Differential Responses of Antioxidative Defence System to Long‐Term Field Drought in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes Differing in Drought Tolerance

Drought is a severe abiotic stress and the major constraint on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity world wide. Deciphering the mechanisms of drought tolerance is a challenging task because of the complexity of drought responses, environmental factors and their interactions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the antioxidative defence system in imparting tolerance against drought‐induced oxidative stress and yield loss in two wheat genotypes, when subjected to long‐term field drought. Drought resulted in an increase in H₂O₂ accumulation and lipid peroxidation and decrease in ascorbate level in roots and leaves at different plant developmental stages. Drought‐tolerant genotype having higher antioxidative enzymes activities, and ascorbate level was superior to that of sensitive genotype in maintaining lower H₂O₂ content and lipid peroxidation and higher growth, yield and yield components under water deficit. Various antioxidative enzymes showed positive correlation with ascorbate and negative with H₂O₂ content. In developing grains, antioxidative defence response was nearly similar among both the genotypes under control condition; however, sensitive genotype failed to modulate the activities of antioxidative enzymes according to the ROS rush under field drought. Poor capacity of the antioxidative defence system in vegetative and reproductive tissues of sensitive genotype seems to be responsible, at least partly, for reduced yield potential under water deficit.     

甘蓝型油菜盐胁迫下幼苗鲜重和干重QTL定位及候选基因分析

盐胁迫是非生物胁迫中影响作物产量的一个主要因素,利用分子标记方法选育油菜耐盐品种对提高油菜产量具有重要意义。选用来自GH06与P174杂交后通过单粒传法连续自交获得的高世代重组自交系群体,以含16 g L–1Na Cl的Hoagland溶液培养幼苗进行盐胁迫处理25 d后,分别测定叶和根的鲜重及干重,根据已构建的高密度SNP遗传连锁图谱进行QTL定位,在QTL物理区间筛选耐盐相关基因并以极端表型材料进行q RT-PCR分析。采用复合区间作图法(CIM),在对照和盐胁迫处理中共检测到19个QTL,其中与盐胁迫相关的有6个,可解释的表型变异7.16%~16.15%,分布在A02、A04和C03染色体上,将QTL置信区间序列和拟南芥中与盐胁迫相关的基因比对分析,共找到8个候选基因。对其中4个候选基因在极端表型材料中的表达分析表明,BnaA02g14680D与BnaA02g14490D基因在盐胁迫处理后的48 h或72 h表达量均高于对照组,即基因的表达由盐胁迫引起,而BnaC03g64030D在敏感型材料中的相对表达量高于在耐盐型材料中,BnaC03g62830D在敏感型材料中没有明显变化,但在耐盐型材料中呈现先升高后降低的表达特征,其表达可能会增强植株对盐胁迫的耐受力。本研究为油菜耐盐基因功能挖掘和油菜耐盐品种选育奠定基础。     

甘蓝型油菜高油酸性状研究进展

油酸是单不饱和脂肪酸,无论食用还是工业用都具有非常重要的作用,提高油酸含量是作物脂肪酸改良的重要目标。综述了高油酸油菜的特点、高油酸油菜获得途径及育种成就、高油酸性状遗传规律、分子标记和QTL定位等方面的研究进展,提出高油酸和油菜杂种优势利用相结合应是我国油菜高油酸育种的主攻方向。     

Effect of Water‐Deficit Stress on Germination and Early Seedling Growth in Sugar Beet

Sugar beet progeny lines screened for both high water use efficiency and high sugar yield under drought stress conditions in the field were assessed for the rate of seed germination and early seedling growth in water deficit stress, induced by mannitol solutions. Seeds of nine different sugar beet progeny lines were grown in three experimental conditions using filter paper, perlite and water agar as substrate. Three levels of 0.0, 0.2 and 0.3 m mannitol concentrations were applied in each experiment. A factorial design was used with three replications. Germination percentage was determined in all experiments. Seedling growth parameters such as cotyledon fresh weight, cotyledon dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight (RDW) and root length (RL) were measured experimentally. Abnormality was only recorded in the filter paper experiment. The results showed that drought stress could be simulated by mannitol solution and significant differences were found between stress levels for seedling characteristics. Distinct genetic variances were found among progeny lines with respect to germination and early seedling growth characteristics, except for cotyledons and RDW. Seedling growth and germination rates severely declined at the highest concentration of mannitol. The rate of abnormality was increased progressively at the germination stage with an increase in mannitol concentration but it was more pronounced in the drought‐susceptible progeny lines. The highest values of relative germination % and relative growth % of RL were obtained for the most tolerant line. In conclusion, seedling characteristics, in addition to other physiological components involved in the seed germination process under specific stress conditions, may be considered for breeding purposes.     

