Abundance of Frankia from Gymnostoma spp. in the rhizosphere of Alphitonia neocaledonica, a non-nodulated Rhamnaceae endemicto New Caledonia

The capacity of different soils of New Caledonia to induce nodulation in Gymnostoma poissonianum was studied. The soils were sampled under five Gymnostoma species, Alphitonia neocaledonica (a non-nodulated endemic Rhamnaceae) and Pinus caribea (an introduced species) growing in various ecological conditions. Using G. poissonianum as trap-host, we observed a higher abundance of Frankia from Gymnostoma spp. in the rhizosphere of A. neocaledonica as compared with bare soils and P. caribea rhizosphere. The nodulating capacity of A. neocaledonica rhizosphere was almost similar to that of the five Gymnostoma species (symbiotic host) studied in the same stations. In comparison, bare soils or rhizosphere of P. caribea had poor nodulating capacities. We isolated fourteen Frankia strains from nodules of G. poissonianum after baiting with the rhizospheric soils of five Gymnostoma and A. neocaledonica. Using the PCR/RFLP method, we confirmed the similarity with those already described. Frankia was abundant in the rhizosphere of A. neocaledonica in all the sites studied. One explanation could be a positive tropism of Frankia towards species belonging to families having nodulated species, which is the case of A. neocaledonica endemic in New Caledonia. We can suppose that the non-nodulated plants belonging to these families can excrete some chemical substances able to attract Frankia and to induce its proliferation.     

Comparison of volatile generation in serine/threonine/glutamine-ribose/glucose/fructose model systems

Thermal generation of volatiles in nine model reactions was studied and compared. Each of the model systems contained one amino acid and one monosaccharide. The amino acid was serine, threonine, or glutamine, and the monosaccharide was ribose, glucose, or fructose. More unsubstituted pyrazine was generated in serine-sugar systems than threonine-sugar systems. The formation of several furfuryl-substituted pyrazines and pyrroles was observed in some of the studied systems. Total pyrazines were generated more in glutamine-containing systems than in serine- and threonine-containing systems, and the reverse was true for generation of furfuryl-substituted compounds. Acetylpyrazine was generated in serine/threonine/glutamine-glucose and serine/glutamine-fructose systems.     

Determination of kC and kNin situ for calibration of the chloroform fumigation-incubation method

¹⁴C-labelled glucose and ¹⁵N-labelled KNO₃ were added to soil and the microbial biomass during 42 days' incubation was estimated using the chloroform fumigation-incubation method (CFIM). By day 1, most of the glucose (1577 μgCg^?1 soil) was metabolized and 110 μg NO^?₃-Ng^?1 soil were immobilized. In situ values for the proportions of biomass C (k_C) and biomass N (k_N) mineralized during the 10 days after CHCl₃ fumigation were determined on the basis that the immobilized labelled C and N remaining in the soil at this time were present as living microbial cells and their associated metabolites. The tracer data indicated that biomass C could be calculated by applying a k_c value of 0.41 to the CO₂-C evolved from the fumigated sample without subtraction of an unfumigated “control”. Biomass N was estimated from the net NH₄^?-N accumulation during the fumigation-incubation. The problem of reimmobilization of NH⁺₄-N where organisms of wide C:N ratio occur was overcome by adjusting the value of k_N according to the ratio of CO₂-C evolved: net NH₄⁺-N accumulated during the fumigation-incubation (C_F:N_F).A C_F:N_F ratio of 6:1 resulted in a k_N of 0.30 whereas a ratio of 13:1 indicated a k_N of 0.20.     

