桉树小新壳梭孢梢枯病菌室内药剂毒力测定

在室内培养条件下,采用生长速率法测定了10种常用杀菌剂对桉树小新壳梭孢枝枯病菌Neofusicoccum parvum (Penny Cook & Samuels)的抑制效果,结果表明:25％苯醚甲环唑和25％丙环唑对N.parvum抑制效果最好,EC50值分别是0.0312和0.0330 mg/L;18.7％丙环·嘧菌酯、25％咪鲜胺、50％甲基硫菌灵、50％异菌脲、50％多菌灵、40％腈菌唑和75％百菌清抑菌效果次之,EC50值分别为0.0499,0.0681,0.1462,0.1672,0.2720,0.3454和4.6199 mg/L;25％嘧菌酯抑菌效果最差,EC50值是16.1451 mg/L.     

Impact of Botryosphaeria,Diplodia and Neofusicoccum species on two Eucalyptus species and a hybrid: From pathogenicity to physiological performance

Species of Botryosphaeriaceae are associated with canker and dieback of Eucalyptus spp. worldwide, but little is known about their effect on the host physiology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of Botryosphaeriaceae isolates from nine species in three genera (Botryosphaeria, Diplodia and Neofusicoccum), previously isolated from eucalypts, on three different Eucalyptus hosts (seedlings of E. nitens, cuttings of E. globulusand of E. globulus× E. cypellocarpa). An approach combining standard pathogenicity trials with evaluation of plant morpho‐physiological parameters was used. The size of the lesions produced revealed differences in fungal aggressiveness and host susceptibility. Isolates of Neofusicoccum kwambonambienseand Diplodia corticolawere the most aggressive, while Botryosphaeria dothidea and Diplodia seriataisolates were the least aggressive. In general, hybrid E. globulus× E. cypellocarpa plants developed smaller lesions, followed by E. nitens and E. globulus. Eucalyptus nitensplants showed minimal modifications on the morpho‐physiological profile when infected, although more severe symptoms and mortality were observed. This is probably due to a more variable genetic background of the plants. However, in general, no direct association between putative fungal aggressiveness and plant physiological disorders could be found. Results suggested that under optimal growth conditions plants manage to cope with pathogen attack and maintain their physiological performance.     

Shot hole disease on Prunus laurocerasus caused by Neofusicoccum parvum in Serbia

Between 2010 and 2014, symptoms of a shot hole disease were observed on cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) trees and shrubs in parks and other public plantings in Belgrade, Serbia. Ten symptomatic leaves were collected from each of the diseased plants and the associated fungus isolated and identified using multigene phylogenetic analyses and asexual morphological characters. The pathogen was identified as Neofusicoccum parvum. The same symptoms were produced when the pathogen was inoculated on test plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of N. parvum causing shot hole disease on P. laurocerasus.     

Genetic uniformity characterizes the invasive spread of Neofusicoccum parvum and Diplodia sapinea in the Western Balkans

In the past decade, trees and shrubs in the Western Balkans region have been damaged by canker and die‐back disease caused by Botryosphaeriaceae species. These pathogens include Neofusicoccum parvum and Diplodia sapinea. In this study, we determine genetic diversity and structure between populations of N. parvum and D. sapinea from Serbia and Montenegro (Western Balkans) using DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer rDNA, translation elongation factor 1‐alpha, β‐tubulin‐2 and microsatellite markers. The relationship of both pathogens was compared for populations from the Continental (CR) and Mediterranean (MR) regions and for isolates of D. sapinea from Cedrus spp. and Pinus spp. Neofusicoccum parvum and D. sapinea were shown to have a low gene and genotypic diversity across the regions and hosts. All genotypes of D.  sapinea found on Pinus spp. were also present on Cedrus spp. The CR and MR populations of both species were found to be only slightly separated from one another by a geographical barrier. Low genetic diversity and dominance of N. parvum and D. sapinea on non‐native trees suggests that these species have most likely been introduced into Western Balkans, possibly through the movement of infected plants.     

