河北省耕地利用效率空间差异及影响因素

运用数据包络分析法,对2001—2012年河北省全省及其所属11个地市耕地利用效率进行测算和分析,将11个地市的耕地利用效率划分为3个层次:高效区、较高效区和低效区,在此基础上,运用FGLS方法研究影响3个层次耕地利用效率的主要因素。结果表明:(1)近几年河北省耕地利用效率发展较快,2010年以前耕地技术效率较低主要是由规模效率低造成的;(2)河北省各地市的耕地利用效率存在着一定的差距:石家庄市、承德市、张家口市和唐山市4市的耕地利用效率常年保持在良好状态;秦皇岛市、廊坊市和保定市3市耕地利用效率较好;而沧州市、衡水市、邢台市和邯郸市4市耕地利用效率相对较低;(3)高效区耕地利用效率的主要影响因素为:单位播种面积化肥使用量、人均播种面积、耕地复种指数、农业劳动力比率、农民人均纯收入;较高效区耕地利用效率的主要影响因素为:单位播种面积化肥使用量、人均播种面积、耕地复种指数、受灾率、农民人均纯收入;低效区耕地利用效率主要影响因素为:有效灌溉率、人均播种面积、耕地复种指数、受灾率、农民人均纯收入、二三产业比重。各地市在充分考虑各自耕地利用效率影响因素的基础上,从自身实际情况出发,有针对性地制定区域差别化的农业发展政策,有方向地引导耕地效率的提高。     

鄱阳湖生态经济区畜禽养殖土壤环境承载力及污染风险研究

[目的]测算和评价鄱阳湖生态经济区畜禽养殖过程中的土壤环境承载力及其污染风险,为合理规划鄱阳湖生态经济区畜禽养殖空间布局、实现可持续养殖提供参考。[方法]利用2000—2012年鄱阳湖生态经济区24个县(市)的统计数据进行土壤环境承载力及畜禽污染物排放量的测算和评估。[结果]2000—2012年鄱阳湖生态经济区畜禽粪便耕地负荷警报值在0.7左右,总氮耕地负载警报值为0.5~0.6,总磷耕地负载警报值超过了1,畜禽养殖对环境造成了污染威胁。畜禽养殖污染风险较高的地区为高安市、东乡县、余江县、德安县以及南昌县。[结论]污染风险较高的地区应强制实行畜禽养殖总量控制和污染物消减措施,而湖口县、都昌县和彭泽县畜禽污染风险较低,可以适当扩大养殖规模。     

鄱阳湖生态经济区农作物生产碳效率的时空变化

提高农作物生产的碳效率是实现低碳农业的重要途径之一,对我国应对气候变化、实现减排目标有着重要的意义。本研究基于鄱阳湖生态经济区主要农作物生产过程中的碳投入量和产出量,对鄱阳湖生态经济区县域农业碳效率进行了估算,分析了研究区农作物生产碳效率的时空变化。结果表明:(1)鄱阳湖生态经济区农作物碳的生产效率从2000年的9.27 kg·kg-1(CE)增长到2010年的10.16 kg·kg-1(CE),经济效率由2000年的10.73 Yuan·kg-1(CE)下降到2010年的9.25 Yuan·kg-1(CE),生态效率从2000年的1.76 kg(C)·kg-1(CE)上升至2010年的1.94 kg(C)·kg-1(CE);(2)鄱阳湖生态经济区农作物碳效率的空间分布呈现较为明显的集聚特征,主要年份高效率区大都集中于该区的东南部地区,低效率区主要集中在九江地区各县(市);(3)在碳投入一定的情况下,农作物碳的生产效率受农业发展水平和农作物经济产量的影响,经济效率受粮食产量和价格的影响,生态效率则主要受农业碳产出的影响。(4)鄱阳湖生态经济区大部分县(市)为碳汇区,且高碳汇区逐年增多。     