Incorporation studies of NH+4 during incubation of organic residues by l5N-CPMAS-NMR-spectroscopy

This study focuses on the processes occurring during incorporation of inorganic nitrogen into humic substances. Therefore rye grass, wheat straw, beech saw dust, sulphonated lignin and organosolve lignin were incubated together with highly ¹⁵N-enriched ammonium sulphate in the laboratory for 600 days. Samples from the incubates were periodically analysed for weight loss, and carbon and nitrogen contents. The samples were also analysed by solid-state ¹³C- and ¹⁵N-CPMAS-NMR-spectroscopy to follow the turnover of the materials during incubation. Most of the detectable N-signals was assigned to amide - peptide structures. The remaining intensities could be ascribed to free and alkylated amino groups, and those on the low field side of the broad amide-peptide signal to indole, pyrrole and nucleotide derivatives. Abiotic reactions of ammonia with suitable precursors and the formation of pyridine, pyrazine or phenyloxazone derivatives were not observed. Signals from ammonia and nitrate occurred only at the end of the incubation.     

Diffusion of NH+4 and NO−3 mineralized from organic N in soil

The mineralization of native soil organic matter and the simultaneous diffusion of zero NH⁺₄ and NO^?₃ to a solution sink of zero N concentration was analysed experimentally and theoretically for a fine sandy loam soil. Experimentally, the NH₄ and NO₃ ions produced in an incubated unsaturated soil column were allowed to diffuse through a sintered glass plate into a stirred solution sink. The distribution of NH⁺₄ and NO^?₃ in the soil column was measured after various incubation times. The rate of ammonification was measured directly during incubation and the rate of nitrification modelled from nitrifier growth kinetics. A Freundlich equation was used to describe the equilibrium between soluble and exchangeable NH⁺₄ in the soil. Terms for the microbial transformation of N and the adsorption-desorption of NH⁺₄ were combined with diffusion equations which were solved numerically using finite difference methods. The model constructed was used to predict the NH⁺₄ and NO^?₃ con-centration distributions in the soil column, and good agreement was obtained between the experimental and predicted concentration profiles. The use of the model for predicting the diffusive flux of mineral N to the outer surfaces of soil peds, where it is vulnerable to leaching, was demonstrated.     

不同铵硝比例对杭白菊次生代谢及抗病性的影响

【目的】 氮素形态与寄主营养和病害严重度的关系一直是人们关注的热点,氮素营养对植物次生代谢产物的影响也多有研究。斑枯病为杭白菊常见病害,黄酮和酚酸类物质是杭白菊主要的资源性化学成分。针对杭白菊生产中存在的问题,本文对不同铵硝比例处理下杭白菊的次生代谢及斑枯病发病情况进行调查和研究,以期为杭白菊生产过程中的氮素配施、 病害防治和次生代谢调控提供一定的技术借鉴。【方法】 采用盆栽试验,在总施氮水平相同的前提下,设置5个NH+4和NO-3比例,采用随机区组设计,管理措施一致,4次重复。采取对角线定点定株定期调查杭白菊斑枯病发病情况,采用描叶法和LI-3000C叶面积仪来确定植株病害状况,统计病情指数和病害发生率;测定苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、 木质素、 纤维素、 可溶性总糖、 可溶性蛋白、 超氧阴离子(O-2)、 丙二醛(MDA)等相关生理指标,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)等抗氧化酶;测定不同处理下杭白菊花中次生代谢产物绿原酸、 木犀草苷、 3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸以及根、 茎、 叶等不同部位总黄酮含量。对相关生理指标与发病率和病情指数进行相关性分析。【结果】 当铵硝比为25:75时木质素、 纤维素、 可溶性总糖、 POD、 苯丙氨酸和O-2含量达到最大值,MDA含量和SOD活性相对较低;杭白菊根、 茎、 叶及花中总黄酮的含量在铵硝比为25:75和0:100时均表现出较高的含量,绿原酸、 3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸两者的含量在铵硝比为25:75时达到最大值,分别为0.67%和1.84%。随着硝态氮比例的增加杭白菊斑枯病的发病率和病情指数均有所下降。相关性分析显示木质素、 可溶性总糖、 PAL活性、 POD活性、 超氧阴离子、 绿原酸、 3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸、 花中总黄酮的含量与杭白菊斑枯病的发病率和病情指数呈负相关,且达到极显著水平;SOD活性、 MDA含量与杭白菊斑枯病的发病率和病情指数呈正相关,且均达到显著水平。【结论】 杭白菊斑枯病的发病率和病情指数与相关生理指标和次生代谢密切相关,不同铵硝比例对药用菊花次生代谢产物及斑枯病的发生有一定的影响,当铵硝比为25:75时菊花斑枯病的发病率最低。     