沈阳城区观赏草坪主要病害的发生及防治

论述了沈阳观赏草坪的病害发生情况 ,提出了相应的防治策略     

优良观赏保健树大叶冬青引种试验初报

引种研究结果表明,大叶冬青种子休眠期长,需处理18～24个月才能萌发,幼苗期生长缓慢,生长呈双峰型,2次抽梢明显。树高季节生长高峰一般在4月和7～8月出现,绝大多数植株6月生长趋于停滞;地径季节生长分别在5～6月和8月出现峰值。季节生长与月均温、月降雨量、月均相对湿度呈正相关显著,表明生长需要较高温度和湿润的条件。幼龄期适应性强,能适应引种地35～39℃极端最高温度和冬季-5～-7℃自然低温,安全越夏越冬,未见病害发生。苗木栽植后3a开始速生,速生期年生长量达50cm以上。采用金丝垂柳(J842)、杜仲、南酸枣等阔叶树种与大叶冬青复层混交,利用侧方遮荫作用,能显著促进大叶冬青生长,并提前2a速生,树高净生长量增加19．65％．34．20％,4年生苗平均高1．60～2．07cm,地径2．0～2．3cm;叶用园幼树3年生春季嫩叶产量达150kg／hm^2,4～5年生春季产嫩叶225～281．75kg／hm^2,生产优质苦丁保健绿茶60～112．5kg／hm^2,显示出研发利用的潜力。     

Occurrence and pathogenicity of Phytophthora × cambivora on Prunus laurocerasus in Serbia

Cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) is a native plant species in Serbian forests, but is also widely used for ornamental plantings. Following two extremely wet summers in 2014 and 2015, in spring and summer of 2016 and 2017, numerous cherry laurel plants with symptoms indicative for Phytophthora diseases, like wilting and chlorosis of leaves, dieback and bleeding bark necroses, were recorded in a park in Belgrade and in two ornamental nurseries in central Serbia. From necrotic bark samples and rhizosphere soil, self‐sterile Phytophthora isolates with woolly colonies were obtained. Due to the production of ellipsoid and elongated, non‐papillate sporangia in water and of ornamented oogonia with two‐celled antheridia in mating tests with tester strains of both Phytophthora × cambivora and P. cryptogea, these isolates were identified as P. ×cambivora which was confirmed by ITS sequence analysis. Pathogenicity of P. ×cambivora from cherry laurel (PCCL) was tested by inoculating one‐year‐old seedlings of cherry laurel under the bark. P. ×cambivora from European beech (PCB), and isolates of P. cactorum (CAC), P. cryptogea (CRY), P. plurivora (PLU) and P. ×serendipita (SER) were included as comparison. Three and a half months after inoculation, nine of the twelve plants in PCB, three in PCCL and CAC and two in PLU declined with longitudinal necroses and chlorosis, wilting and premature shedding of leaves. These results demonstrate the ability of P. ×cambivora to infect and cause decline of cherry laurel plants. The particularly high aggressiveness of the P. ×cambivora isolate from beech shows that this pathogen poses a serious risk to cherry laurel in the rare natural communities of cherry laurel and beech in Serbia.     

Antifungal activity of some Himalayan medicinal plants and cultivated ornamental species

Extracts of roots of Rumex nepalensis, Berberis aristata, Arnebia benthamii, bark of Taxus wallichiana, Juglans regia and petals of Jacquinia ruscifolia were tested for their antifungal activity against twelve different fungal pathogens. Ethanolic extracts of R. nepalensis and J. ruscifolia extracts showed a broad spectrum of activity.     

花楸树——城市绿化的新贵

花楸树为蔷薇科苹果亚科花楸属植物,落叶乔木或灌木,高达8m。具有很高的园林观赏价值。花楸树引种驯化成功并应用于城市园林绿化,将为北方城市增添一道亮丽的风景线,对丰富城市绿化树种特别是首都北京的绿化建设具有重要意义。       

Occurrence of warts in bamboo species

Summary Warts have been observed in several bamboo species; they are present not only in vessel members and fibres, but also in the highly lignified parenchyma cells, especially in those of the elongated type. Among the 34 species studies only a few possess warts in all three cell types. The sizes of warts lie within the range observed for dicots and gymnosperms. There is no recognizable correlation between the occurrence of warts and the taxonomic grouping of bamboos. It has been suggested that the development of warts is associated with the lignification of the cell wall.Thanks are due to Mrs. R. Schultze for TEM preparation and Mrs. K. Hoffmann and Dr. K. Keyser, Institut für Zoologie, Hamburg, for help with SEM work. Dr. D. Grosser, Institut für Holzforschung, Munich, kindly provided us with some rare samples of bamboo.     

