Detection of antibodies against serotypes 1 and 2 infectious bursal disease virus by commercial ELISA kits

Two distinct serotypes of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) are recognized in chicken and turkey flocks in the United States. Serologic testing of chicken flocks for serotype 1 viruses is routinely performed to monitor disease status and vaccination. Earlier studies indicated that enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test detects antibodies to both serotypes of the virus, while the virus neutralization (VN) test is serotype specific. It is useful to evaluate currently available commercial ELISA kits for their ability to differentiate between antibodies elicited by the two serotypes. Three trials were performed in which chickens were orally inoculated with either a high or a low dose of serotype 1 STC or serotype 2 OH strains of IBDV. Sera collected at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days from these chickens and antisera procured from naturally infected broiler (n=20) and layer (n=30) flocks were tested with five different commercial ELISA kits and by VN. All ELISA kits detected different levels of antibodies elicited against serotype 1 of the virus and moderate and high levels of antibodies against serotype 2 virus. A correlation existed between the ELISA and the VN titers of experimentally infected chickens. All serum samples tested from the commercial layer flocks and 65% of the broiler flocks had antibodies against the OH strain. However, no correlation between the VN titers and ELISA titers was observed for the commercial broilers and layers sera by the majority of the kits. The results indicated that currently available commercial ELISA kits detect antibodies elicited by the two serotypes of IBDV. Hence, the prevalence of serotype 2 antibodies in the flocks should be considered while determining antibody profiles of the flocks against serotype 1 viruses.     

Baculovirus virions displaying infectious bursal disease virus VP2 protein protect chickens against infectious bursal disease virus infection

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute and contagious viral infection of young chickens caused by IBD virus (IBDV). The VP2 protein of IBDV is the only antigen for inducing neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity in the natural host. In the current study, we have succeeded in construction of one recombinant baculovirus BacSC-VP2 expressing His6-tagged VP2 with the baculovirus envelope protein gp64 transmembrane domain (TM) and cytoplasmic domain (CTD). The His6-tagged recombinant VP2 was expressed and anchored on the plasma membrane of Sf-9 cells, as examined by western blot and confocal microscopy. Immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated that the VP2 protein of IBDV was successfully displayed on the viral surface. Vaccination of chickens with the VP2-pseudotyped baculovirus vaccine (BacSC-VP2) elicited significantly higher levels of VP2-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibodies and neutralizing antibodies than the control groups. IBDV-specific proliferation of lymphocytes was observed in chickens immunized with the recombinant BacSC-VP2. An in vivo challenge study of the recombinant baculovirus BacSC-VP2 showed effective protection against a very virulent (vv) IBDV infection in chickens. In addition, mortality and gross and histopathological findings in the bursa demonstrated the efficacy of the vaccine in reducing virulence of the disease. These results indicate that the recombinant baculovirus BacSC-VP2 can be a potential vaccine against IBDV infections.     

A serological survey for infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in free-range village chickens in northern Tanzania

A study of infectious bursal disease (IBD) or 'Gumboro disease' seroprevalence rates in healthy, non-vaccinated indigenous scavenging chickens in northern Tanzania was conducted in November and December 2009 on 362 chickens raised in a traditional management system. Individual bird and flock-level information was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, and serum samples were screened for IBD virus (IBDV) antibodies using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study revealed high rates of IBDV antibodies, yielding an overall seropositive rate of 58.8 % and with at least one positive bird detected in 82.8 % (74/90) of flocks. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that seropositivity to IBDV varied significantly (chi2 = 16.1, P < 0.001) between the study sites. The flock seroprevalence was found to vary from 37.5 % to 91 % between districts and from 75 % to 90 % between regions. The results of this study showed that IBD is an endemic and widely distributed disease in northern Tanzania.     

4个传染性囊病野毒株的致病性试验

传染性囊病(infectious brusal disease,IBD)是由传染性囊病病毒(infectious brusal disease virus,IBDV)引起的一种急性、高度接触性、高度传染性的病毒病.自20世纪60年代发现传染性囊病(IBD)以来,给世界养禽业带来了极大的损失.对养禽业影响更严重的是,欧洲国家及我国相继出现了vvIBDV方面的报道,其致死率达到了100%[1-4].     

