湘北四川桤木人工林根系空间分布特征

对湘北地区6年生四川桤木(Alnus cremastogyne)人工林不同径级根系生物量分布、根长、比根长、根长密度的空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明:四川桤木人工林大根、中根、小根、细根生物量分别占林分根系生物量总和的55%、22%、14%、9%;约66%的根系生物量集中在0～30cm土层;不同径级根系根长变化趋势是:细根小根大根中根,比根长的变化趋势是:细根小根中根大根;各径级根长密度变化趋势各不相同:垂直方向上,在0～60cm土层,大根的根长密度随土层深度的增加先增后降,中根、小根、细根的根长密度随土层深度的增加而减小,水平方向上,在0～80cm距离,大根的根长密度随距树干距离的增加而减小,细根的根长密度随距树干距离的增加而增大,中根、小根的根长密度在距树干0～60cm内逐渐减小,而在距树干60～80cm又略有增加。     

平欧杂种榛细根空间分布特征

[目的]探讨单作系统下平欧杂种榛根系空间分布特征,揭示影响细根(吸收根,0d≤2 mm)分布的关键土壤因子,为平欧杂种榛的地下水肥高效管理提供理论参考。[方法]采用田间分层挖掘法和根系形态结构分析系统,研究平欧杂种榛根系径级构成以及垂直与水平分布特征。[结果]表明:平欧杂种榛根系主要由细根构成,其中,细根表面积和细根长度分别占测定总根系的60.8%和93.2%,表明平欧杂种榛只有维持足够庞大的细根表面积和长度才能摄取更多的养分和水分以保障正常的生长需求。垂直方向上,平欧杂种榛根系生物量密度、表面积密度和根长密度均随土层深度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,各根系密度参数最大值均在10～20 cm土层。水平方向上,平欧杂种榛根系生物量密度、表面积密度和根长密度均表现为随距树干基部水平距离的增加而减小,且各根系密度参数在水平距离上差异显著。细根密度的空间分布特征表明,距树干基部水平距离0～150 cm以内的0～50 cm土层为细根表面积和根长密度的集中分布区,二者分别占测定总细根的54.16%和48.83%。相关分析表明:平欧杂种榛细根表面积密度和根长密度均与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关,表明细根分布对土壤水分的响应敏感,细根"逐水性"特征明显。[结论]在平欧杂种榛单作系统下,从节水节肥的角度考虑,距树干基部水平距离0～150 cm以内的0～50 cm土层可作为土壤水肥管理的重要区域。     

马尾松细根与土壤养分含量研究

应用根钻法研究黔中12年生马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林下不同层次土壤(0～20 cm和20～40 cm)细根的分布情况及土壤养分含量的分布,并做了相关性分析.结果表明,马尾松细根单位面积生物量、根长密度及比根长在0～20 cm土层明显高于20～40 cm土层,在0～20 cm土层中单位面积根量是20～40 cm土层的3～6倍;土壤中养分含量也随着土壤深度的增加逐渐减少;马尾松根系生物量、根长密度及比根长与土壤中有效性养分存在显著正相关关系;细根生物量、根长密度与马尾松胸径呈显著正相关关系;养分含量对生物量、根长密度的综合影响存在显著线性相关性(R~2=0.903、0.917),土壤养分(0～20 cm、20～40 cm)对马尾松胸径存在显著或极显著线性相关关系(R~2=0.878、0.934),与树高线形相关性不明显.     

第2代杉木林土壤有机碳、全氮对细根分布及形态特征的影响

以20年生杉木人工林为研究对象,分析了杉木细根的生长分布情况及形态学特征.结果表明:第2代杉木人工林的土壤有机碳与全氮主要分布在0～30 cm土壤中,随着土壤深度的增加而明显减少;杉木细根生物量在不同土壤层次问差异显著,随土壤深度的增加而显著减少,主要分布在0～15 cm的表层土壤中,占总量的50.35%,15～30 cm层占30.04%,30～45 cm层占19.61%;细根表面积在不同层次土壤间差异不显著,主要分布在0～30 cm层中,为2.86m2·m-3,占总量的79.88%;随着土壤深度的增加,杉木细根比根长增加不明显;土壤有机碳含量与杉木细根生物量、比根长和根表面积密度之间相关性均不显著;土壤全氮含量与杉木细根生物量和根表面积密度之间存在明显的正相关,与细根比根长存在不太明显的负相关.     

