CO2浓度升高、氮与土壤水分对春小麦生长及干物质积累的效应

大型人工气候室条件下进行了350μmol/mol和700μmol/mol 2种CO_2浓度,湿润及干旱2种水分处理和0mg/kg_土、50mg/kg_土、100mg/kg_土、150mg/kg_土和200mg/kg_土5种N肥施用量试验结果表明,高CO_2浓度下春小麦分蘖并未增加,低N时分蘖明显降低,因而高CO_2浓度下春小麦分蘖必须补充足够N素。CO_2浓度增高下播后55d施用N肥,春小麦叶宽、叶面积指数均增加,而不施N肥叶宽、叶面积指数未增加。充足N肥和水分有利于促进春小麦叶片生长,明显提高叶面积和分蘖。CO_2浓度增高,春小麦地上部干物质量增加与N肥施用量有关,中N和高N处理地上部干物质量明显增加,而不施N和低N时则增加不明显。干旱条件且高CO_2浓度下地上部干物质量增幅低于湿润条件,因而CO_2浓度升高对N素和水分胁迫无明显补偿作用。且CO_2浓度升高其根干物质量和根冠比未增加,相反湿润条件下不施N处理根干物质量略有降低,而根冠比明显降低。     

CO2浓度升高与增施钾肥对黄瓜生长的影响

采用土培和开顶箱法,研究了大气CO_2浓度升高与K肥共同作用对黄瓜生长的影响.结果表明,CO_2浓度升高和K肥浓度增大均能增加黄瓜干物质的积累,且在高CO_2浓度下.200mg/kg和300 mg/kg K肥处理时黄瓜的干物重达到最大值.大气CO_2浓度升高使得黄瓜体内的N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg含量均降低,K肥处理对黄瓜植株内N、P、Ca、Mg含量的影响不大,但K的含量随K肥的增加而增加.在高浓度CO_2下,200mg/kg和300mg/kg K肥处理时黄瓜对N、P、K、Ca、Mg的吸收量达到最大值.可见,在未来CO_2浓度升高的环境中,更多的K肥供应能促进作物对N、P、K、Ca、Mg的吸收,使其快速高效的生长.     

多效唑施用量对椒苗期生长的影响

以辣椒幼苗为试验材料,设置3个浓度梯度,验证不同浓度的多效唑浸根处理对植株生长的影响。结果表明:随多效唑浓度提高,辣椒幼苗株高和各部分干重降低,茎粗和根冠比先上升后下降,浓度为100 mg/kg时,壮苗指数最高;200 mg/kg浓度处理辣椒叶绿素a含量最高,表现出了很好的壮苗效果。因此,应选择200 mg/kg浓度多效唑处理辣幼苗。     

模拟CCS技术CO2泄露对C4作物种子萌发的影响

模拟CCS技术CO₂泄露对C₄作物种子萌发的影响,以期为CCS技术CO₂泄露后可能产生的环境影响提供基础性资料。利用CO₂人工气候箱,模拟CCS技术CO₂泄露产生的高浓度CO₂环境,研究在CO₂分别为正常大气CO₂浓度(对照组),10000,20000,40000,80000 mg/kg时,对玉米、高粱、谷子、糜子4种C₄作物发芽率、发芽势以及平均发芽天数的影响。高浓度CO₂对玉米发芽率无明显影响,而高粱、谷子和糜子分别在10000,20000, 20000 mg/kg时发芽率达到最高值;高浓度CO₂对玉米发芽势亦无明显影响,而高粱、谷子和糜子均在20000 mg/kg时发芽势达到最高值;高浓度CO₂对4种C₄作物发芽天数均产生较小影响,其中,对糜子影响较为显著。在不同CO₂浓度范围内对C₄作物种子发芽率分别有促进和抑制作用,促进和抑制作用不是很显著,其中,促进范围1%~5%,抑制范围1%~4%;高浓度CO₂对C₄作物种子发芽势有比较显著的促进作用,较对照组,发芽势的促进范围为9%~16%;高浓度CO₂对4种C₄作物发芽天数均产生较小影响。     

