火烧迹地更新区划遥感调查研究

火烧迹地更新区划遥感调查研究张亚伟，王清学，于瑞安（大兴安岭规划院）（新林林业局）（大兴安岭林科所）李舸，杨菲（哈铁分局林管所）（大兴安岭地区营林局）查清不同火烧迹地更新方式，不但可以揭示兴安落叶松在火行为后不同更新方式的发生发展规律，而且也是制定大...     

关于推广营林用火技术的调查报告

营林用火,即森林经营中有目的、有计划的用火,它包括旨在预防森林火灾的各类地段用火。为减少可燃物的累积,降低森林火险的计划火烧当然也包括在营林用火的内容之中。从广义的角度看,营林用火属资源管理中的科学用火。但在野外无人为控制的高、中、低强度的火烧不属营林用火。这一技术不仅是森林防火工作中的一项根本性措施,而且将给营林、农牧业、多种经营等行业带来变革     

计划火烧工程管理技术的研究

以火防火可以收到事半功倍的效果.一些森林资源比较丰富的国家,从60年代起已经广泛开展了林内外计划火烧,进入80年代,计划用火迅速发展,美国年计划火烧面积达到1400万ha,澳大利亚年计划火烧面积150万ha以上,加拿大、独联体国家也积极进行计划火烧,并收到了良好的防火效果。     

大兴安岭特大火灾后火烧迹地恢复的研究进展

1987年大兴安岭特大森林火灾烧毁了大面积珍贵的寒温带针叶林,形成了许多不同火烧强度、不同火面积的火烧迹地。从火烧对地表植被和土壤的影响、火烧迹地自然恢复状况、火后不同管理措施对火烧迹地恢复的影响三个方面,阐述了大火对生态系统的影响,对比分析了自然演替和人工管理措施下火烧迹地恢复的差异,并指出火烧迹地恢复的影响因子、火烧迹地恢复模式和技术将是今后火生态学研究的重点方向。     

大兴安岭不同植被火后NDVI恢复过程

【目的】利用卫星遥感技术研究火后植被恢复过程及影响因子,分析不同火烧强度、不同植被类型的火后归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化特征,研究大兴安岭东南部火后不同植被恢复过程,为在长时间尺度上进行北方林火后植被恢复过程研究与监测提供参考。【方法】基于火烧前后一系列的MODIS数据,利用NDVI和地面调查数据,以2006年大兴安岭松岭特大森林火灾为例,研究不同植被类型在不同强度火烧后的植被恢复过程。根据火烧前后NDVI变化提取过火区;结合地面调查,利用监督分类方法划分火烧强度等级;根据火烧强度分级图和土地覆盖类型图,建立属性数据库,生成火烧强度等级-植被类型图。以2003—2005年同期NDVI最大值为对照,在时间序列上分析植被类型和火烧强度对火后NDVI恢复的影响。根据邻近未过火区的NDVI变化,分析气象因子对NDVI的影响。【结果】轻度、中度和重度火烧区所占比例分别为29%,40%和31%。主要植被类型常绿针叶林、针阔混交林和灌丛的重度火烧部分分别占50%,52%和60%。重度火烧区域所占比例随着坡度增大而升高。在火后NDVI的变化过程中,各森林类型变化趋势相近,灌丛、草地和沼泽的变化趋势相近。【结论】火后NDVI总体呈上升趋势,并呈现明显的年际波动。除草地外其余植被类型在重度火烧后的NDVI值均明显低于中、轻度火烧,但中、轻度火烧的不同植被类型之间差异不明显。森林重度火烧区NDVI在火后第2年达到最低,轻度火烧区火后6年NDVI基本恢复到火前水平。针阔混交林火后盖度的恢复速度较其他森林类型快。火烧强度对森林群落垂直结构的影响显著,森林火烧后灌木层盖度高于未火烧区,且火烧强度越高,这种现象越显著。双因素方差分析显示植被类型和火烧强度对火烧迹地NDVI恢复特征的影响显著,且火烧强度对火后植被恢复的影响更关键,但二者交互影响不显著。未过火区NDVI平均值为0.801 2,波动范围为-3.3%~3.4%,过火区d NDVI的变化约25%是由气象因子引起的,其他主要源于植被变化。d NDVI指标可以很好地反映火烧前后植被指数变化,有较好的时序性和空间可获取性,对火烧迹地恢复过程有指示作用。     