窄冠刺槐根系的研究

2006年10月用全挖法和分层分段挖掘法,研究了窄冠刺槐根系的分布特征、根系生物量以及不同密度林分根系空间分布特征.结果表明:窄冠刺槐个体根系水平分布在株间可达到6.6 m,在行间可达到5.0 m;主根可深达2 m以上,侧根垂直分布集中在10～40 cm土层内.窄冠刺槐根系生物量占全株生物量的16.82％,主根、侧根的生物量在根系生物量中分别占87.13％、12.87％.窄冠刺槐林分根系生物总量和根总长分别为6 160.2～10 940.55kg·hm-2和970.35～1 607.4 km·hm-2,并呈现出根系生物总量和根总长与林分密度成正相关的规律.在垂直方向上,林分根系中直径D<15 mm的根主要分布在地下0～20 cm土层内,而直径D≥15 mm的根主要分布在地下20～40 cm土层内;在水平方向上,直径D≥5 mm的根数量随距树干距离增加而减少,而直径D<1 mm的根数量则随距树干距离增大而增大,主要集中分布在距树干0.5～1.5 m范围内.     

渭北主要造林树种细根生长及分布与土壤密度关系

采用野外样地调查和盆栽试验的方法 ,研究了土壤密度对渭北主要造林树种细根生长及分布特征的影响。结果表明 ,在 0～ 10 0cm的深度内 ,不论是阴坡还是阳坡 ,油松林地的土壤密度均表现出随土层的加深逐渐增大的趋势 ;刺槐林地的土壤密度大于油松林地 ,且各土层间的差异不大。油松林地各土层土壤密度与不同径级根系长度存在显著的负相关关系。盆栽基质密度对不同树种苗木根系的生长和发育的影响虽各异 ,但在基质密度和孔隙度适中的条件下均生长良好 ,生物量达到最大。盆栽基质的密度对刺槐和油松根系的生长和发育的影响最显著 ;侧柏和山杏的细根生长发育受土壤密度的影响较小 ,其根系生物量在不同密度的基质中没有明显变化。     

林分密度对湿地松根系生物量及其分布的影响

为了确定湿地松中龄林的施肥位置和准确估测根系生物量,以湘北11年生5种造林密度湿地松为研究对象,采用全根分层挖掘法,对其根系生物量及其空间分布规律进行了研究。结果表明:湿地松根系发达,单株根系生物量随林分密度的增大而减小,林分根系生物量基本随林分密度的增大而增大。根桩和大根是构成根系的主体,合计占总根量的85.8%-89.4%。不同密度林分根系生物量随土层深度的增加而明显减小,63.1%以上的根系生物量集中分布在0-40 cm土层内,81.4%以上的根系(含根桩)生物量集中分布在距树干0-50 cm范围内,因此应在1/2株行距、20 cm深度的位置施肥最好;根系与树干相关性最大;建立的单株各径级根系生物量估测模型精度较高,可根据林木胸径、树高及林分密度估测根系生物量。     

海南省枫木实验林场树木园树木根系分布特征

为更加科学地管理海南省枫木实验林场树木园,以海南省枫木实验林场的树木园树木根系为研究对象,采用样方挖掘法,调查不同土层深度的树木园土壤根系生物量密度,通过方差分析和拟合方程分析等方法,探究树木园树木根系分布特征。结果显示：在树木园0～≤100cm深的土层内,直径0～≤10mm根系的生物量密度为250.34 g/m3,且细根是树木园根系的主要组成部分（占比46.16%）。树木根系主要分布在0～<30cm深的土层中（占比73.50%）,且随土层加深,各径级根系的生物量密度均显著降低。树木园树木根系生物量密度最适回归方程为：ln (y)=7.14-0.04×d。结果表明：0～<30 cm深的土壤表层应是树木园水肥管理和管护的重点区域。     