甘蓝型油菜脂肪酸成分的基因作用形式和效应

对4种纯合芥酸基因型双列杂交所产生的9种芥酸基因型的6种主要脂肪酸的含量配适二基因模型,分析结果表明:芥酸含量的加性遗传方差占总遗传方差的99.5%以上,A 和 C 两染色体组中基因座位的加性效应基本上相等,F_1代和 F_2代的 d_a 分别为14.19和13.90,d_c 为13.81和13.38。廿碳烯酸以加×加互作为主,在 F_1和 F_2代中,该分量占     

Independent Inheritance of Erucic Acid Content and Flower Colour in the C-Genome of Brassica napus L.

The synthetic Brassica napus L. line No7076 was obtained from a cross between yellow-flowered and zero-erucic turnip rape (B. campestris) Sv85-38301 and white-flowered and high-erucic (41.4%) B. oleracea ssp. alboglabra No6510. This synthetic B. napus is pale-flowered and has an average erucic acid content of 25.8 %. It was crossed with the yellow-flowered and zero-erucic B. napus line SvS4-2S053 and segregation of the erucic acid content and flower colour was studied in F₁ and F₂ generations. The high erucic acid content was controlled by a single gene in the C-genome and was additively inherited. Strong evidence was obtained in support of independent segregation of the erucic-arid content and the flower colour characters controlled by the C-genome of B. napus.     

干旱胁迫下油菜消减文库的构建及分析

以抗旱能力强的油菜Holiday为材料,以干旱处理的样品为Tester,正常水分管理(对照)为Driver构建干旱诱导的甘蓝型油菜叶片正向抑制性消减杂交 (SSH)文库。随机挑选24个阳性克隆进行PCR验证,结果表明,其中23个含有插入片段,平均大小在750 bp左右。将96个阳性克隆测序,并拼接和去除冗余,获得重叠群4条,单拷贝序列82条,平均长度为542 bp。经BlastX程序比对蛋白数据库发现,11条EST没有找到同源性序列,75条有同源序列。KOBAS分析发现,28条EST被定位到67条代谢途径中,根据P值推测,光合中的碳固定、有氧呼吸的电子供体、氮代谢、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢在植物干旱胁迫中发挥着极为重要的作用。这些EST涉及到的功能中所占比例最大的分别是细胞器(58.82%)、结合(30.77%)和新陈代谢过程(43.72%),表明甘蓝型油菜面对干旱胁迫时,细胞器组件上的功能发挥了重要的作用,结合基因和蛋白被激活,加强了新陈代谢。     

水浸胁迫对超表达Sub1A油菜(Brassica napus)抗氧化能力的影响

环境中水分含量变化对于生长期油菜的产量和品质影响极大。国内外研究表明,异源表达Sub1A基因具有提高水涝条件下植物的抗逆性和恢复生长的潜能。本研究以组成型表达Sub1A基因的甘蓝型油菜作为实验材料,测试了其在水浸胁迫30 d内的生长速度和抗氧化水平。结果表明,超表达株系在地上部分和地下部分的生物量积累速率均显著高于野生型油菜,在胁迫早期尤为明显,表现出响应水浸胁迫的优良表型。同时,抗氧化酶(SOD,POD,CAT和GPX)活性和胁迫响应基因的表达变化也基本一致,呈现出胁迫早期强,随着处理时间增加呈逐渐降低的趋势。以上结果说明超表达Sub1A基因可能通过提高细胞的抗氧化酶活性、提高胁迫响应基因的表达水平提升抗水浸胁迫能力。本研究将为深入研究外源表达Sub1A基因提高油菜抗水浸胁迫提供依据,并为抗涝油菜新品种的开发提供前期基础。     

