total of 48 scorable bands, allowing the identification of 45 different phenotypes. Most cultivars (43) had an individually distinguishable RFLP phenotype, and three of the five clusters with the same phenotype contained cultivars that were likely to be synonymous. The group of Spanish cultivars (25) had a lower level of polymorphism than the others, suggesting that bottlenecks may have occurred in the recent history of the apricot that have eroded its genetic variability.     

梅花PmCBF基因的克隆及表达

CBF转录因子在植物冷驯化中起着重要调控作用。以欧洲甜樱桃CBF基因为信息探针,从李属基因组数据库中得到一个候选序列,设计特异引物,通过PCR扩增和RT-PCR验证,发现与预测序列一致。该基因全长711bp,可编码225个氨基酸,序列分析发现其具有CBF基因的特征序列,包含保守的AP2/EREB DNA结合域以及CBF特征短多肽序列PKK/RPAGRxKFxETRHP和DSAWR。同源性分析显示,PmCBF和欧洲甜樱桃、矮扁桃CBF基因一致性较高,均在90%以上,与欧洲甜樱桃的氨基酸同源性达100%。实时荧光定量PCR分析发现:4℃低温胁迫下,PmCBF在转录水平的表达情况和其他植物CBF基因一致;4℃处理后PmCBF基因的表达开始上升,4 h时达最大,初步表明PmCBF在低温胁迫下上调表达。     

毛桃砧木对土壤盐胁迫的生理响应

对毛桃在盐胁迫条件下,其8项生理指标的响应进行了初步研究。结果表明,毛桃的Pn、MDA、NR等指标对盐胁迫的反应较对照表现出极显著差异;Pro、POD、E、RWC、Ψw在轻度处理时与对照差异不显著,但当处理浓度升高时,其反应与对照表现出极显著差异。随着盐浓度的增加,毛桃受到的伤害大幅度增加,这与其自身清除活性氧的能力降低有关。     

李属植物果实成熟软化研究进展

李属植物果实营养丰富,为人类提供了大量的营养物质,但是其果实采后迅速软化,导致果实品质下降、不耐贮藏及货架期短。为了解李属植物果实成熟软化的研究概况,本研究归纳总结了李属植物果实成熟过程中包括呼吸作用、乙烯释放、品质相关物质变化在内的生理变化,细胞壁结构、物质成分变化、细胞壁降解相关酶在内的细胞壁变化,果实成熟软化相关的基因及果实成熟软化蛋白质组学研究进展,并提出了存在的问题及未来研究趋势。指出目前李属植物果实成熟软化研究集中于果实采收后或贮藏期间细胞壁物质成分、结构变化及细胞壁降解相关酶,如多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、β-半乳糖苷酶等的活性变化,及这些酶的基因克隆、功能分析,指出结合转录组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学和基因组学等几种组学将是李属植物果实成熟软化研究的发展方向。