吴旗柴沟流域植被物种多样性研究

为了解吴旗县植被自然恢复的基本过程及其物种多样性变化,对该县柴沟流域封禁多年的植物群落进行了研究,结果表明:柴沟流域植物种主要以猪毛蒿、达乌里胡枝子、赖草、铁杆蒿为主,阳坡的植被演替规律为猪毛蒿+狗尾草+华虫实→赖草+猪毛蒿(达乌里胡枝子、铁杆蒿、隐子草)→达乌里胡枝子+赖草(百里香、冷蒿、角蒿、铁杆蒿),阴坡植被恢复的演替规律为猪毛蒿(达乌里胡枝子、赖草)→铁杆蒿(冷蒿)。柴沟流域阴坡群落的物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度都较高,阳坡较低,混交林地的丰富度最大、均匀度最小。     

黄土丘陵区撂荒群落地上生物量和物种多样性关系

研究黄土丘陵区撂荒群落生物量与物种多样性的关系及其影响机制,有助于明确群落演变的机理,可对该区植被恢复重建、群落演替、生物多样性保护和维持具有重要意义。为此,选取该区5个典型撂荒群落,在群落尺度上,分析地上生物量的月动态,重点研究了地上生物量与物种多样性的关系。结果表明:(1)5个撂荒群落地上生物量总体呈上升趋势,月份之间差异极显著,群落生物量由大到小为白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)群落茭蒿(Artemisia giraldii)群落铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)群落猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)群落达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza dahurica)群落;(2)群落地上生物量与物种多样性关系表现为线性增加和线性减少两种形式。猪毛蒿群落中二者呈线性增加。铁杆蒿和白羊草群落地上生物量随丰富度的增加线性增加。白羊草和达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量随均匀度的增加线性减少。空白生态位的占有和利用、生态位互补效应、种间相互作用是解释二者关系的内在机制,冗余种假说效应可能会导致不显著关系。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植物群落优势种对显著影响因子的响应

根据在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区具有代表性的安塞县退耕地植被样方的调查资料,利用TWINSPAN对退耕地植物群落的类型及其优势种进行了确定,即退耕地植物群落主要有猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)为优势种的群落、达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)和长芒草(Stipa bungeana)为优势种的群落、铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii)为优势种的群落和白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)为优势种的群落。典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis)得出:显著影响黄土高原丘陵沟壑区退耕地物种变化的主要因子为退耕年限、全磷、速效磷和土壤水分。结合物种生活型特征,认为白羊草和达乌里胡枝子在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区具有较强的适应性,可作为退耕地的适宜引种物种,以调控和加速植物群落演替,控制土壤侵蚀。     

黄土丘陵区典型植被类型草本层生态学特性与环境解释

在野外调查的基础上研究黄土丘陵区4种典型植被类型（达乌里胡枝子群落、白羊草群落、人工刺槐林、人工柠条林）草本层生态学特性,通过室内土壤养分和水分含量测定分析群落间环境因子的差异,并对群生态学指标和环境因子进行相关分析。研究结果表明:（1）豆科、禾本科、菊科植物重要值在4种群落中均很高,群落间各科物种重要值差异显著。（2）群落物种多样性表现为:人工刺槐林 > 人工柠条林 > 达乌里胡枝子群落 > 白羊草群落;群落盖度表现为人工刺槐林 > 白羊草群落 > 达乌里胡枝子群落 > 人工柠条林;草本群落地上生物量表现为:白羊草群落 > 人工刺槐林 > 达乌里胡枝子群落 > 人工柠条林。（3）土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效钾含量表现为:工刺槐林 > 白羊草群落 > 达乌里胡枝子群落 > 人工刺槐林,达乌里胡枝子群落和白羊草群落土壤全磷、速效磷含量较高。（4）土壤水分含量表现为:白羊草群落（8.43%） > 达乌里胡枝子群落（7.60%） > 人工柠条林（6.43%） > 人工刺槐林（5.85%）。（5）群落盖度、草本群落地上生物量与土壤养分指标正相关,物种多样性与土壤养分的关系相对复杂;群落盖度及物种多样性均与土壤水分含量负相关,草本群落地上生物量与土壤水分含量相关性不显著。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地自然恢复植被主要物种生态位特征

为了探究加速黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被恢复过程的人工物种干扰措施如物种选择与搭配的科学依据，利用TWINSPAN分类方法对33个自然恢复的退耕地样方进行分类，得出退耕地在40a内主要经历了5个群落演替阶段，分别为猪毛蒿群落、赖草群落、达乌里胡枝子＋长芒草群落、铁杆蒿群落和白羊草群落。以各个群落的综合资源环境梯度为依据，对各群落主要物种生态位特征进行了分析。通过物种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠特征分析，提出了不同演替阶段的合理物种组合。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区主要物种根茎力学特性

植物根茎力学特性影响着植被固定土壤和拦截的能力,是植被抗侵蚀特性研究不可缺少的一部分。在延河流域选取的6个典型小流域内,对铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii)、茭蒿(Artemisia giralii)、达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、阿尔泰狗哇花(Heteropappus altaicus)、猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)、蒙古蒿(Artemisia mongolica)的根茎进行广泛采样,在测量其根直径、抗拉力、抗拉强度、茎直径、抗弯强度和刚度、木质素和纤维素含量等指标的基础上,探讨了植物根茎力学特性。结果表明:根系直径与抗拉力呈显著的正相关关系,与抗拉强度呈显著的负相关关系,且均可用幂函数进行拟合;随着茎的直径增长抗弯刚度不断加强、抗弯强度趋于稳定;猪毛蒿茎平均直径、最大抗压力和抗弯刚度较其他物种大;达乌里胡枝子的茎抗弯刚度较小,根系抗拉强度和茎抗弯强度却最大;抗弯强度与木质素含量、纤维素含量和纤维素/木质素均具有显著的相关关系。     