CO2浓度升高和氮素供应对黄瓜叶片光合色素的影响

本文通过N供应浓度[2(低N),7(中N)和14(高N)mmol/L]和CO_2浓度[400(C1),625(C2),1 200(C4)μmol/mol]处理的水培试验一,以及硝铵比[14/0(N1),13/1(N2),11/3(N3)和8/6(N4)]和CO_2浓度[400(C1),800(C3),1 200(C4)μmol/mol]处理的水培试验二,共同研究黄瓜叶片光合色素对CO_2升高、N供应浓度和形态的响应。研究结果表明:苗期时,低、中和高N下,C4处理使得植物干物质都明显增加;而初果期干物质提高程度下降,植株生长速率降低。中等CO_2浓度(C3)显著增加植物在各硝铵比处理的干物质量,但最高CO_2浓度(C4)有提高N3处理的干物质量的趋势。苗期时,在低N和中N供应时C4处理显著降低叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和胡萝卜素含量;但高N时,C3处理提高总色素含量,C4处理提高叶绿素b含量;初果期时CO_2浓度处理对色素含量无显著影响;N2硝铵比处理,中等CO_2浓度(C3)下叶片的3种色素含量最高。因此当苗期N素供应浓度较低时,CO_2浓度升高会显著降低叶片3种色素的含量,这主要可能与苗期植物生长速率显著提高产生的稀释作用有关。当N浓度为14 mmol/L时,CO_2浓度适当提高显著促进色素合成,其合成速率大于植物生长速率,导致色素含量提高,提高光合能力;初果期时,CO_2浓度升高的促进作用降低缓和了色素浓度的下降。适当提高NH4+-N供应比例也能达到提高色素含量的效果,但CO_2浓度不宜过高。故而植物光合色素含量可能受到CO_2浓度升高导致的植物干物质增加速率和光合色素合成速率改变的双重调节。中N和高N供应时,叶绿素a/b在苗期随着CO_2浓度的升高而降低,在初果期仅在高N时有显著降低。而在硝铵比试验中,植株种植稀疏时,C4处理提高叶绿素a/b。因此,CO_2浓度升高下的植物捕光能力的提高,可通过适当降低叶片光照强度和提高N供应浓度来实现。从实际生产角度出发,使用中等浓度CO_2施肥,提高N肥供应浓度和NH4+-N比例,结合植株的适当密植更有利于光合色素含量提高,优化其组成,从而有利于黄瓜生物量的提高。     

模拟CCS技术CO_2泄漏对C_3、C_4作物土壤化学性质的影响

为确定CCS技术中封存的CO2是否发生泄露及估算泄漏量,分别选取绿豆、荞麦(C3作物)和高粱、玉米(C4作物)作为研究材料,采用实验室CO2人工气候箱中盆栽实验的方法,模拟CCS技术中CO2泄露情况。通过测定土壤pH、无机离子(K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、HCO3-、SO42-)及肥力指标(TN、AHN、TP、AP、AK、OM、CEC),研究不同高浓度CO2对C3和C4作物土壤化学性质及肥力的影响。研究结果表明:(1)高浓度CO2对C3、C4作物土壤pH的影响不显著,pH变化值仅在(-0.03)~0.06之间;(2)同种类型作物土壤离子浓度变化的整体趋势基本相同:CO2浓度相对较低时,土壤离子含量降低;CO2浓度升高时,土壤离子含量增加。对相同离子而言,C3作物土壤中离子含量变化幅度比C4作物大;(3)高浓度CO2对C3、C4作物土壤AHN、AK、AP、CEC指标的影响情况相异,但对TN、TP、OM含量的影响情况相同。可通过监测作物土壤中离子及肥力指标的含量变化,判断CCS项目中CO2是否发生泄露及估算泄漏量,减轻CO2泄漏带来的危害。     