Chemical and colloidal stability of sols in the Al2O3-Fe2O3-SiO2-H2O system: their role in podzolization

Concentrations of dialysable silica in equilibrium with Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O sols at pH 4.5–5.0 confirm the formation of a poorly ordered non-dialysable proto-imogolite species with an Al : Si ratio near 2, close to that of imogolite. Sols with Al : Si>2 give nearly constant levels of free silica in solution in the range 2–6 μg/cm³, indicating equilibrium between proto-imogolite and aluminium hydroxide species. These findings indicate that imogolite-like precipitates in acid soils will buffer silica in solution to within this range during leaching episodes. Imogolite is more stable than a previous estimate suggested, and a revised value for its free energy of formation is proposed: ΔG⁰_f(298.15) = -2929.7 kJ/mol. In Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O sols, the Fe : Si ratio of the non-dialysable species varies smoothly from 11 to 3 as free silica in solution ranges from 4 to 35 μg/cm³. Such sols are much less colloidally stable than hydroxyaluminium silicate sols, but mixed Al₂O₃—Fe₂O₃—SiO₂—H₂O sols are almost as stable as iron-free sols up to a Fe : Al ratio of 1.5. Thus migration of Al and Fe as mixed hydroxide sols can account for the almost constant ratio of Al to Fe with depth in oxalate extracts from Bs horizons of podzols.     

Blocking the release of potassium from clay interlayers by small concentrations of NH4+ and Cs+

To understand the process and the kinetics of potassium release from the clay interlayer in natural and arable soils in more detail, I tested the hypotheses that large, monovalent cations, especially NH₄⁺ and Cs⁺, can reduce the release rates of K⁺ which is exchanged by Ca²⁺, even if these monovalent cations are present in concentrations of only a few μm . Percolation experiments were carried out with different illitic soil materials, some containing vermiculite, with 5 m m CaCl₂ at pH 5.8 and 20°C, in some cases for over 7000 h. NH₄⁺ and Cs⁺ both caused a large decrease in the rate at which K⁺ was released, Cs⁺ especially. Suppression began at 5 μm NH₄⁺ Blocking by 20 μm NH₄⁺ was easily reversible: the release rates readily increased when NH₄⁺ was omitted from the exchange solution. Blocking by 2 μm Cs⁺ was equal to approximately 90% of that at 10 μm Cs^+. Larger concentrations of Cs⁺ than 10 μm did not further reduce release but rather caused a slight increase, probably because of enhanced exchange of K⁺ by Cs⁺ without exfoliation of the interlayer space. Blocking by Cs⁺ was not reversible within > 7000 h of percolation by 5 m m CaCl₂. The blocking effect was reproduced in several different soil materials using 10 μm Cs⁺ but was most pronounced in vermiculite-rich samples. As NH₄⁺ is present in most arable soils, at least in concentrations of a few μm , I conclude that the observed effects are of significance in the K dynamics processes in soils, for example near the roots of plants. Further, very small concentrations of Cs⁺ in exchange solutions containing a large background of Ca²⁺ appear to be useful for suppressing K⁺ release from the interlayer in laboratory studies, probably without significantly altering the exchange at outer mineral surfaces.     

Rhizobium inoculation of Calopogonium caeruleum

The shade-tolerant cover legume Calopogonium caeruleum is promiscuous in its nodulating habits. In sand culture, symbiotic effectiveness of the strains tested was variable; 6 strains of rhizobia markedly improved shoot yields and 20 increased shoot N content. In pot experiments using cultivated and non-cultivated soils, inoculation gave no significant increase in shoot yields. When grown under rubber in plantation conditions at four localities, shoot dry matter yields, N content and nodulation also were not different from uninoculated plants when sampled for up to 2 yr after planting. This occurred despite the low numbers (< 10 g^?1 soil) of native rhizobia at some sites and an appreciable establishment (> 70% recovery in nodules) by the inoculant strains.     