水曲柳人工林细根季节动态及其影响因素

2002年5-10月,采用连续钻取土芯法对帽儿山实验林场的水曲柳人工林细根(直径＜1 mm)生物量、比根长(SRL)和根长密度(RLD)的季节动态,以及它们与土壤N的有效性、土壤10 cm深处月均温度和含水量的关系进行研究.结果表明:水曲柳细根生物量在春季和秋季分别具有1个明显的高峰,但比根长和根长密度只有1个高峰.在春季和夏季,比根长和根长密度较高,显示细根直径较小,而秋季,这2个参数显著下降,表明细根直径次生增厚或组织密度增加.细根的季节变化与土壤N的有效性、土壤温度和土壤含水量有重要关系.其中细根生物量与土壤铵态氮含量显著相关;硝态氮含量、10 cm深处土壤的温度和土壤含水量与细根的生物量、比根长和根长密度的季节变化正相关,但均不显著(P＞0.05).4种因子的综合作用对水曲柳细根各参数的影响均达到了显著水平.不同季节细根生物量、比根长和根长密度的变化,显示出细根在生长季不同时期具有不同的生理生态功能.     

秦岭3种天然林细根分布特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系

【目的】研究秦岭3种天然林细根分布特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系,为秦岭地区生态治理和森林恢复提供科学依据。【方法】采用土柱法对秦岭辛家山林区云杉林、红桦林及云杉+红桦混交林3种天然林进行根系取样,分析细根生物量密度、细根根长密度、细根体积、细根比根长与土壤有机质含量、孔隙度、密度、硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量和湿度的关系。【结果】随土壤深度增加,3种天然林土壤的有机质含量、孔隙度、硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量和湿度均降低,但密度升高;随土壤深度增加,3种天然林各细根指标均降低,其中细根生物量主要集中在腐殖质层,各林分在腐殖质层的占比均大于69%;腐殖质层具有最高的细根根长密度、细根体积和细根比根长,分别是淀积层的3.76～4.85、2.63～3.80和1.26～1.67倍,分别是母质层的11.13～14.98、6.32～16.01和1.76～3.28倍;3种天然林中,混交林各土层的细根根长密度最高(平均值为0.45 cm·cm~(-3)),云杉林各土层的细根根长密度、细根体积和细根比根长最低(平均值分别为0.26 cm·cm~(-3)、0.88 mm~(-3)·cm~(-3)和0.60 cm·g~(-1));相关性分析表明,3种天然林分各细根指标与土壤的有机质含量、孔隙度、密度、硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量和湿度均呈极显著或显著相关,其中细根生物量密度、细根根长密度、细根体积与土壤有机质含量的正相关性最高(r值分别为0.813、0.795和0.784),与土壤密度的负相关性最高(r值分别为-0.715、-0.658和-0.683);主成分分析表明,影响细根分布的第一主成分因子包括土壤有机质含量、硝态氮含量、密度、孔隙度、湿度和铵态氮含量;通径分析表明,土壤有机质含量对细根生物量密度的直接正效应最高,土壤湿度的间接效应最高且主要是通过有机质含量的间接效应来实现。【结论】秦岭3种天然林的细根指标均随土壤深度增加而减少,土壤腐殖质层为细根集中分布层;3种天然林分中,混交林的细根发达程度最高,云杉林最低;根系分布受多种土壤因子影响,影响程度表现为有机质硝态氮密度孔隙度湿度铵态氮;土壤有机质含量直接影响细根生物量密度;土壤湿度主要通过土壤有机质的间接作用影响细根生物量密度。在对秦岭地区进行生态治理和森林恢复工作过程中,应综合考虑细根生物学特性,合理配置不同树种,注意森林土壤有机质的积累,从而起到维护森林生产力,增强森林生态系统功能的作用。     

Vertical distribution of fine root density, length density, area index and mean diameter in a Quercus ilex forest

We used minirhizotrons to determine the vertical distribution of fine roots in a holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) forest in a typical Mediterranean area over a 3-year period (June 1994-March 1997). We measured fine root density (number of roots per unit area), fine root length density (length of roots per unit area), fine root area index (area of roots per unit area) and fine root mean diameter. Variables were pooled for each 10-cm depth interval to a depth of 60 cm. Fine roots tended to decrease with increasing depth except between 0 and 10 cm, where the values of all fine root variables were less than in the 10-cm stratum below. Fine root vertical distribution was compared with soil water content and soil temperature at different depths in the soil profile.     