无人机遥感监测技术在CO2地质封存泄漏风险事故监测中的应用

[目的]通过无人机遥感监测技术对泄漏CO_2响应效果的研究,为CO_2的捕捉与封存(carbon capture and storage,CCS)泄漏风险事故的新型监测技术的应用提供理论基础。[方法]通过环境背景值监测、试验监测、理论模拟和数据对比分析的方法为无人机遥感监测技术对CCS泄漏风险事故的响应效果进行了研究。[结果]以泄放CO_2引起环境中CO_2浓度变化幅度超过某一断面环境背景最高值一个标准差作为响应浓度差,在试验条件下无人机在距离泄漏源10 m,高9 m的位置响应到浓度变化,响应浓度为502mg/kg,此处的环境背景值为448mg/kg。通过高斯模型进行计算发现该试验条件下泄放的CO_2扩散至此处的理论数值为40mg/kg。[结论]无人机遥感监测系统能够对泄漏的CO_2做出响应,能够应用到实际CCS泄漏事故中,且因为工业尺度下的泄漏量很大,无人机遥感监测平台能够对大空间场做出有效的监测响应。     

硒对镉胁迫下寒地水稻镉含量与分配的影响

【目的】研究施硒对不同镉污染土壤上镉在水稻各器官中的分配及稻米中镉含量的影响,探讨通过施硒降低水稻镉吸收量及在稻米中分配的可行性。【方法】采用盆栽试验,以垦鉴稻6号为材料,研究添加不同浓度镉(0、2、4和8 mg/kg土壤)的条件下,施硒(0、0.07和0.14 mg/kg土壤)对水稻不同器官镉含量和镉分配的影响。成熟期整盆收获,分别测定叶片、叶鞘、茎秆、根系和糙米、精米镉含量、硒含量和干物重,计算镉积累量和分配比例。【结果】1)当土壤镉浓度在0 4 mg/kg时,水稻各营养器官和糙米、精米中镉含量随土壤镉浓度增高而显著增加,但当土壤中镉浓度4 mg/kg时,糙米和精米中镉含量增加不显著。未施硒(Se0)时,Cd2(4 mg/kg)和Cd3(8mg/kg)处理糙米中镉含量分别为0.221 mg/kg和0.234 mg/kg,分别是Cd0处理的15.8和16.7倍,均超过我国国家食品安全标准中稻米镉的限量(0.2 mg/kg),精米镉含量未超过国家食品安全规定的限量,Cd3处理精米中镉含量最高,为0.174 mg/kg。2)相同镉浓度下,随着硒浓度的增加,水稻各营养器官和糙米、精米的镉含量和镉积累量均显著下降,糙米和精米的镉含量均低于我国国家食品安全规定的稻米镉限量,且Se2(0.14 mg/kg)处理优于Se1(0.07 mg/kg)处理。其中Cd1(2 mg/kg)浓度时,Se2处理的精米镉含量下降幅度最大,比Se0降低31.5%(P0.01)。3)镉在各器官中的分配比例为根系茎鞘稻谷叶片。随着硒浓度的增加,镉在根系中的分配比例增加,在地上部的分配比例减少,在稻壳中的分配比例增加,在精米中的分配比例下降。在Cd1浓度时,根系镉分配比例范围为60.9%67.8%,稻谷镉分配比例为12.6%13.8%;Se2处理稻壳中镉分配比例比Se0增加5.2个百分点,而精米中镉分配比例则下降了6.2个百分点。4)相同镉浓度下,随着硒浓度的增加,植株各营养器官干物重均增加,Se2处理对干物重的影响优于Se1处理。Cd1、Cd2和Cd3浓度下,Se2处理比Se0处理稻谷干物重分别增加了6.4%(P0.01)、5.2%(P0.05)和11.3%(P0.01)。【结论】施硒可降低镉污染土壤上水稻各营养器官和糙米、精米的镉含量,并能显著降低精米中镉的分配比例,保证稻米的食用安全性,尤其在Cd加入量为2mg/kg土浓度下,施硒效果最显著,以施Se量为0.07 mg/kg处理的效果最好。     