Assessment of N2O, NOx and NH3 emissions from a typical rural catchment in Eastern China

To evaluate the atmospheric load of reactive gaseous nitrogen in the fast-developing Eastern China region, we compiled inventories of nitrous oxide (N₂O), nitrogen oxide (NO_x) and ammonia (NH₃) emissions from a typical rural catchment in Jiangsu province, China, situated at the lower reach of the Yangtze River. We considered emissions from synthetic N fertilizer, human and livestock excreta, decomposition of crop residue returned to cropland and residue burning, soil background and household energy consumption. The results showed that, for the 45.5 km² catchment, the annual reactive gaseous emission was 279 ton N, of which 7% was N₂O, 16% was NO_x and 77% was NH₃. Synthetic N fertilizer application was the dominant source of N₂O and NH₃ emissions and crop residue burning was the dominant source of NO_x emission. Sixty-seven percent of the total reactive gaseous N was emitted from croplands, but on a per unit area basis, NO_x and NH₃ emissions in residential areas were higher than in croplands, probably as a result of household crop residue burning and extensive human and livestock excreta management systems. Emission per capita was estimated to be 18.2 kg N year⁻¹ in the rural catchment, and emission per unit area was 56.9 kg N ha⁻¹year⁻¹ for NH₃ + NO_x, which supports the observed high atmospheric N deposition in the catchment. Apparently, efficient use of N fertilizer and biological utilization of crop straw are important measures to reduce reactive gases emissions in this rural catchment.     

NH4+-N/NO3--N比例对不同不结球小白菜品种的生长和部分生理指标的影响

The responses of three cultivars of Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.), one of the main vegetable crops in China, to different ratios of NH4+-N/NO3--N was investigated to find the optimal ratio of ammonium to nitrate for maximal growth and to explore ways of decreasing the nitrate content, increasing nitrogen use efficiency of Chinese cabbage, and determining distributions of nitrogen and carbon. Three cultivars of Chinese cabbage were hydroponically grown with three different NH4+-N/NO3--N ratios (0:100, 25:75 and 50:50). The optimal ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N for maximal growth of Chinese cabbage was 25:75. The increase in the ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N significantly decreased nitrate content in various tissues of Chinese cabbage in the order of petiole > leaf blade > root. The highest total nitrogen (N) content was found when the ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N was 25:75, and N contents in plant tissues were significantly different, mostly being in the order of leaf blade > petiole > root. At the NH4+-N/NO3--N ratio of 25:75, the biomasses of Chinese cabbage cultivars 'Shanghaiqing', 'Liangbaiye 1' and 'Kangre 605' increased by 47%, 14% and 27%, respectively. The biomass, SPAD chlorophyll meter readings and carbon content of 'Shanghaiqing' were all higher than those of 'Liangbaiye 1', while nitrate and total nitrogen contents were lower. Thus, partial replacement of nitrate by ammonium could improve vegetable production by both increasing yields and decreasing nitrate content of the plants.     

H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒A/duck/FuJian/01/02株反向基因操作系统的建立

从含A/duck/FuJian/01/02(W-DKFJ)株病毒的鸡胚尿囊液中提取总RNA,用RT-PCR扩增PB2、PB1、PA、HA、NP、NA、M和NS全基因片段,将其分别克隆至PBD载体中.利用8质粒反向遗传操作系统,将重组的PBD质粒共转染293T细胞,成功拯救了该病毒.并命名为R-DKFJ.10(6)EID(50)的W-DKFJ和R-DKFJ分别经鼻腔接种BALB/c小鼠后,观察到两组小鼠体重均明显下降,并且在10d之内全部死亡.与此同时,在感染小鼠后第3天在脑、脾、肾、肺脏等脏器巾分离到病毒,两组小鼠肺脏病毒含量分别为7.4±0.4和7.1±0.1.其MLD(50)分别为O.5log(10)EID(50)/ML和0.98lOg(10)EID/mL.结果表明,救获病毒R-DKFJ与其亲本野生毒W-DKFJ在对哺乳动物模型BALB/c小鼠致病性方面保持着一致的生物学特性.     