Comparison of precipitin antibodies and virus-neutralizing antibodies to infectious bursal disease virus

Three hundred twenty-two serum samples from commercial pullets and multiplier breeders were analyzed for agar-gel precipitin (AGP) antibodies and virus-neutralizing (VN) antibodies to infectious bursal disease virus. Two hundred thirty-four of these sera were AGP-positive, and 88 were AGP-negative. The geometric mean of the reciprocal of the VN titers for the AGP-positive sera was 208.7, and 232 (99.1%) had a VN titer of 1:16 or greater. In contrast, the geometric mean of the reciprocal of the VN titers for the AGP-negative sera was 6.1, but 53 (60.2%) had a VN titer ranging from 1:4 to 1:256. When the AGP test was compared with the VN test, the sensitivity and specificity, respectively, of the AGP test were 81.5% and 100%.     

Development of a disperse dye immunochromatographic test for the detection of antibodies against infectious bursal disease virus

For investigating the feasibility of using disperse dyes as an immunoassay chromogenic marker, a disperse dye, DADISPERSE NAVY BLUE SP, was selected in analyzing antibody against infectious bursal disease virus (anti-IBDV). With the color intensity revealed in the disperse dye immunochromatographic test (DICT) strip as the objective function, the optimal dyeing conditions were found as follows: dye concentration absorbance (at lambda(max)=587nm)=3, pH 7, 50 degrees C, for 10min. Under these conditions, the resultant dyed-antibody (rabbit anti-chicken) can produce an optimal color intensity reading of 55,054 on the strip. For performing qualitative immunoassay, chicken sera samples taken from different farms were used for the anti-IBDV titre assessment. The results of DICT strips showed very high sensitivity and specificity as compared to that analyzed by FlockChek enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (F-ELISA) kits. For quantitative immunoassay, it was found that the color intensity measured with DICT was linearly correlated to that of F-ELISA titre (r(2)=0.9687). Therefore, DICT was further applied to the detection of chicken anti-IBDV sera under vaccination in the farms. The average titres of the sampling groups exhibited a strong agreement to that of F-ELISA. Accordingly, the DICT method developed in this study, shown to be reliable, cheap and simple in both qualitative and quantitative immunoassays, is particularly suitable for point-of-need testing (PONT) in agricultural applications.     

Effect of diffferent levels of maternally derived antibodies on protection against infectious bursal disease virus

Fertile eggs were obtained from three different broiler breeder flocks with different levels of virus neutralizing antibodies to infectious bursal disease virus. Egg yolk from these flocks was tested for antibody titers by the virus neutralization test. Flock I eggs had no antibodies, flock II had medium level antibodies (1:200-1600; geometric mean = 1:975), and flock III had a high level of antibodies (1:1600-6400; geometric mean = 1:3365). Chicks from the above flocks were challenged each with 10(2) 50% embryo infective dose of the IN serotype 1 variant virus at 1, 2, and 4 wk of age and examined at 5 and 11 days postchallenge. The average organ/body weight ratios were calculated and statistically analyzed. Chicks with no maternal antibodies were not protected at any age. Chicks with medium levels of maternal antibodies were protected when challenged at 1 and 2 wk of age. Chicks with high levels of maternally derived antibodies were protected when challenged at all the ages tested. The above results were statistically significant (P < 0.05).     

Protective immunity against infectious bursal disease virus in chickens in the absence of virus-specific antibodies

The role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in pathogenesis of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was investigated. One-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens were treated with 3mg of cyclophosphamide (Cy) per chicken for 4 consecutive days and, 3 weeks later, infected with the IBDV-IM strain. Chickens were examined for: (a) mitogenic response of splenocytes to ConA, as an indicator of T-cell functions in vitro, (b) antibody against IBDV by ELISA, (c) IBDV genome in various tissues by RT-PCR and (d) immunological memory. At the time of IBDV infection, Cy-treated chickens had depleted bursal tissue (an avian primary B-cell lymphoid organ), severely compromised antibody-producing ability, but normal T-cell response to ConA. In primary infection, no detectable antibody against IBDV antigen in Cy-treated, IBDV-infected chickens was observed up to 28 days post-infection (PI), while IBDV genome was detected by RT-PCR in spleen, thymus, liver and blood until 10 days PI. Like intact control chickens infected with IBDV, Cy-treated, IBDV-infected chickens suppressed splenocytes responses to ConA from 5 to 10 days PI, suggesting that intact control as well as Cy-treated chickens responded similarly to IBDV infection in the early phase. Following re-infection with IBDV, no detectable secondary antibody response to IBDV as well as IBDV genome in tissues were observed in Cy-treated chickens, while intact control chickens developed vigorous secondary antibody response. Similar to intact control chickens infected with IBDV, Cy-treated chickens after second infection with IBDV did not suppress splenocyte response to ConA. These results suggested that in the absence of detectable anti-IBDV antibodies, protection of Cy-treated chickens from IBDV infection may occur via immunological memory mediated by CMI. We concluded that under normal conditions, IBDV induces a protective antibody response, however, in the absence of antibody, CMI alone is adequate in protecting birds against virulent IBDV.     