干旱区水氮调控对棉花根、冠生长特性及产量的影响

为了探明水分和氮素对棉花生长发育的影响,设置了3个灌溉水量和4个施氮量,研究了棉花生育时期地下(根)和地上部分(冠)的生长特性,揭示了水氮调控对棉花根、冠生长以及产量的影响效应。试验结果表明:不同生育时期,灌溉水量为3 900 m3·hm-2、施氮量为300 kg·hm-2时能提高棉花叶片光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶绿素SPAD值和水分利用效率(WUE)。随着施氮量的增加,棉花根系干物质量呈先增加后降低而地上部分干物质量呈逐渐增加的趋势,在不同灌溉水量下,施氮量为300 kg·hm-2时棉花各生育期根系干物质量均达到最大,但棉花根冠比呈逐渐降低的趋势,且随着灌溉水量的增加棉花根冠比也呈降低趋势。水分亏缺(W3 300处理)有利于棉花根冠比的增大,但显著降低了棉花光合参数(Pn、Tr)、叶绿素SPAD值和WUE。在本试验条件下,当灌溉水量为3 900 m3·hm-2、施氮量为300 kg·hm-2时棉花株高适宜(79 cm左右),有效铃数和单铃重较高,较W3 300处理和W4 500处理有效铃数分别增加1.0、0.4个·株-1,单铃重增加0.16、0.09 g,产量提高8.35%、4.62%,衣分增加1.4%、0.7%,棉花适宜的根冠比为0.111。     

作物临界氮浓度稀释模型研究述评

作物临界氮浓度是作物达到最大生长的植株最小氮浓度。临界氮浓度随地上部植株干物质积累量增加而下降,可以用幂函数模型N_c=a×W_max^-b表示。已建立了数十种作物临界氮稀释模型,根据作物收获器官的特点,分为收获籽粒、收获鲜果实、收获块根块茎和收获地上部营养体4类,不同类型临界氮浓度稀释模型在模型参数和氮素诊断应用方面各有特点。临界氮浓度稀释模型除了植株临界氮浓度-植株干重这一典型形式外,还有器官临界氮浓度-器官干重、植株临界氮浓度-器官数量指标(叶片干重、茎鞘干重、LAI、叶面积持续期)等形式。因此,提出评价选择临界氮浓度稀释模型类型的基本原则。由于不同气候条件、不同作物类型,甚至同一作物不同品种的生育特性、氮素营养特性和干物质生产力差异很大,建立某一大类作物甚至某一种作物在各个气候区域的通用模型是困难的,应以一定生态区域某一作物特征相近品种类型作为建模基本单元。作物临界氮浓度稀释模型的应用包括计算氮营养指数(NNI)进行氮素营养诊断,计算临界氮积累量、亏缺量和氮肥需要量,预测作物产量和品质等。分析了以植株干物质重驱动的氮素...     

Root growth,nutrient uptake and use efficiency by roots of tropical legume cover crops as influenced by phosphorus fertilization