应重视硝态氮同化过程在降低土壤硝酸盐浓度中的作用

在保证生产力条件下,采取合理的氮肥管理措施降低土壤硝态氮浓度对降低氮污染至关重要。当前,应用硝化抑制剂能够有效延缓铵态氮的硝化速率,进而降低土壤硝态氮淋溶损失和氮氧化物排放,但是其缺点显而易见:促进氨挥发并引起硝化抑制剂污染。好氧条件下,土壤硝态氮净变化量取决于产生(硝化)和消耗(硝态氮同化)的量。但是,一直以来,受微生物优先利用铵态氮这一传统观点的影响,人们普遍认为农田土壤微生物较少利用硝态氮,很大程度上忽视了对硝态氮同化过程的研究。该过程独具优势,它将硝态氮转变为微生物生物量氮进行短期储存并发生再矿化,具有保氮功能且环境友好。加入特定的碳源可以提高硝态氮同化这已是不争的事实,未来应加强硝态氮同化降低土壤硝酸盐累积方面的研究:(1)外源碳影响硝态氮同化的微生物驱动机制是什么?(2)怎样才能操控硝态氮同化和再矿化过程,使得作物氮需求和土壤氮供应相匹配,进而降低氮损失?(3)在碳源充足的条件下,反硝化作用亦会增强,如何才能做到在提高硝态氮同化的同时避免反硝化氮损失?     

The H+/M2+ exchange stoichiometry of calcium and zinc adsorption by ferrihydrite

The specific adsorption of Ca²⁺ and Zn²⁺ by ferrihydrite results in the net release of H⁺. The rate and H⁺/M²⁺ exchange stoichiometry of this reaction were monitored with a pH-stat. A rapid reaction of less than 6 min was followed by a slower reaction which continued at a diminishing rate for at least 2 days. Adsorption of Ca²⁺ at pH 7.8 and Zn²⁺ at pH 5.4 resulted in the net release of 0.92 and 1.70 mol H⁺/mol M²⁺ adsorbed, respectively. For Zn²⁺ adsorption, this stoichiometry was shown to be independent of pH. These estimates agree well with independent estimates based on the pH dependence of adsorption. The difference between the Ca²⁺ and Zn²⁺ stoichiometries was related to the differing acidity of the –OH₂ ligands attached to the adsorbed ions.     

H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒A/Duck/FuJian/01/02株感染性克隆构建

摘 要：1999-2002年本试验室从我国南方健康鸭体内分离到21株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒,对其进行系统地生物学特性和遗传演化分析发现,其中A/Duck/FuJian/01/02(简DKFJ)和A/Duck/Guangxi/53/02(简DKGX) 属于同一基因型, 对鸡都呈高致病性,但对哺乳动物模型Balb/c小鼠的致病性明显不同: DKGX对小鼠呈低致病性（MLD50>106.5）,DKGX株反向基因操作系统本试验室已经建立,而DKFJ对小鼠呈高致病性（MLD50<100.5）。为了研究这两株病毒对哺乳动物模型Balb/c小鼠致病性差异的分子机制,本研究构建了对DKFJ的8质粒反向基因操作系统,并通过细胞转染技术成功拯救了该病毒（R-DKFJ）。R-DKFJ在对哺乳动物模型Balb/c小鼠的致病性保持了与亲本野生毒（W-DKFJ, MLD50<100.5）一致的生物学特性,并且对小鼠呈全身感染,即106EID50鼻腔感染小鼠后第三天在脑、脾、肾、肺脏等脏器检测到病毒。DKFJ反向基因操作系统的成功建立为阐明H5N1亚型禽流感病毒对哺乳动物模型Balb/c小鼠的致病机制等方面奠定了基础。     