江南油杉细根生物量空间分布及其对土壤水分的响应

[目的]探明广西不同栽培区江南油杉细根生物量的空间分布共性及其对土壤水分的响应机制.[方法]以广西3个栽培区江南油杉人工幼林为研究对象,采用根系全株分层挖掘和根系形态结构分析法,定量分析江南油杉幼树不同径级细根生物量密度、根长密度和表面积密度的空间分布特征.[结果]1)江南油杉幼林期细根生物量在垂直方向上主要分布在0～...     

Impact factors on fine root seasonal dynamics in Fraxinus mandshurica plantations

Fine root turnover plays important roles in carbon allocation and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Seasonal dynamics of fine roots is critical for understanding the processes of fine root turnover. From May to October 2002, soil core method was used for estimating the seasonal pattern of fine root (diameter < 1 mm) parameters (biomass, specific root length (SRL) and root length density (RLD)) in a Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) plantation located at the Maoershan Experiment Station, Heilongjiang Province, northeast of China. The relationships of fine root biomass, SRL and RLD with available nitrogen in soil, average soil temperature per month in 10 cm depth and soil moisture content were analyzed. Seasonal variation of fine root biomass was significant (P < 0.05). The peak values of fine root biomass were observed both in spring and in autumn, but SRL and RLD were the highest in spring and lowest in autumn. Specific root length and root length density were higher in spring and summer, which means that fine root diameter was thinner. In autumn, both parameters decreased significantly due to secondary incrassation of fine root diameter or the increase of tissue density. Seasonal dynamics of fine roots was associated with available nitrogen in soil, soil temperature in 10 cm depth and moisture content. Fine root biomass has a significant relationship with available NH₄ ⁺-N in soil. Available NO₃ ⁻-N in soil, soil temperature in 10-cm depth and moisture content have a positive correlation with fine root biomass, SRL and RLD, although these correlations are not significant (P > 0.05). But the compound effects of soil available N, soil temperature and soil moisture content are significant to every root parameter. The variations of these three root parameters in different seasons show different physiological and ecological functions in different growing periods. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(9): 7–12 [译自: 林业科学]     

Stand age and fine root biomass, distribution and morphology in a Norway spruce chronosequence in southeast Norway

We assessed the influence of stand age on fine root biomass and morphology of trees and understory vegetation in 10-, 30-, 60- and 120-year-old Norway spruce stands growing in sandy soil in southeast Norway. Fine root (< 1, 1-2 and 2-5 mm in diameter) biomass of trees and understory vegetation (< 2 mm in diameter) was sampled by soil coring to a depth of 60 cm. Fine root morphological characteristics, such as specific root length (SRL), root length density (RLD), root surface area (RSA), root tip number and branching frequency (per unit root length or mass), were determined based on digitized root data. Fine root biomass and morphological characteristics related to biomass (RLD and RSA) followed the same tendency with chronosequence and were significantly higher in the 30-year-old stand and lower in the 10-year-old stand than in the other stands. Among stands, mean fine root (< 2 mm) biomass ranged from 49 to 398 g m(-2), SLR from 13.4 to 19.8 m g(-1), RLD from 980 to 11,650 m m(-3) and RSA from 2.4 to 35.4 m(2) m(-3). Most fine root biomass of trees was concentrated in the upper 20 cm of the mineral soil and in the humus layer (0-5 cm) in all stands. Understory fine roots accounted for 67 and 25% of total fine root biomass in the 10- and 120-year-old stands, respectively. Stand age had no affect on root tip number or branching frequency, but both parameters changed with soil depth, with increasing number of root tips and decreasing branching frequency with increasing soil depth for root fractions < 2 mm in diameter. Specific (mass based) root tip number and branching density were highest for the finest roots (< 1 mm) in the humus layer. Season (spring or fall) had no effect on tree fine root biomass, but there was a small and significant increase in understory fine root biomass in fall relative to spring. All morphological characteristics showed strong seasonal variation, especially the finest root fraction, with consistently and significantly higher values in spring than in fall. We conclude that fine root biomass, especially in the finest fraction (< 1 mm in diameter), is strongly dependent on stand age. Among stands, carbon concentration in fine root biomass was highest in the 30-year-old stand, and appeared to be associated with the high tree and canopy density during the early stage of stand development. Values of RLD and RSA, morphological features indicative of stand nutrient-uptake efficiency, were higher in the 30-year-old stand than in the other stands.     