The root is an important organ which supplies water and nutrients to growing plants. Data related to root growth and nutrient uptake by tropical legume cover crops are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate root growth of tropical legume cover crops and nutrient uptake and use efficiency under different phosphorus (P) levels. The P levels used were 0 (low), 100 (medium) and 200 (high) mg kg^?1 of soil and 5 cover crops were evaluated. Root dry weight, maximum root length, specific root length were significantly influenced by P and cover crop treatments. Maximum values of these root growth parameters were achieved with the addition of 100 mg P kg^?1 soil. The P X cover crops interaction for all the macro and micronutrients, except manganese (Mn) was significant, indicating variation in uptake pattern of these nutrients by cover crops with the variation in P rates. Overall, uptake pattern of macronutrients was in the order of nitrogen>calcium>potassium>magnesium>phosphorus (N > Ca > K > Mg > P) and micronutrient uptake pattern was in the order of iron>manganese>zinc>copper (Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu). Cover crops which produced maximum root dry weight also accumulated higher amount of nutrients, including N compared to cover crops which produced lower root dry weight. Higher uptake of N compared to other nutrients by cover crops indicated that use of cover crops in the cropping systems can reduce loss of nitrate (NO₃^?) from soil-plant systems. Increase in root length and root dry weight with the addition of P can improve nutrient uptake from the soil and less loss of macro and micronutrients from the soil-plant systems.     

Nutrient Uptake and Use Efficiency of Dry Bean in Tropical Lowland Soil

Dry bean is an important source of protein for the population of South America, and yield of this legume is very low in this continent. Knowledge of nutrient uptake and use efficiency of a crop is fundamental to improve yield. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate growth, nutrient uptake, and use efficiency of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. BRS Valente) during the growth cycle. Plant samples were collected at 15, 30, 45, 60, 73, and 94 days after sowing. Root dry weight, maximum root length, shoot dry weight, and number of trifoliates were significantly increased in a quadratic fashion with the advancement of plant age. Root dry weight and number of trifoliates had significant positive association with shoot dry weight. Uptake of nutrients in the grain was in the order of nitrogen (N) > potassium (K) > calcium (Ca) > magnesium (Mg) > phosphorus (P) > iron (Fe) > manganese (Mn) > zinc (Zn) > copper (Cu). Hence, it can be concluded the N requirements for bean is greatest and Cu is minimal compared to other essential nutrients for grain yield. Uptake efficiency for root, shoot, and grain production was in the order of P > Mg > Ca > K > N > Cu > Zn > Mn > Fe. The greatest P-use efficiency among macro- and micronutrients can be considered a positive aspect of mineral nutrition of bean, because recovery efficiency of P in acidic Inceptsols is less than 20%.     

Root Growth,Nutrient Uptake,and Nutrient-Use Efficiency by Roots of Tropical Legume Cover Crops as Influenced by Phosphorus Fertilization

Roots are important organs that supply water and nutrients to growing plants. Data related to root growth and nutrient uptake by tropical legume cover crops are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate root growth of tropical legume cover crops and nutrient uptake and use efficiency under different phosphorus (P) levels. The P levels used were 0 (low), 100 (medium), and 200 (high) mg kg^?1 of soil, and five cover crops were evaluated. Root dry weight, maximum root length, and specific root length were significantly influenced by P and cover crop treatments. Maximum values of these root growth parameters were achieved with the addition of 100 mg P kg^?1 soil. The P?×?cover crops interactions for all the macro- and micronutrients, except manganese (Mn), were significant, indicating variation in uptake pattern of these nutrients by cover crops with the variation in P rates. Overall, uptake pattern of macronutrients was in the order of nitrogen (N) > calcium (Ca) > potassium (K) > magnesium (Mg) > P and micronutrient uptake pattern was in the order of iron (Fe) > Mn > zinc (Zn) > copper (Cu). Cover crops which produced maximum root dry weight also accumulated greater amount of nutrients, including N, compared to cover crops, which produced lower root dry weight. Greater uptake of N compared to other nutrients by cover crops indicated that use of cover crops in the cropping systems could reduce loss of nitrate (NO₃ ^?) from soil–plant systems. Increase in root length and root dry weight with the addition of P can improve nutrient uptake from the soil and lessen loss of macro- and micronutrients from the soil–plant systems.     