铝毒胁迫下甘蓝型油菜种子萌发期相关性状的QTL定位

随着土壤酸化的日益加重,铝毒已成为影响作物种子萌发质量以及作物产量的重要胁迫因子之一。作物耐铝相关性状的QTL定位和候选基因筛选已有许多报道,但铝胁迫下甘蓝型油菜萌发期相关性状的QTL定位报道较少。本文以80μg mL?1的铝胁迫浓度处理重组自交系(10D130×中双11号)群体进行种子萌发试验,处理3 d时调查发芽势, 7 d时调查发芽率,测定其根长、芽长和干重,并计算各性状相对值。基于6K SNP芯片,结合高密度遗传连锁图谱对油菜萌发期的5个性状进行QTL定位,共检测到23个QTL。其中与相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对根长、相对芽长和相对干重相关的QTL分别有9个、1个、4个、5个和4个,覆盖了A、C基因组, LOD值介于3.00～5.26,可解释的表型变异为7.70%～13.10%。根据各QTL置信区间序列筛选,与铝胁迫相关的候选基因共30个。ALMT1基因和MATE基因与有机酸的合成和分泌有关,主要通过苹果酸、柠檬酸和草酸等有机酸的分泌来增强植物的耐铝性;STOP1基因、NAC基因和RAP2.4基因均属于转录激活因子,通过诱导耐铝基因的表达增强植株的抗性; ABC转运蛋白、膜蛋白...     

Drought Stress Effects on Seed Yield, Yield Attributes, Growth, Cell Membrane Stability and Gas Exchange of Synthesized Brassica napus L.

Drought stress effects on leaf gas exchange, cell membrane stability, seed yield and yield attributes of synthesized Brassica napus L. cv. Bangla kale and Bangla cabbage were compared. Drought stress treatments were imposed at early vegetative, late vegetative and flowering stages by withholding watering. Bangla cabbage produced greater pods/plant, larger seed size, greater total dry matter/plant, seeds/pot, and 17% greater yield than Bangla kale. The seed yield in plants stressed at early vegetative, late vegetative and flowering stages were 59, 74, 88% lower respectively, than watered plants. Drought stress reduced leaf photosynthesis by 67 to 97%. Bangla cabbage had 68% greater photosynthesis and 56% greater stomatal conductance than Bangla kale under stress at flowering stage. Leaf temperature was 1 to 2°C higher in stressed plants than watered plants. The cell membrane stability (CMS) increased up to 83% at flowering stage under stress compared to 21% under watered conditions. Although Bangla cabbage had high seed yield, yield attributes and photosynthesis under stressed conditions at flowering stage, its CMS values were lower than those of Bangla kale.     

甘蓝型油菜遗传图谱的构建及芥酸含量的QTL分析

一个由甘蓝型油菜品种Quantum (黄花、低芥酸)和人工合成的甘蓝型油菜品系No.2127-17（白花、高芥酸）为亲本材料建立的DH群体中芥酸呈现单基因的遗传模式。为了发展与芥酸紧密连锁的分子标记对其实行有效的控制,随机选择121个结实正常的DH系为作图群体,利用SSR和RAPD标记构建了一张甘蓝型油菜的遗传连锁图谱。在亲本间检测     

The stage sensitivity of short‐term heat stress to lodging‐resistant traits and yield determination in canola (Brassica napus L.)