传染性法氏囊病病毒VP2单克隆抗体夹心ELISA检测试剂盒的研制

为研制传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)快速检测试剂盒,用重组IBDV-VP2蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,制备免疫脾细胞,与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞触合,获得3株稳定分泌抗VP2蛋白单克隆抗体(mAb)的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为1D11、2G8和2E5,抗体亚类分别为IgG1κ、IgG2bκ和IgG1κ。间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)证明,3株单抗均与VP2发生特异性反应。相加ELISA证明3株mAb识别VP2不同的抗原表位。在病毒中和试验中,1D11和2G8腹水对IBDV的中和效价分别为104和103,而2E5无中和活性。用亲和层析方法纯化1D11和2E5,分别作为包被抗体和标记抗体,建立了IBDV夹心ELISA检测方法,优化了试验条件,测定了其主要性能指标,对IBDV的最低检出量为102 TCID50/mL。用夹心ELISA、AGP和RT-PCR 3种方法同步检测8种试验样品,夹心ELISA与RT-PCR的检测结果一致,显著高于AGP方法。组装成的试剂盒,置于37℃保存7d、4℃保存6个月和-20℃保存24个月,其检测结果没有显著差异(P>0.05)。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒抗原表位分析--单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

将传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)分离毒株ZB和TA3的细胞培养物采用不连续蔗糖密度梯度离心的方法浓缩纯化病毒,免疫BALB/c小鼠,运用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术将免疫鼠脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,建立了6株分泌抗IBDV单克隆抗体(McAb)的杂交瘤细胞系1C1、1E6、2B2、2G8、3A2、3E2。间接ELISA测定,杂交瘤细胞培养上清液的抗体效价为102,诱生腹水的抗体效价为106～107。相加ELISA分析,这6株单克隆抗体对应不同的病毒抗原表位。中和试验结果表明,2G8对病毒有较强的中和能力,腹水的中和效价为105。用2B1和3E2配对建立的夹心ELISA可特异地检测IB DV。     

Quantitative counter-immunoelectrophoresis for estimation of antibodies to infectious bursal disease virus

Quantitative counter-immunoelectrophoresis was standardized to detect antibodies to the avian infectious bursal disease virus. This technique correlated well with the conventional quantitative agar gel precipitation test in estimating antibodies to IBDV. The use of blood dried on filter paper as an alternative to serum is discussed. QCIE is simple, easy to perform and faster than QAGP.Abbreviations AGP agar gel precipitation - CID₅₀ half-minimal chick infective dose - CIE counter-immunoelectrophoresis - EEO electroendosmosis - IBD infectious bursal disease - IBDV infectious bursal disease virus - QAGP quantitative agar gel precipitation - QCIE quantitative counter-immunoelectrophoresis     

传染性法氏囊病病毒VP2单克隆抗体夹心ELISA检测试剂盒的研制

为研制传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）快速检测试剂盒,用重组IBDV-VP2蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,制备免疫脾细胞,与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞触合,获得3株稳定分泌抗VP2蛋白单克隆抗体（mAb）的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为1D11、2G8和2E5,抗体亚类分别为IgG1κ、IgG2bκ和IgG1κ。间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）证明,3株单抗均与VP2发生特异性反应。相加ELISA证明3株mAb识别VP2不同的抗原表位。在病毒中和试验中,1D11和2G8腹水对IBDV的中和效价分别为104和103,而2E5无中和活性。用亲和层析方法纯化1D11和2E5,分别作为包被抗体和标记抗体,建立了IBDV夹心ELISA检测方法,优化了试验条件,测定了其主要性能指标,对IBDV的最低检出量为102 TCID50/mL。用夹心ELISA、AGP和RT-PCR 3种方法同步检测8种试验样品,夹心ELISA与RT-PCR的检测结果一致,显著高于AGP方法。组装成的试剂盒,置于37℃保存7d、4℃保存6个月和-20℃保存24个月,其检测结果没有显著差异（P〉0.05）。     