基于PSR模型的耕地生态安全评价——以长江中下游粮食主产区为例

为探索长江中下游粮食主产区耕地生态安全现状及耕地生态安全影响因素的内在作用机理,基于PSR模型进行耕地生态安全测度,选取了单位面积COD负荷、单位面积SO2负荷、耕地压力指数等36个变量,通过评价值转化、综合评价值计量、协调度测算等方法而剖析研究区域的耕地生态安全问题。结果表明:鄱阳湖平原—赣抚平原—吉泰盆地—赣西粮食高产片位为流域耕地生态安全之首。鄱阳湖平原—赣抚平原—吉泰盆地—赣西粮食高产片的耕地生态安全压力亦在其他区域之上,而除江淮平原(江苏地区以外)各个流域的耕地生态安全响应系统皆相对薄弱,且未来耕地生态安全堪忧。流域内多地呈现出综合评价得分与协调度评价值呈负相关的态势,表明地区隐藏的生态危机广泛存在。由此得出:(1)经济发展方式对耕地生态安全存在关联性影响;(2)地形地貌以及水热条件对耕地生态安全具有内在影响;(3)因地制宜的污染治理是耕地生态缓解与治理的必要环节。     

GIS支持下的鄱阳湖生态经济区耕地资源可持续利用评价

以地理信息系统(GIS)叠加分析和多因素综合加权法为技术方法,从资源、环境、经济和社会等四个方面选择11个评价指标,在适宜性评价的基础上,应用实地调查和统计数据对鄱阳湖生态经济区耕地资源利用进行可持续评价。结果表明:鄱阳湖地区耕地资源的可持续利用水平较高,其中高度可持续和中度可持续利用的面积比例达到69.05%,不可持续的只有5.23%,说明鄱阳湖地区农业生产能力较强、农业生态环境较优、农业经济水平较高。研究结果可为区域耕地资源利用与保护、农业结构调整提供科学依据。     

鄱阳湖生态经济区县域城镇化水平综合测度及其差异

城镇化是一个国家现代化的重要标志,现以鄱阳湖生态经济区为例,从人口、经济、空间、社会4个方面构建城镇化水平综合测度指标体系,应用GIS空间自相关和障碍因素诊断模型,基于31个县域单元开展鄱阳湖生态经济区城镇化水平的综合测度研究.结果表明:1)2000—2010年,鄱阳湖生态经济区城镇化水平得到显著提高,平均值由0.274 6增加到0.514 5,县域之间绝对差异扩大,相对差异减少;2)2000—2010年城镇化由中等、低水平发展为中等、高水平,低城镇化地区由以鄱阳湖湖体为中心的"十字"分布缩小到"T型"分布;3)2000—2010年全局G系数由0.030 55上升为0.031 75,城镇化冷点集聚显著且呈现减弱趋势,热点增加迅速;4)人口和社会城镇化指数是主要的障碍指数,城镇人口比重、人均GDP、在岗职工平均工资、单位面积非农产业产值、城镇用地占总面积比重、人均社会消费品零售总额、人均邮电业务量是阻碍城镇化发展的主要因素。研究结果可为鄱阳湖生态经济区新型城镇化建设提供参考。     

基于四阶段DEA的安徽省耕地利用效率分析

[目的]运用更为准确有效的手段评价安徽省耕地利用效率,为安徽省耕地的集约高效利用提供参考依据。[方法]利用四阶段DEA方法测算2016年安徽省16市的耕地效率值。[结果](1)安徽省16个市综合效率均值为0.743,表明安徽省耕地利用效率整体水平不高,纯技术效率和规模效率均有待提升。合肥市、亳州市、宿州市、六安市4市耕地的投入与产出比已达最优,蚌埠市等6市仅技术有效,其他6市不存在技术或规模有效;除阜阳市和最优4市外,其余11市耕地规模化经营尚具有一定潜力。(2)提高耕地复种指数和提高农民人均可支配收入均能够缓解各类投入资源的过剩程度,改善农田水利条件有利于提高耕地面积的利用率,增加劳均播种面积也会缓解劳动力的过度供给。[结论]适当提高复种指数,改善农田水利条件、促进农民非农就业,以区域发展带动农业发展是实现安徽省耕地高效集约利用的可行途径。     