旱季雨季对黄土丘陵退耕区植被根系分布及水分利用的影响

黄土丘陵区属于季节性干旱的区域,研究退耕生态系统植被根系分布及其水分利用特征对植被恢复具有重要意义。该研究利用稳定同位素技术,采集黄土区5种典型退耕植被群落的根系、土壤样品,分析根系形态结构和稳定同位素特征,探讨根系在不同季节的吸水策略。结果显示:旱季茵陈蒿、铁杆蒿、白羊草、达乌里胡枝子群落和油松的根长密度(16.3、21.7、17.3、17.3、6.0 mm/cm3)分别是雨季(1.7、2.1、3.2、5.9、4.2 mm/cm3)的9.4、10.2、5.3、2.9、1.4倍,茵陈蒿、铁杆蒿、白羊草根系对土壤水分季节变化的响应较为敏感。茵陈蒿群落仅可利用0~10 cm土壤水,旱季铁杆蒿、白羊草群落主要利用30~40 cm土壤深度的水分,雨季吸水深度上移至0~20 cm。旱季达乌里胡枝子和油松主要利用60 cm以下的土壤水分,雨季则吸收20~40 cm土壤水分。表明退耕植被群落根系在不同季节的吸水策略不同,旱季吸收较深的土壤水而雨季则吸收近地表的土壤水,吸水深度范围的季节变化与土壤水和根系分布变化相一致。该研究为黄土丘陵区退耕植被对流域生态水文过程影响的研究提供科学依据。     

白羊草与达乌里胡枝子混播草地不同降雨年份土壤水分利用状况

为合理利用黄土丘陵区优良乡土草种,探索人工草地建设中乡土草种的最佳混播比例,选取白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)和达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)为研究材料,采用生态替代法,按照白羊草与达乌里胡枝子行比设置了7种组合比例(即0∶10,2∶8,4∶6,5∶5,6∶4,8∶2和10∶0),比较研究了丰水年(2011年,降雨量663.4mm)与偏旱年(2012年,降雨量458.2mm)混播草地土壤水分季节变化特征、年度生物量和水分利用效率。结果表明,白羊草与达乌里胡枝子混播草地土壤水分消耗和补充与混播比例密切相关,但主要受年度降雨量及其季节分配的影响。在2011年,充沛的降雨可补充20—260cm土层土壤水分,并弱化了不同混播比例和土层间土壤水分的时空差异。不同降雨量年份里,白羊草和达乌里胡枝子在6∶4与8∶2两混播比例下的地上生物量和水分利用效率均显著较高。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被自然恢复过程——以吴起县双树沟流域为例

采用TWINSPAN分类法对黄土丘陵沟壑区吴起县双树沟流域30个自然恢复草地植被进行分类,并对分类后各植被群落特征和地上生物量进行统计分析。结果表明：在自然恢复条件下,随着退耕年限的不断增加,退耕地植被自然恢复依次经历了猪毛蒿群落-赖草＋长芒草群落-赖草＋铁杆蒿群落-铁杆蒿群落-铁杆蒿＋茭蒿群落5个发展阶段,地带性植被类型铁杆蒿＋茭蒿群落在研究区内开始出现,并且已经占有一定优势;随着退耕地植被自然恢复的不断进行,Margalef等丰富度指数以及Shannon-wiener等多样性指数、Pielou等物种均匀度指数和地上生物量都呈现出先减小后增大的发展趋势;在植被自然恢复的稳定阶段,虽然物种丰富度指数和物种多样性指数有一定的增加,但是相对恢复初期来讲还是有所下降,并且有达到与初期相当水平的趋势;物种丰富度指数均在第1恢复阶段最大,而均匀度指数Jsw以及Shannon-wiener指数在第5恢复阶段最高。随着退耕地植被自然恢复的不断进行,植被群落总盖度随着退耕年限的延长而不断增大。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地自然恢复植被特征及其与土壤环境的关系

 为给黄土高原退耕地的植被恢复和重建提供科学依据,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的安塞县为例,用系统聚类和逐步多元回归的分析方法,对退耕地自然恢复植被的演替阶段进行划分,并定量分析群落演替过程中的植被特征及其与土壤环境的关系。结果表明:黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地自然恢复草地的演替,依次经历猪毛蒿群落→赖草群落→长芒草群落、铁杆蒿群落、达乌里胡枝子群落→白羊草群落。随着退耕地植被恢复的不断进行,Gleason指数、Margalef指数等丰富度指数以及群落Pielou指数,都呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,Simpson指数在演替初期及平衡阶段较大,群落生态优势度与物种丰富度的变化趋势相反。在群落的演替过程中,土壤有机质、全N、有效N和速效K的含量不断增加,土壤pH值和速效P含量不断减小,土壤表层密度变小,孔隙度变大。A层土壤全N、有效N含量、土壤pH值和C层土壤全N含量与物种丰富度呈显著正相关,A、C层土壤有机质含量和B层土壤速效K含量与其关系相反;B层土壤速效P的含量与群落生态优势度呈显著正相关;A、B层土壤速效K含量与植被群落盖度呈正相关关系,B层土壤速效P含量与其关系相反。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.