Evidence that fungi can oxidize NH4+ to NO3− in a grassland soil

The contribution of bacteria and fungi to NH₄⁺ and organic N (N_org) oxidation was determined in a grassland soil (pH 6.3) by using the general bacterial inhibitor streptomycin or the fungal inhibitor cycloheximide in a laboratory incubation study at 20°C. Each inhibitor was applied at a rate of 3 mg g^?1 oven‐dry soil. The size and enrichment of the mineral N pools from differentially (NH₄¹⁵NO₃ and ¹⁵NH₄NO₃) and doubly labelled (¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃) NH₄NO₃ were measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after N addition. Labelled N was applied to each treatment, to supply NH₄⁺‐N and NO₃^?‐N at 3.15 μmol N g^?1 oven‐dry soil. The N treatments were enriched to 60 atom % excess in ¹⁵N and acetate was added at 100 μmol C g^?1 oven‐dry soil, to provide a readily available carbon source. The oxidation rates of NH₄⁺ and N_org were analysed separately for each inhibitor treatment with a ¹⁵N tracing model. In the absence of inhibitors, the rates of NH₄⁺ oxidation and organic N oxidation were 0.0045 μmol N g^?1 hour^?1 and 0.0023 μmol N g^?1 hour^?1, respectively. Streptomycin had no effect on nitrification but cycloheximide inhibited the oxidation of NH₄⁺ by 89% and the oxidation of organic N by more than 30%. The current study provides evidence to suggest that nitrification in grassland soil is carried out by fungi and that they can simultaneously oxidize NH₄⁺ and organic N.     

3 种挺水植物吸收水体NH4+、NO3-、H2PO4- 的动力学特征比较

本文用动力学试验研究了具有景观价值的3 种挺水植物—— 水生美人蕉(Canna generalis)、细叶莎草(Cyperus papyrus)、紫芋(Colocasia tonoimo)对H₂PO₄^-、NH₄⁺、NO₃^- 的吸收特征及差异。试验结果表明: 3 种挺水植物吸收H₂PO₄^- 时, 美人蕉的吸收速率最快, 且在较低离子浓度条件下也可以吸收该离子, 说明其具有嗜磷特性, 能够适应广范围浓度H₂PO₄^- 环境; 吸收NO₃^- 时, 细叶莎草的速率最快, 但对低浓度NO₃^- 环境的适应能力较差, 美人蕉吸收NO₃^- 的特性与细叶莎草刚好相反; 吸收NH₄⁺ 时, 细叶莎草的吸收速率最快, 且在低浓度NH₄⁺ 环境下仍能吸收该离子, 而美人蕉的吸收速率最慢, 但能在低浓度NH₄⁺ 环境下吸收该离子。说明不同植物对养分的吸收特性存在较大差异, 各自的污染水体修复适用范围也不同。美人蕉可用于各种浓度H₂PO₄^- 污染的水体修复; 而NO₃^- 污染严重的水体最适宜用细叶莎草作先锋植物, 修复到一定程度后再种植美人蕉来维持水质; 细叶莎草在各种浓度NH₄⁺ 污染的水体中均适用, NH₄⁺ 污染较轻的水体也可用美人蕉修复。     

Coupled diffusion and oxidation of ferrous iron in soils. II. A model of the diffusion and reaction of O2, Fe2+, H+ and HCO3− in soils and a sensitivity analysis of the model

Kinetic equations are developed for a system in which a column of reduced soil is exposed to oxygen at one end. The equations are combined in a simulation model in which they are solved by finite-difference methods. The model predicts the consequent diffusion of oxygen into the column; the diffusion of ferrous iron towards the oxidation zone; the rate of formation and concentration profile of the ferric hydroxide formed; and the diffusion by acid-base transfer of the acidity produced in the oxidation reaction. A sensitivity analysis of the model, in which runs were made for a wide range of input parameters, showed that for most combinations of parameters, in water-saturated soil, substantial amounts of iron are transferred towards the air-exposed surface, leading to a well-defined zone of ferric hydroxide accumulation. The profile of total iron in this zone is often banded. The pH in the zone falls by at least two units. A small amount of air-filled pore space increases the depth of the oxidation front dramatically. The model indicates that coupled iron oxidation and diffusion reactions, which are very widespread in natural soils, may be understood quantitatively.