观赏李树——龙引紫叶李的选育

为提高北方城市园林的绿化水平,丰富寒地园林植物的种质资源,1991年黑龙江省农业科学院园艺分院引入俄罗斯紫叶李,经过多年的田间和生产试验观察,选育出抗寒性强、观赏价值较高的李树新品种。该品种叶片为紫红色,花为粉色,果实鲜红色;幼树茎干紫色、光滑,树姿较直立,可作为北方生态型园林城市的景观树种。2009年3月通过黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定,命名为“龙引紫叶李”。     

优良景观保健树大叶冬青的绿化应用

文章报道大叶冬青的主要生物学特征和优良景观绿化价值及景观保健功能,结合笔者的研究结果论述了大叶冬青的抗菌、抗衰老、抗癌保健功能,从景观保健绿化和药用保健产业开发角度认为大叶冬青是一个优良的景观保健常绿树种,在城乡绿化建设和相关产业开发中具有应用潜力,并报道了相关栽培技术。       

6种园林树木对持续性淹水胁迫的生理响应及其比较

以榔榆、榉树、朴树、女贞、枇杷、珊瑚树2年生幼苗为材料,采用盆栽控水试验研究了持续淹水对不同树种外部形态及主要生理指标的影响,探讨了不同树种的抗涝性特性与差异.结果表明:1)淹水胁迫下,不同树种幼苗的生长均受到不同程度的影响,外形表现出明显的水渍斑点和黄化特征,但不同树种受害程度存在一定差异.2)淹水胁迫下,不同树种2种保护酶活性呈现出不同的变化态势.榔榆叶片抗氧化保护酶的活性反应最为敏感,表现为淹水初期SOD活性的显著上升和POD活性的剧烈增加,但后期两种保护酶活性趋于平缓变化;榉树、朴树在整个淹水期SOD活性呈现先期下降后期抬升的波动变化;而女贞、珊瑚树在整个淹水期SOD、POD活性的变化相对较小,不同处理期的测定值差异均不显著.3)榉树、朴树的游离脯氨酸含量变化呈现前期略有下降后期缓慢上升的变化;而女贞、枇杷两树种的游离脯氨酸含量变化呈现先期下降,后期平缓变化的态势.4)淹水初期榔榆MDA含量明显上升,并于淹水第13天时含量最高,榉树和朴树的MDA含量变化呈现先期下降后期缓慢上升的变化,枇杷、女贞的MDA含量变化几乎呈一直线变化.5)6树种叶片中叶绿素含量均随淹水时间的延长而下降.采用隶属函数法对6种树种的耐涝性进行评估,其耐涝性强弱大致排序为:女贞、枇杷、珊瑚树、朴树、榉树、榔榆.     

5种典型热带引种园林植物幼苗抗寒性研究

选取广州地区5种常见引种园林植物的苗木,包括凤凰木、塞楝、大叶榄仁Terminalia catappa、马占相思、铁刀木作为材料,采用人工气候箱进行1℃、9℃、17℃、25℃连续18 d的不同程度冷冻处理,研究了低温胁迫下树苗生长发育有关的生理生化指标的变化与抗冻害的关系。结果表明:随着处理温度的降低,各树种叶片的相对电导率呈上升趋势,塞楝和马占相思上升比凤凰木、铁刀木、大叶榄仁慢;低温胁迫的各种苗木叶片内的脯氨酸大于对照组,其中马占相思的脯氨酸增加率最大;除塞楝外各种苗木POD活性先是缓慢升高,然后随低温胁迫程度加快升高;相对电导率结合Logistic方程推算塞楝和马占相思的半致死温度(LT50),分别为8.99℃、7.62℃。抗寒性综合评价表明,5种苗木的抗寒能力排序为马占相思>塞楝>铁刀木>凤凰木、大叶榄仁。     

Isolation,identification and pathogenicity of Phytophthora species from declining oak stands

