广西城市土地集约利用时空差异分析

城市土地集约利用是城市可持续发展的前提。首先,采用指标频率统计法和德尔菲法从土地投入强度、利用强度、利用效益及利用可持续性四个方面构建了城市土地集约利用评价指标体系;其次,采用主成分分析法对广西（2005—2014年）及其14个地级市（2014年）城市土地集约利用水平进行综合评价。结果表明:2005—2014年,广西城市土地集约利用水平呈现逐年递增趋势;2014年,广西14个市土地集约利用水平空间差异较大,表现为:桂北、桂南、桂中地区较高,桂东次之,桂西较低的特点,土地集约利用的空间差异与各市的区位条件、发展基础和经济发展水平有一定关系。     

基于多源数据的广东省土地集约利用综合评价

以广东省为例,利用遥感影像解译的土地覆盖数据和社会经济指标数据,基于多因素综合评价法,从社会、经济和生态3个方面构建了广东省土地集约利用综合评价指标体系,采用层次分析法(AHP)和特尔菲法确定指标权重,综合评价得出广东省21个地级市土地集约利用水平,通过聚类分析进行集约利用潜力级别划分。基于系统协调度模型分析,发现城市土地集约利用水平越高,社会、经济和生态3大子系统协调性越差。结果表明,广东省土地集约利用水平在空间分布上呈现明显的区域分异特征,表现为珠江三角洲粤东粤西粤北,区位条件和经济发展状况对集约利用水平有重大影响。广东省在今后的城市建设中,要注重区域协调发展和社会、经济、生态整体效益的提高。     

低碳视角下的重庆市土地集约利用评价研究

低碳经济和土地集约利用相结合是目前土地集约利用研究中鲜有涉及的领域,从低碳视角对重庆市土地集约利用进行评价,运用AHP方法构建低碳土地集约利用评价指标体系,利用模糊综合评价方法建立针对重庆市低碳视角的土地集约利用评价模型,并针对评价结果进行障碍度分析,为重庆市编制低碳城市发展规划,合理利用城市土地提供参考。研究结果表明:（1）重庆市土地利用正在向集约化低碳化方向发展,2005—2011年土地投入强度和土地产出水平发挥着主要作用;（2）影响重庆市土地低碳集约利用的因子主要是土地低碳水平、土地可持续性和土地利用程度。评价结果反映了低碳视角下的重庆市土地集约利用现状,分析了重庆市土地低碳集约利用的影响因素,为今后土地的低碳集约利用提供决策支持。     

广州市建设用地集约利用评价研究

城市土地的集约利用直接关系到区域土地的可持续利用,如何衡量土地的集约利用程度是一个复杂而重要的过程。以广州市1990—2007年建设用地数据、各类社会经济数据为基础,构建适合广州市建设用地集约利用评价的指标体系,综合运用主成分分析和BP神经网络建立建设用地集约利用评价模型,计算其集约利用程度,并与前人通过模糊综合评价法得出的结论进行比较。结果表明:1990—2007年广州市整体集约利用水平呈上升趋势,1990—1994年、1996—1997年处于粗放利用,1995年、1998—2003年处于中度集约,2004—2007年处于高度集约。主成分分析和BP神经网络的评价方法与模糊综合评价法的结果平均误差为4.37%。     

基于PSR的天山北坡经济带土地集约利用水平的空间差异研究

[目的]对天山北坡经济带12个主要城市的土地集约利用水平进行评价。[方法]从土地利用的经济性、社会性及生态性3个内涵出发,构建基于过程的"压力—状态—响应"(PSR)评价指标体系,采用主成分分析法对评价指标进行赋权,按百分制分别测算土地集约利用水平和PSR系统协调度。[结果]天山北坡经济带城市土地集约利用水平差异的主要影响因素一方面在于各城市的经济发展水平,另一方面在于人口密度、土地利用结构、经济增长等对土地集约利用产生压力的因素。将PSR协调度与土地集约利用水平进行相关分析,其Pearson相关系数达到0.886,二者显著相关,说明在总体上PSR系统协调度越高,城市土地集约利用的水平也越高。[结论]为提高城市土地集约利用水平,在规划开发中一方面要结合城市土地集约利用的内涵,另一方面也要从各城市所处的发展阶段及发展目标出发,通过合理的产业转型,优化土地利用结构等方式,制定有效的引导措施来提高土地利用的综合效率。     