林分密度对侧柏人工林细根形态的影响

以徐州林场50年生侧柏人工林为研究对象,采用挖掘法获取土壤根系样品,探究林分密度对侧柏人工林不同根序细根形态的影响。结果表明:细根的直径和根长随着根序上升而显著增大,而比根长则随着根序的上升而显著减小。低林分密度(1 679株/hm2)与中林分密度(2 250株/hm2)相比显著减小了表层土壤1、2级细根的平均直径和平均根长,亚表层土壤3级细根的根长,显著增大了亚表层土壤2级细根的平均比根长;高林分密度(3074株/hm2)比中林分密度显著增大了2级根的平均比根长。与高林分密度相比,低林分密度显著减小了表层土壤1、2级细根的平均直径,增大了亚表层土壤5级细根的平均直径。     

拉萨-林芝植被样带不同群落类型的细根生物量

细根通常是指植被地下根系中直径小于2 nun的根,其生产和周转直接影响着整个生态系统的碳平衡和养分循环.在森林生态系统中约3%～84%(大部分为10%-60%)的净初级生产力被用于细根的生产(张小全等,2001);而细根的周转则是森林土壤C累积的最大输入量,如果忽略细根的生产、死亡和分解,土壤有机物质和养分元素的周转将被低估20%-80%(Vogt et al.,1986;1996).     

华北低丘山区核桃-决明子复合模式的根系分布

采用分层挖掘法,对株行距为3 m×8 m的核桃-决明子复合模式中的根生物量、总根长密度、吸收根的根长密度和根系直径等进行了调查。结果表明：核桃单作的总根长密度比核桃间作的高7%左右,且在各个土层中吸收根的根长密度都高于核桃间作,而二者的总根生物量和根系直径则差异较小。决明子单作的根系直径比间作决明子的大27.73%,但二者的根长密度和根生物量则差异不大。在核桃-决明子复合模式中,核桃总根生物量和吸收根长均占复合模式总根量的一半以上,其中,在水平方向上,决明子在树行南侧2.5、4.0 m位置根系分布最多,而树行南北1.5 m范围内则较少;核桃根系则主要分布在树行两侧1.5 m范围内。垂直方向上,核桃在30~80 cm土层中的根生物量和吸收根长分别占其总量的64.79%和61.17%,而59.54%的决明子根系分布在0~20 cm土壤中。     

Fine-root dynamics of coffee in association with two shade trees in Costa Rica

Fine-root dynamics (diameter < 2.0 mm) were studied on-farm in associations of Coffea arabica with Eucalyptus deglupta or Terminalia ivorensis and in a pseudo-chronosequence of C. arabica-E. deglupta associations (two, three, four and five years old). Coffee plants were submitted to two fertilisation types. Cores were taken in the 0–40 cm soil profile two years after out-planting and subsequently in the following year in depth layers 0–10 and 10–20 cm, during and at the end of the rainy season, and during the dry season. Fine root density of coffee and timber shade trees was greater in the coffee fertilisation strip as compared to unfertilised areas close to the plants or in the inter-rows. Coffee fine roots were more evenly distributed in the topsoil (0–20 cm) whereas tree fine roots were mostly found in the first 10 cm. Although the two tree species had approximately the same fine root length density, lower coffee / tree fine root length density ratios in T. ivorensis suggest that this shade tree is potentially a stronger competitor with coffee than E. deglupta. Coffee and tree fine root length density for 0–10 cm measured during the rainy season increased progressively from two to five-year-aged associations and coffee fine root length density increased relatively more than E. deglupta fine root length density in the four and five-year-aged plantations suggesting that contrary to expectations, coffee fine roots were displacing tree fine roots.