论云南松森林计划火烧三原则

云南松林区连续4年的林火生态定位研究和计划火烧试验证明,以林火生态学理论为指导,根据云南松林区的实际情况,采用相应的技术措施在适当时期进行计划火烧,能够安全稳定、经济有效地烧除林地有害可燃物,实现以火防火之目的。这些研究和实践总结起来,即是保证云南松森林计划火烧安全进行的“计划火烧三原则”:1.森林各层可燃物含水率差值适宜。火烧时,各层可燃物含水率应为:地表枯枝落叶7—20％,草本30—60％,灌木和乔木应不小于75—110％。2.选择稳定的天气条件。在可燃物含水率层间差异显著的前题下,火烧期间风速要<6m/sec,空气温度30—50％,气温-5—10℃。3.选择正确的点火控火技术。对于不同立地条件下的林分应采取诸如上山火烧、下山火烧等不同的火烧技术。     

PL高分辨率遥感影像在森林火灾评估上的应用

【目的】研究仅依靠一种高分辨率遥感影像（PL）用于森林火灾影像信息提取、数据分析的可行性,为火烧程度评估提供可靠的林火遥感数据源和提取方法。【方法】以2017年毕拉河“5·2”特大森林火灾的火烧迹地为研究区域,使用火前、火后当年、火后更新1年共3期PL影像作为数据源,利用ROI _S提取过火区,分析火干扰前后NDVI的变化特征。结合地面调查数据,采用差值归一化植被指数（dNDVI）划分火烧等级,阈值验证参照罗德昆火灾受害等级划分标准进行精度验证。对火烧迹地植被受害状况进行评估,以获取火烧程度的空间分布格局。【结果】1)火干扰导致NDVI值急剧降低,火后更新1年NDVI略有升高,表明植被恢复能力有限。PL遥感影像的3 m高空间分辨率使其RGB图像高度饱和,地类清晰。2)做土地覆盖类型划分,训练样本分离性在1.91以上,共划分为森林、草本沼泽、道路、河流4类。分类整体精度为98.05%,Kappa＿Coefficient为0.95。3)受害程度等级划分为未火烧、轻度火烧、中度火烧、重度火烧4级,分类整体精度为91.55%,Kappa＿Coefficient为0.91。此...     

浅谈在森林防、灭火中对"逆风区"的利用

无论是在营林用火、计划火烧还是在森林灭火作战中 ,经常会出现一些“逆风区”。所谓“逆风区” ,是指在大火上方 ,空气因受热而上升 ,周围冷空气向内补充形成对流 ,因而在大火周围或火头前方出现的逆风区域。在营林用火、计划火烧和森林灭火实战中 ,如能利用好“逆风区”这一条件 ,就能形成用火或以火攻火的有利时机 ,大大提高用火或灭火的效率 ,起到事半功倍的目的。下面 ,就如何利用“逆风区”这一有利时机谈一下自己的粗浅看法。1　“逆风区”在营林用火和森林防火中的利用森林中每年都会产生大量的凋落物和枯损物 ,这些可燃物保留着大…     

湿地火的产生及火烧对野生动物的影响

阐述了湿地火的产生及火的类型,详细分析了火烧对野生动物的影响:火烧对湿地野生动物产生的直接影响主要为烧伤和致死,火烧破坏了动物的食物源及栖息环境,致使野生动物在种间竞争、寄生、捕食以及适应性方面都发生相应的改变。     

RXWINDOW—规定火烧火行为的计划程序

规定火烧可定义为:在选择的天气条件下,以合理的方式用火烧除指定地块森林和草原的可燃物,达到预期的管理目标(韦德和兰斯福德1989)。规定火烧可达到树木更新、增加野生动物栖息地和保护资源免遭火烧等多种资源管理目标(布朗1985)。我们这里阐述的RXWINDOW程序是要帮助林火管理人员改进所需火行为的指示表。许多林火管理人员一直使用着BEHAVE(火行为)的FIRE1(火1)程序确定规定火烧,这个事实表明,需要象RXWINDOW之类的程序(安德鲁斯和布拉德肖1987;多伦、理查     

计划烧除的作用与应用研究综述

计划烧除是管理森林可燃物、预防森林火灾发生的有效方法,同时也是防治病虫害、促进山林复壮更新的重要措施。文章回顾了计划烧除在国内外的发展历史,阐述了计划烧除的应用及研究,总结出实施计划烧除的主要技术及操作程序,论述了国内目前计划烧除应用研究中存在的问题及发展前景。     