城市土地集约利用效益障碍因子研究——以咸宁市为例

提高城市土地集约利用效益是建设"两型社会"的必然要求。从社会发展、经济水平、生态响应、环境质量四个方面构建城市土地集约利用效益评价指标体系,采用熵权TOPSIS法和障碍度模型,对咸宁市城市土地集约利用效益及障碍因子进行分析。研究表明:(1)1999—2010年咸宁市城市土地集约利用效益在波动中呈稳步上升态势,年均增长速度为10.38%,研究后期增幅更快。城市土地集约利用效益经历了低级(1999—2001年)、中度(2002—2007年)和良好(2008—2010年)三个阶段,中度效益阶段占主导地位;(2)经济水平和生态响应对城市土地集约利用效益的影响较大。2010年以前,人均国内生产总值是最大障碍因子。2010年,单位面积废气排放量是最大障碍因子。     

基于夜间灯光遥感数据的城市土地集约利用评价模型

该文利用夜间灯光遥感数据和城市建城区统计数据进行城市土地集约利用研究,构建基于城市灯光强度的土地集约利用评价模型,并对城市夜间灯光和土地城市化的异速生长特征进行分析;考虑到城市灯光数据反映出的土地城市化可能存在滞后效应,提出一种顾及滞后效应的城市灯光-土地城市化水平土地集约利用评价模型,选择江苏省不同发展水平的典型城市,分别进行基于滞后项系数的灯光与存量用地和新增用地之间的制约关系分析。试验结果表明:夜间灯光遥感数据能较好反映城市土地利用水平,城市灯光相对于土地城市化存在滞后现象,相比于传统的异速生长模型,该文提出的顾及滞后效应的异速生长模型在城市土地集约利用的研究中拟合优度有较明显的提高,在江苏省5个典型城市的对比试验中平均提高4.0%,并且江苏省"1+3"新功能区格局在异速生长模型特征分析中也有明显的地区特征,验证了模型的适用性。该研究可为中国城市化过程中的土地集约利用评价方法提供参考。     

甘肃省城市土地集约利用空间差异的实证分析

目前的土地集约利用评价指标多集在土地利用的现存状态,较少考虑到人地关系对土地效益的影响。而"压力-状态-响应"(Pressure-State-Response,PSR)框架较好地揭示了土地利用中人地作用的链式关系。本文据此构建了相应的评价指标体系,包括1个目标层、3个准则层和12个指标层。同时综合应用主成分分析和GIS方法,对甘肃省城市土地集约利用水平进行评价研究。研究结果表明:甘肃省土地集约利用空间差异显著,由于区位优势和产业结构等因素的影响,陇中地区城市土地集约利用水平最高,河西较高,陇东南最低;PSR系统的协调指数与甘肃省城市土地集约利用水平呈正相关,充分说明了PSR各子系统及其内部各因子之间的协调性很大程度上反映了城市土地集约利用的均衡度,模型可信度较高。最后,在结论基础上提出政策和建议。     

城市土地集约利用综合效益演化研究——以湖北省咸宁市为例

开展城市土地利用效益评价有助于衡量城市土地集约利用水平,实现城市土地的高效协调利用。从社会效益、经济效益、生态效益和环境效益4个方面,构建了城市土地集约利用效益评价体系,采用熵值法确定了指标权重,对咸宁市1999—2008年的城市土地集约利用效益及协调度进行了综合评价。结果表明:（1）咸宁市城市土地集约利用社会效益、经济效益和生态效益明显增加,环境效益快速下降,综合效益稳步上升。（2）城市土地集约利用效益协调度除最初两年处于极不协调和不协调状态外,其他时间均处于基本协调或比较协调状态。鉴于此,提出了加大产业结构调整、提高城市土地集约利用程度和加强生态环境保护等相应的对策建议。     

基于均方差权值法的烟台市城市土地利用效益比较研究

[目的]探讨沿海城市土地利用的综合效益,为政府部门制定和完善沿海城市土地开发利用政策提供科学指导。[方法]以山东省烟台市为例,从经济效益、社会效益、生态效益3方面构建了城市土地利用效益综合评价指标体系,利用均方差权值法对其土地利用效益进行评价分析。[结果]2001—2010年烟台城市土地利用效益不断提高,集约性不断增强,正逐步实现从外延扩张向内涵挖潜的转变;但与其他13个沿海开放城市相比,目前烟台城市土地利用效益还处于较低水平,特别是城市用地的经济效益和社会效益与其他城市的差距尤其明显。[结论]均方差权值法是一种较为理想的城市土地利用效益多指标综合评价方法,烟台市土地利用今后应进一步提高其社会和经济效益。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.