哈巴湖自然保护区草地植被数量波动探讨

植被波动是植被动态的一种表现形式,该文在生态学、统计学基础上,结合草地植被特征,采用专家权重法构建草地植被波动测度公式,以哈巴湖自然保护区为例,研究2006—2010年草地植被数量波动及波动率,从数量特征上对草地植被波动进行探讨。结果表明:哈巴湖自然保护区植被波动率正向波动2007年最大,为0.381,是近年来植被生长状况最好的一年;负向波动以2009年的-0.350的绝对值最大,表明2009年是近年来植被生长状况最差的一年。草地植被数量的波动,一定程度上反映了该年度植被生长状况,为草地经营管理和植被恢复提供了便利,同时也为预测未来草地植被变化提供了依据。     

调亏灌溉对于玉米生理指标及水分利用效率的影响

依据在渭北黄土高原区的大田玉米调亏灌溉试验资料,分析了不同亏水处理对光合速率、气孔导度,蒸腾速率、根冠比、产量与耗水量以及水分利用效率等因素的影响,从亏水处理引起的气孔反应能提高光合与蒸腾之比,揭示了调亏灌溉的节水增产机理。最后,从既提高产量又提高水分利用效率的双重目的出发,得到了苗期土壤含水率为５０％～６０％田间持水量、拔节期土壤含水率为６０％～７０％田间持水量是最佳的调亏灌溉方案。     

Low nitrogen supply decreases water‐use efficiency of oriental tobacco

Most studies indicating positive effects of nitrogen (N) supply on biomass water‐use efficiency (WUE) used two contrasting levels of N supply and monitored some of the relevant traits being associated with WUE. In order to investigate N effects on WUE over a wider range of N‐supply levels, oriental tobacco was cultivated in pots under six (Exp. 1) and four (Exp. 2) N levels until flowering stage. Water‐use efficiency, intrinsic water‐use efficiency (A/g), carbon isotope discrimination (CID), average daily canopy transpiration rate (E_C; from 12 to 7 d before harvest), and biomass‐partitioning parameters were determined. Water‐use efficiency increased from the lowest to the highest N level and was positively correlated with biomass. Intrinsic water‐use efficiency was positively correlated with leaf N and chlorophyll concentration. Whole‐plant CID was significantly less negative under high compared to low N supply. Biomass‐partitioning parameters were only slightly affected by N supply except for leaf‐area ratio, which significantly increased with N supply. The low planting density of Exp. 2 resulted in an increase of WUE and substantially less negative whole‐plant CID compared to Exp. 1. In both experiments, E_C was lower under high compared to low N supply and was negatively correlated with WUE. It is concluded that plants under high N supply realized a higher WUE via increases of A/g and a reduction of E_C.     

Effects of foliar spray of two kinds of zinc oxide on the growth and ion concentration of sunflower cultivars under salt stress

This study investigated the effects of foliar application of normal and nano-sized zinc oxide on the response of sunflower cultivars to salinity. Treatments included five cultivars (‘Alstar’, ‘Olsion’, ‘Yourflor’, ‘Hysun36’ and ‘Hysun33’), two salinity levels [0 and 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)], and three levels of fertilizer application. Fertilizer treatments were the foliar application of normal and nano-sized zinc oxide (ZnO). Foliar application of ZnO in either forms increased leaf area, shoot dry weight, net carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation rate (A), sub-stomatal CO₂ concentration (Ci), chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm, and Zn content and decreased Na content in leaves. The extent of increase in chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm and shoot weight was greater as nano-sized ZnO was applied to the normal form. The results show that the nano-sized particles of ZnO compared to normal form has greater effect on biomass production of sunflower plants.     