计划烧除对思茅松林下可燃物碳贮量的影响

以云南景谷县思茅松林为典型案例,从追求最大固碳效率为出发点,研究和评价计划烧除林和常规林2种森林管理模式林下各类可燃物含水率、载量、碳贮量和腐殖层厚度等。试验结果表明:经计划烧除后林下枯落物载量和细小可燃物载量跟常规林没有明显区别,且可燃物载量变化幅度相对稳定,但腐殖质层的高载量致使林下可燃物载量比常规林高2.92t.hm-2,平均碳贮量比常规林高1.943 t.hm-2,且腐殖层厚度比常规林厚0.526 cm,说明计划烧除可增加森林的固碳量,达到森林增汇效益。     

Potential CO2 emissions mitigation through forest prescribed burning: A case study in Patagonia, Argentina

Wildland fire is a natural force that has shaped most vegetation types of the world. However, its inappropriate management during the last century has led to more frequent and catastrophic fires. Wildland fires are also recognized as one of the sources of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases (GHG) that influence global climate change. As one of the techniques used to reduce the risk of destructive wildfires, prescribed burning has the potential of mitigating carbon emissions, and effectively contributes to the efforts proposed as part of the Clean Development Mechanism within the Kyoto protocol. In order to apply this concept to a real case, a simulation study was conducted in pine afforestation in the Andean region of Patagonia, Argentina, with the objective of evaluating the potential of prescribed burning for reducing GHG emissions. The scenario was established for a ten year period, in which simulated prescribed burning was compared to the traditional management scheme, which included the probability of annual average of wildfire occurrence based on available wildfire statistics. The two contrasting scenarios were: (1) managed afforestation, affected by the annual average rate of wildfires occurred in the same type of afforestation in the region, without prescribed burning, and (2) same as (1) but with the application of simulated prescribed burning. In order to estimate carbon stocks, and CO₂ removals and emissions, we followed the guidelines given for GHG inventories on the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) sector of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), while the terminology used was the established by IPCC (2003). Data of afforested area, thinnings, and biomass growth were taken from previous surveys in the study area. Downed dead wood and litter (forest fuel load, FFL) was estimated adjusting equations fitted to those fuels, based on field data. Results show that comparing the two scenarios, prescribed burning reduced CO₂ emissions by 44% compared to the situation without prescribed burning. The prescribed burning scenario represented about 12% of the total emissions (prescribed burning plus wildfires). Furthermore, avoided wildfires by simulated prescribed burning allowed an additional 78% GHG emissions mitigation due to extra biomass growth. Simulated prescribed burning in commercial afforestation of Patagonia appears to be an effective management practice not only to prevent wildfires, but also an efficient tool to mitigate GHG emissions. However, more studies in different scenarios would be needed to generalize these benefits to other ecosystems.     

计划烧除对西双版纳保护区思茅松林的影响

对西双版纳自然保护区内思茅松林进行计划烧除的影响情况监测。分析认为,计划烧除对思茅松林的乔木层树种不会产生明显影响,影响较大的是灌木层和草本层植物。在计划烧除过程中,灌木层和草本层植物大部分被烧死,但草本植物在烧除后3个月内已大部分重新萌发,1a后基本达到了烧除前的水平,6个月后灌木树种已基本从死亡植株的基部重新萌发出新的植株。计划烧除对思茅松林不会造成长期的影响,同时由于烧除后郁闭度减小,有利于林下植物的生长和外部植物的进入,可适当增加物种多样性,但丛生的植株对植物的生长有一定的影响。     

Perceptions of Private Forest Owners in West Virginia on the Use of Prescribed Fire in Forestry

Prescribed fire is the controlled application of fire to accomplish planned land management objectives. Public acceptance of prescribed fire varies in different parts of the world, and is little known in the state of West Virginia, USA. West Virginia is about 80% forested, and most of the forest land is in private ownership. Further, the region is home to oak (Quercus spp.), a possibly fire-dependent and highly valuable genus. Due to real and perceived risks associated with prescribed fires, it was hypothesized that forest owners are unwilling to accept the use of prescribed fire as a forest management option, even for the regeneration of oak. Non-industrial private forest owners in West Virginia were surveyed to shed light on their attitudes and opinions regarding the use of prescribed fire as a forest management tool. Contrary to the hypothesis, 64% of the responding owners were supportive of the use of prescribed fire. Acceptance was related to knowledge of prescribed fires or of firefighters. Major concerns included personal and property safety and being informed prior to burning. Therefore, while acceptance of prescribed fires among forest owners is high, timely notification can ensure further and, likely, increased, cooperation from the landowners.     