Studies on a vaccine against infectious bursal disease

An infectious bursal disease vaccine, registered for use in breeder flocks, was studied for efficacy on the day-old offspring of vaccinated hens and for virulence in susceptible day-old and 6-week-old chickens. When given to susceptible day-old chicks and 6-week-old cockerels, the vaccine was found to induce atrophy and pathology of the bursa of Fabricius similar to that observed in field infections. Chicks vaccinated at day-old had markedly lowered titres in the haemagglutination inhibition test to Newcastle disease virus, when this was given 2 weeks later, but the response of the 6-week-old cockerel was similar to that of control birds. Maternal antibody induced by the vaccine protected chicks against infection at day-old.     

安徽省鸡传染性法氏囊病流行病学初步调查

应用RT-PCR诊断方法,对2003年9月~2005年3月间来自安徽省不同地方的52个鸡群,共154羽病/死鸡的法氏囊样品进行了检测。结果表明,传染性法氏囊病(IBD)在安徽各地普遍流行,所有检测病例的平均阳性率为40.91%。不同的日龄段平均阳性率差异极显著(P<0.01),其中30日龄以下阳性率最高(35/75),60日龄以上阳性率最低(0/16)。不同品种的鸡均可检测出IBDV,品种间阳性率差异显著(P<0.05),其中江淮麻鸡阳性率最高(25/45),土鸡阳性率最低(3/15)。不同地区的病例均检测出IBDV,但阳性率差异不显著(P>0.05),其中合肥地区阳性率最高(23/47),宣城地区阳性率最低(5/18)。     

Efficacy of live vaccines against serologic subtypes of infectious bursal disease virus

Experiments determined the efficacy of live vaccines in specific-pathogen-free broilers against serologic subtypes of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Challenge isolates were the Delmarva variant E, a standard serotype I (APHIS) and a variant isolate from Mississippi. The vaccines were a cloned standard (CS) vaccine (Clone Vac-D78), a cloned variant (CV) vaccine (Bursa Vac IV), and an uncloned standard (UCS) vaccine (Bursine II). The severity of microscopic lesions was correlated with bursal atrophy as measured by bursa-weight-to-body-weight ratios. All vaccines provided adequate protection against the APHIS challenge. The three vaccines averaged 77% protection against APHIS in the first experiment and 78% in the second. Protection against the variant E and Miss isolates was considerably less for all vaccines. The three vaccines produced an average 70% protection against the Miss isolate in the first experiment and 69% in the second experiment. Against the variant E virus, the three vaccines averaged 67% protection in the first experiment and 65% in the second. There were significant differences in protection for each vaccine against individual IBDV subtypes. Results showed that no vaccine provided good protection (at least 80%) against all three subtypes of IBDV.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒的快速检测

随着 IBDV变异株的出现 ,发病鸡常不产生法氏囊的肉眼病变 ,由于传染性和非传染性因素亦可引起淋巴细胞减少和法氏囊坏死 ,所以 ,采取组织病理学方法诊断 IBDV感染并不完全可靠。由于主动性抗体应答需要一定的时间及大多数雏鸡都带有母源抗体 ,因此血清学早期诊断也不完全可靠。该试验采用本所研究的 IBD快速试纸与经典的琼扩试验 ,在对 IBDV的检测效果上进行了详细的比较 ,介绍如下。1　材料与方法1 .1　 IBD快速检测试纸　由河南省农业科学院生物技术研究所制备提供。1 .2　试验鸡　 1日龄试验鸡 30 0只由河南农业大学试验鸡场提…     

A comparison of three different regimens of infectious bursal disease vaccination in chickens

Five days old progeny chicks from breeders which have received primary and booster doses of live infectious bursal disease vaccine, demonstrated precipitating antibodies unlike progenies from single dose vaccinated breeders. All chicks from the two different groups of breeders were however seronegative at 22 days of age, despite vaccination at 7 or 14 days of age. Post vaccination seroconversion was first noticeable at 32 days in the group of chicks vaccinated at 7 days. Post challenge mortalities was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) and organ lesions very significantly minimized (P less than 0.01) in 7 day old vaccinated group than in 14 or 28 days old vaccinated chicks. These results showed that early (7 days) IBD Vaccination was superior to vaccination at 14 or 28 days, in terms of antibody response and protectivity against mortalities and bursal lesions.