Light Intensity Effects on Growth and Micronutrient Uptake by Tropical Legume Cover Crops

ABSTRACT

Cover crops are important components of a sustainable crop-production system in plantation crops such as cacao (theobroma cacao), coffee (Coffee arabica), oil palm (Elaeis Spp.), and banana (Musa Spp.). Optimal growth of cover crops in plantation agriculture is determined by adaptability of crop species, light intensity reaching their leaf canopies, and their nutrient-use efficiencies, including those of micronutrients. An experiment was conducted in a climatically controlled growth chamber to evaluate the influence of levels of light intensity on growth and micronutrient [boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)] uptake parameters in legume cover crops. Two photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, 200 and 400 μmol m^?2 s^?1) light treatments were imposed on nine legume species (joint vetch (Aeschynomene americana), sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), Crotalaria rchroleuca, showy crotalaria (crotalaria spectabilis), hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsute L.), lab-lab (Lablab purpureus), sesbania (Sesbania microcarpa), Brazilian stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)). Overall, light intensity significantly affected growth, micronutrient uptake, and use-efficiency ratios; with few exceptions, interactions between cover crop species and PPFD were also significant. Such PPFD × crop species interactions show that the cover crops used in this study differed in growth and nutrient-uptake parameters under the conditions imposed. Sunhemp, cowpea, sesbania, and lab-lab species were superior in producing shoot dry weight and in nutrient accumulation compared with other species at lower as well as at higher PPFD levels. Interspecific differences in nutrient influx and transport were observed. Influx and transport of micronutrients was in the order Mn > B > Fe > Zn > Cu. Overall, growth, nutrient uptake, and use-efficiency ratios were higher at higher PPFD than at lower PPFD. Results of this study indicate that the use of proper crop species at adequate light intensities is an important component of successful cultivation of cover crops in plantation agriculture.     

北方土石山区植株密度对坡面流粒径分选的影响

为研究和阐明植株密度对坡面流粒径分选的影响,通过野外10°草地坡面恒流放水冲刷试验,定量研究3种植株密度(0株/m~2,20株/m~2,60株/m~2)在不同流量下(1m~3/h,2m~3/h,3m~3/h)的坡面流粒径分选性规律,从水动力学和侵蚀方式演变角度分析了植株密度对坡面流粒径分选性的影响。试验结果表明:(1)苜蓿草地侵蚀泥沙中细粉粒组分含量最多,其次是粗粉和细砂组分含量,而粗砂和粘粒组分含量最少。固定流量下,随着植株密度的增加,各粒径组分百分比及平均重量粒径(MWD)随时间的波动性增加,在侵蚀泥沙中细颗粒组分(粘粒、细粉粒、粗粉粒,粒径50μm)富集比ER相应增加,而粗颗粒组分(细砂、粗砂,粒径50μm)富集比ER有所减少。固定植株密度条件下,随着流量增加,各粒径组分百分比及MWD随时间的波动性减小,侵蚀泥沙中细颗粒组分富集比ER相应增加,而粗颗粒组分富集比ER增加,细颗粒组分富集比基本大于1,而粗颗粒组分富集比基本小于1。MWD与细颗粒含量呈负相关关系,与粗颗粒含量呈正相关。(2)细沟阶段侵蚀泥沙MWD明显大于片蚀阶段,而粒径分选过程的波动性较小。(3)水流剪切力τ及水流功率ω的增加导致片蚀阶段的缩短和细沟阶段的延长(除植株密度为60株/m~2),水流剪切力τ及水流功率ω的增加导致水流侵蚀力的增加,进而水流分离、输移粗颗粒增加。     

温度和水土比对红壤吸附低分子量有机酸的影响

通过一次平衡法考察了温度和水土比对红壤吸附草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸和苹果酸的影响。结果表明,有机酸的吸附量、最大吸附量（Sm）及吸附亲和力常数（K）均随温度的升高而增加,随着水土比的增加而降低。温度和水土比变化对有机酸吸附的影响程度因有机酸种类而异,影响程度大小与土壤对有机酸的吸附亲和力（K）大小顺序相反。45℃ 时,土壤对草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸和苹果酸的吸附量分别是 25℃ 时的 1.19、1.22、1.24 和 1.28 倍;100:1 水土比条件下,草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸和苹果酸的吸附量分别较 10:1 水土比条件下减少了 48.3%、54.9%、63.5% 和 76.1%。