With the expected increase of abiotic stress under global climate change, significant research has been devoted to how abiotic stress will affect crop production. To date, there has been little research on the stage sensitivity of short‐term heat stress to crop lodging and yield determination in canola. This research was conducted in a controlled growth facility and aimed to examine root morphology, pod fertility, seed yield and crop lodging of two contrasting canola genotypes subjected to a short‐term heat stress (27.0/24.3°C, light/dark), imposed respectively at three growth stages, rosette vegetative stage (RVHT), early flowering stage (EFHT) and late flowering stage (LFHT), in comparison with non‐stressed control (CK) (23/17°C). The results demonstrate that heat stress imposed at RVHT and LFHT was less detrimental to seed yield and lodging resistance. However, EFHT showed significant adverse effects on both, which was further confirmed by redundancy analysis (RDA) and structural equation modelling (SEM). Compared with the CK, EFHT resulted in a yield loss of 43%, which was mainly due to poor pod fertility, less number of filled pods (?28%), decreased pollen viability (?38%) and a lower success ratio of filled pods (?29%). The taproot was found to be relatively tolerant to heat stress, but lateral roots were sensitive to heat stress at EFHT and LFHT. Root capacitance could be used as a non‐destructive method for evaluating lateral root morphology. Compared with the CK, EFHT displayed a high risk of stem lodging, as indicated by a 27% lower safety factor. This was mainly attributed to the reduced stem bending strength that was caused by the deterioration of stem mechanical properties under EFHT, as illustrated by SEM. Root lodging resistance was not altered by any stages of short‐term heat stress, as the taproot remained stable.     

外源5-ALA对干旱胁迫下玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

干旱是影响西北地区玉米生长发育的主要因素之一,5-氨基乙酰丙酸（5-ALA）是一种潜在的生理活性物质,具有增强植物抗逆性的作用。为了探明干旱胁迫下5-ALA对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的缓解效应,同时筛选出缓解的最佳浓度,以玉米品种“郑单958”为材料,以蒸馏水为对照,研究20% PEG 6000模拟干旱胁迫下不同浓度5-ALA（0、5、10、15、20、25、30mg/L）对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,干旱胁迫下玉米种子的萌发和幼苗生长受到明显抑制,幼苗的渗透调节物质含量减少,抗氧化酶活性降低,丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,质膜透性增大。与0mg/L 5-ALA处理相比,一定浓度（25mg/L）的5-ALA能明显缓解干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗造成的伤害,玉米幼苗的主根长、芽长、根鲜重、芽鲜重、根干重和芽干重显著增加,种子发芽势和发芽率显著提高了76.92%和65.52%,脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量分别上升了136.82%、81.36%和121.26%,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别增加了200.58%、182.10%和536.56%。MDA含量和细胞质膜透性则分别下降64.54%和68.21%。5-ALA的缓解作用具有明显的剂量效应,其中以浓度25mg/L处理效果最好。     

砷胁迫下甘蓝型油菜苗期根、下胚轴和鲜重的全基因组关联分析

油菜是修复土壤重金属污染的理想作物,为筛选甘蓝型油菜耐砷性的显著关联单核苷酸多态性位点及相关候选基因,本研究以140份不同来源的甘蓝型油菜自交系为材料,测定和利用油菜60KSNP芯片对正常和砷胁迫条件下的相对根长(RRL)、相对下胚轴长(RHL)和相对鲜重(RFW)进行了全基因组关联分析。结果表明,与RRL、RHL和RFW显著关联的SNP位点分别为15、20和35个,单个SNP位点表型贡献率分别介于13.31%～24.39%、18.04%～33.82%和20.19%～25.06%之间;其中在A02、A07和C02染色体上同时存在与RRL、RHL和RFW显著关联的LD区间。基于油菜基因组信息在LD区间内共筛选到61个可能与砷胁迫相关的候选基因,其中PHT3;3、PHT1;9、GST、OTC5、NRAMP1和ZIP12等与重金属吸收和转运相关。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明, PHT3;3和PHT1;9是与甘蓝型油菜砷离子吸收转运相关的重要候选基因。本研究结果对于甘蓝型油菜耐砷胁迫机理的研究、性状的改良具有重要参考价值。     

利用DH和IF_2群体检测油菜籽粒油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸含量QTL

以德国冬性甘蓝型油菜Express和中国半冬性甘蓝型油菜SWU07为亲本构建包含261个株系的DH群体和包含234个株系的IF2群体,检测不同年份条件下油菜籽粒油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸含量相关的QTL。在DH群体4年环境下共检测出71个QTL,在IF2群体2年环境下共检测出4个QTL。去掉在不同年份和群体中置信区间相互重叠的QTL之后,共得到3个品质性状的51个QTL,其中有15个在2年以上环境中被检测到。这些QTL分别分布在13个连锁群上,其中与油酸含量相关的18个,分布于A01、A02、A04、A05、A07、A09、C01连锁群,揭示3.44%～13.97%的表型变异;与亚油酸相关的12个,分布于A02、A06、A09、C01、C02连锁群,揭示3.84%～19.51%的表型变异;与亚麻酸相关的21个,分布于A01、A02、A03、A04、A05、A08、A09、C01、C02、C03、C06连锁群,揭示2.86%～11.91%的表型变异。这些结果将为油菜脂肪酸品质改良提供更多遗传信息。     