Within the scope of a research project on the condition of roots of declining oaks (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea), samples of fine roots and surrounding soil, specimens of stripe cankers on the stem base, and samples of stream water were examined for the presence of Phytophthora species using both baiting methods and selective agar media. At 27 sites in Germany (Bavaria, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein), Switzerland, Hungary, Italy and Slovenia the following species were isolated (mainly from soil): Phytophthora citricola, Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora cambivora, Phytophthora gon-apodyides, Phytophthora undulata, a species with affinity to Phytophthora drechsleri, and two additional species with close affinity to the Phytophthora cactorum group. Moreover, Pythium group P, Pythium anandrum, Pythium chamaehyphon, and many other Pythium species that have not yet been identified could be recovered. In a soil infestation test most isolates induced dieback of long root tips and necrotic lesions in the root cortex and at the root collar of Quercus robur seedlings. All Phytophthora species tested and Pythium group P caused cortical necrosis after stem inoculation of young Quercus robur trees. It could be shown in vitro that Phytophthora gonapodyides and Pythium group P were able to produce a wilting toxin. Nitrogen input and climatic changes are discussed as predisposing factors for root damage observed in the field.     

江苏主要观赏竹种的形态特征及其园林配置Ⅱ.箣竹属等9个属

简要地论述了江苏省箣竹属等9个属观赏竹的17个竹种、4个变种与变型的形态特征、分布以及栽培技术与园林配置和经济利用价值.     

Evaluation of cold resistance of ornamental species for planting as urban rooftop greening

Rooftop gardening or green roof establishment, one of the methods of afforestation for urban greening, has many benefits for the environment, the economy and urban landscapes. Various environmental stresses including heat, strong wind, sunshine and cold prevent most plants from growing well in extensive green roof systems. For the establishment of urban rooftop gardening in Beijing, we evaluated 13 ornamental plant species [Berberis thunbergii ‘Atropurea Nana’, Euonymus fortune (Turcz.) Hand., Viburnum dilatatum Thunb., Cotinus coggygria Scop., Swida alba Opiz., Weigela florida (Bunge.) A. DC., Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl., Euonymus japonicus Thunb., Euonymus japonicus ‘Cuzhi’, Buddleja davidii Franch., Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.) Li., Ligustrum lucidum Ait. and Spiraea salicifolia L.] for greening of flat rooftops. We obtained three indices concerning cold resistance, i.e., electrical conductivity of leaves, amounts of soluble sugars and amounts of free proline, providing a theoretical basis for selection of plants fit for roof and balcony greening. The results show that the six species P. fortuneana (Maxim.) Li., B. thunbergii ‘Atropurea Nana’, J. nudiflorum Lindl., E. fortune (Turcz.) Hand., E. japonicus Thunb. and E. japonicus ‘Cuzhi’ are excellent plants for rooftop gardening, judging from their strong ability in cold resistance. Plants such as L. lucidum Ait., C. coggygria Scop. and W. florida (Bunge) A. DC. showed a medium ability in cold resistance. However, these species can be used in roof and balcony greening after intensive management or acclimatization of variety. The ability to resist cold of plants such as W. florida (Bunge) A. DC., S. salicifolia L., V. rhytidophyllum and S. alba Opiz. (Cornus alba L.) was found to be rather weak. Therefore, cold-proof measures are recommended when using these species.     

观花乔木树种在沈阳街路推广与应用

通过对沈阳市街路栽植的观花乔木的现状分析,确定了观花乔木的引种与筛选原则,对初选出的近30种观花乔木进行了各种观测试验。基本摸清了这些观花乔木的生物学特性和生态习性;通过应用栽培试验,筛选出栾树、香花槐、红肉苹果、暴马丁香等26种优良观花乔木树种;列出了适合沈阳街路栽植的观花乔木树种名录并进行了推荐。     

桃源洞自然保护区观赏植物多样性及其主要种类观赏效果评价

采用踏查的方法对桃源洞自然保护区的观赏植物进行了系统的调查和研究,结果认为:①本区观赏植物种类繁多,有355种;②本区观赏植物类型多样,有2大类10小类,即:观赏树木和观赏草本2大类,观赏树木类又分为赏树形树木类、赏叶树木类、赏花树木类、赏果树木类、观赏木质藤本类,观赏草本类又分为观叶草本类、观花草本类、观果草本类、观赏草质藤本类和混合观赏草本类。③重点对金线兰、小果冬青等18种观赏植物进行了介绍和观赏效果评价。