基于DEA的江西省耕地利用效率及影响因素分析

为了了解江西省耕地利用状况,采用数据包络分析(DEA)、Tobit回归模型分析以及聚类分析方法,对江西省1996—2008年耕地利用效率及其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:l3a来江西省耕地利用效率平均值为0.967,耕地利用总体水平较高;萍乡、赣州、吉安、宜春、抚州5市耕地利用效率较好,新余、鹰潭次之,南昌、景德镇、九江、上饶4市相对较差;人均GDP、耕地复种指数、有效灌溉面积和单位面积机械总动力对耕地利用效率的影响有所差异,单位面积机械总动力耕地复种指数有效灌溉面积人均GDP。研究结果可为提高江西省耕地利用效率提供科学依据。     

“双碳”目标下黄河下游耕地绿色利用效率、收敛性与影响因素

[目的] 分析黄河下游耕地绿色利用效率及其收敛性与影响因素,为黄河下游地区耕地生态保护与高质量发展提供参考。 [方法] 将耕地资源利用过程中产生的耕地面源污染和碳排放等非期望产出和总碳汇同时纳入评价指标体系,利用EBM模型、收敛模型、面板Tobit模型系统分析了2007—2020年黄河下游34个地市耕地绿色利用效率、收敛性与影响因素。[结果] ①黄河下游耕地绿色利用效率整体呈上升趋势,但2020年末仍未达到最优状态。黄河下游地区耕地绿色利用效率存在空间非均衡性,豫南及鲁北耕地绿色利用效率值较高,而郑州、威海等地市的效率值一直偏低。 ②从效率分解看,黄河下游地区耕地绿色利用效率提升的主要动力源于规模效率,阻力来自纯技术效率。 ③从收敛检验看,黄河下游耕地绿色利用效率均存在σ收敛和β收敛,河南省耕地绿色利用效率的地市间差距明显低于山东省,但山东省的收敛速度较之更快。 ④从影响因素看,农作物种植结构与政府财政支农对黄河下游地区耕地绿色利用效率起促进作用,而城乡收入差距、经济发展水平和耕地机械投入强度起抑制作用。[结论] 未来黄河下游不但要提高耕地绿色利用的综合管理水平,加强地市间交流合作,更要在推进耕地绿色利用发展的同时,重点关注各地区耕地绿色利用效率的收敛速度与发展差距之间的协调。     

中国省际耕地利用效率时空格局分异与机制分析

科学剖析省际耕地资源利用效率时空格局分异及机制,对推进省际耕地资源集约利用具有重要的理论及实践意义。该文以中国省域(除港、澳、台)作为研究案例区,从投入和产出2个维度构建指标体系,运用改进DEA(data envelopment analysis)模型测度1994—2012年中国省域单元耕地利用效率值;综合利用ESDA(exploratory spatial data analysis)关联模型、R/S(rescaled range analysis)分形模型等方法分析省际耕地利用效率时空格局分异特征,并通过Tobit回归模型揭示效率时空分异的驱动机制。结果表明:1994—2012年中国省际耕地利用效率DEA最优比例相对较小,空间表征出东部高、中西部低的分布格局;东部沿海、北部沿海、东北地区综合效率较高,呈上升发展趋势,技术效率与综合效率变化较相似,而规模效率呈现先上升后下降态势;全局上省际耕地利用效率呈现空间正自相关,以空间集聚为主要分布模式;局部上可划分4种类型:H-H(high-high)效率区、H-L(high-low)效率区、L-H(low-high)效率区、L-L(low-low)效率区,其中H-H效率区主要分布在长三角、京津地区,并逐渐向珠三角演化,而L-L效率区主要集聚在中国西北地区;未来省际耕地利用效率将表现出继续增长的分形特征,且增长高值区集聚在中国东部、北部沿海;经济发展水平、农业科技进步是影响效率空间分异的重要因素,自然环境条件是效率发展差异的基础因素,而农户自身特征也会对效率时空分异产生一定冲击;最后,从推动技术进步、调整产业结构、耕地整理流转、补偿激励机制等方面提出省际耕地集约利用政策建议。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.