Willingness-to-pay for prescribed fire in the Colorado (USA) wildland urban interface

During the summer of 2001, survey data were collected from Colorado residents living near public lands (i.e., the wildland urban interface). Data were collected by telephone after mailing respondents a survey. These data include detailed information of respondents' views towards wildfire management and willingness-to-pay (WTP) values for prescribed burning. Results indicate that Colorado residents living near public lands are aware that fire is a natural process in their area and are in favor of using prescribed burning for fire risk reduction. They also are willing-to-pay an annual tax for prescribed fire undertaken on the public lands near their homes. Respondents' support for adopting a fire risk mitigation policy based on prescribed fire depended on perceived fire frequency intervals. The substantial WTP values for prescribed burning indicate that the public living in the wildland urban interface could potentially pay an annual tax, so the burden of wildfire management need no longer predominantly lie in the hands of the general taxpayers.     

坡位在思茅松林计划烧除中对土壤有机碳储量的影响探析

比较思茅松常规林和计划烧除林上坡、中坡和下坡3个坡位腐殖质层厚度、载量和有机碳储量,以及0～60cm层次土壤有机碳含量和储量,分析坡位在思茅松林计划烧除中对土壤有机碳储量的影响。实验数据表明:思茅松林3个坡位计划烧除后腐殖质层厚度、载量、有机碳储量均增加显著(P<0.05),分别增加了0.55cm,2.298t/hm2,1.466t/hm2;0～60cm层次各个相同坡位土壤平均有机碳含量和储量增加均极显著(P<0.01),增幅均为下坡>中坡>上坡,增加值分别为0.581,0.505,0.482;44.218,41.696,32.492t/hm2。这些实验数据说明计划烧除可增加森林土壤有机碳储量,选择下坡和中坡进行计划烧除可获得更好的固碳效率。     

STUDY ON THE NETWORK OF FOREST BURNING LINKS

Based on the research of the Forest Burning Links published in the Journal ofNortheast Forestry University in 1987,this paper continues to study the theory of forest burningFire behavior has been divided into two important series in this paper.One is fire occurrence andspread, and the other is burning intensity.The first series has been divided into three grades as A:toburn difficulty and spread slowly;B:to burn possibly and spread little fast;and C:to burn easilyand spread fast.The second series has been divided into four grades as I:light burning;Ⅱ:me-dium burning;Ⅲ:intense burning;and Ⅳ:severe burning.The firsts series can be put as ordinate,and the second series can be put as abscissa.Then the network of 12 forest burning links can beformed.In the network,the relatioship,the law of distribution and the variation of different forestburning links can be shown clearly.The studies of the distrubution of fuel types,topography,siteand fire kinds in the network can provide the basic theory for fire mana     

西双版纳自然保护区开展计划烧除利弊分析

西双版纳自然保护区是一个大型的综合性保护区,从20世纪90年代开始,保护区开展了计划烧除工作。开展计划烧除能有效改善野生动物栖息地质量,增加动物食源,缓解日益突出的人与野生动物的矛盾冲突,增加群落生物多样性,有效防止发生重特大森林火灾。计划烧除对中、大型野生动物不会造成较大的影响,但对土壤内的节肢动物影响较大,林下基径3cm以下的幼树大部分被烧死,频度较高的计划烧除对群落更新有一定的影响,产生的烟雾及灰尘对附近的空气也造成一定的环境污染。     

东北、内蒙古林区物候点烧技术应用的情况分析

物候点烧技术是我国当前开设防火隔离带、国境防火带,降低林内可燃物载量、预防重大森林火灾最有效的技术之一,得到相关部门高度重视。但近年由于计划烧除时跑火造成森林火灾,使人们对物候点烧技术产生争议。本文是在对东北、内蒙古林区开展物候点烧技术相关事宜进行调查的基础上,总结四省（区）开展物候点烧取得的显著成效,阐述点烧的可行性、必要性,分析跑火的主要原因、存在的问题、解决的办法,并对今后如何加强物候点烧技术的安全性、科学性提出了建设性意见。