Effects of Exogenous Abscisic Acid on Antioxidant System in Weedy and Cultivated Rice with Different Chilling Sensitivity under Chilling Stress

Two chilling‐tolerant genotypes, that is, weedy rice WR03‐45 and cultivated rice Lijiangxintuanheigu and two chilling‐sensitive genotypes, that is, weedy rice WR03‐26 and cultivated rice Xiuzinuo were used in this study to investigate the effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on protection against chilling damage as well as on changes in physiological features. The results showed that under chilling stress the increased levels of superoxide radical (), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in WR03‐45 and Lijiangxintuanheigu were lower than those in WR03‐26 and Xiuzinuo. Activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR)) and non‐enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbate acid (AsA) and reduced glutathione (GSH)) were enhanced in WR03‐45 and Lijiangxintuanheigu, whereas they were decreased significantly in WR03‐26 and Xiuzinuo. Application of exogenous ABA reduced the chilling damage in the four genotypes. The pre‐treatment with ABA decreased the levels of , H₂O₂ and MDA caused by chilling stress in the four genotypes through increasing the activities of SOD, CAT, APX, GR and the contents of AsA and GSH in the four genotypes under chilling stress. Moreover, pre‐treatment with Fluridone, the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, prohibited the effects of ABA through enhancing the oxidative damages and suppressing the antioxidant defence systems under chilling stress. The results indicate the mechanism for rice with chilling tolerance is to enhance the capacity of antioxidant defence systems under chilling stress. Furthermore, ABA plays important roles in the tolerance of rice against chilling stress for it could induce the capacity of whole antioxidant defence systems including enzymatic and non‐enzymatic constitutions under chilling stress.     

Fatty Acid Composition of Oil from Erucic Acid-Free Summer Rape Seed (Brassica napus L.) in Relation to Nitrogen Nutrition and Raceme Position

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen supply (30, 100 or 170 ppm N) and raceme position on the fatty acid composition of oil extracted from erucic acid-free summer rape seed ( Brassica napus cv. Callypso ). The seven fatty acids analyzed for include palmitic, palmitolcic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolemc, and eicosenoic acids; of which oleic (59.54–64.84 %) and palmitoleic (0.36–0.4 %) acids were the highest and lowest levels respectively. Generally, N nutrition influenced fatty acid pattern only to a little extent. Palmitic, palmitoleic and stearic acid levels were increased by 170 ppm N, depending on raceme position, but oleic and linolenic acids were unaffected. Similarly, 170 ppm N produced the highest fatty acid levels in seeds on the lower portions of racemes, with the exception of oleic acid. This was also true in the case of the upper portions of racemes, except that 30 ppm N produced the highest levels of oleic and linoleic acids in rape seeds. Under the optimum N supply level (i.e. 100 ppm N), position of raceme on the rape plant did not greatly influence the levels of different fatty acids in lipids.     

油菜杂种后代硫苷和蛋白质含量的表现及其杂种优势分析

以1个甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育恢复系为父本,与2个不同来源的保持系配置杂交种F1,并构建了F2,F2：3家系。对2个群体的F1,F2,F2：3家系的硫苷含量、蛋白质含量的杂种优势进行分析,结果表明,这2个品质性状的F1杂种优势值较低,为负值或较小的正值;F2杂种优势值仍然较低,为负值或较小的正值;对群体1硫苷含量、蛋白质含量在F2,F2：3家系的分离情况进行分析,结果表明,2个品质性状都存在着丰富的变异,但均集中在中亲值附近,其在F2,F2：3家系中的次数分布均符合正态分布,说明它们为数量性状,同时都出现了超优亲现象,这为品质育种选择高蛋白、低硫苷优质油菜奠定了基础。