伊氏锥虫和媾疫锥虫蛋白组分的电泳分析

应用SDS—PAGE和IEF电泳对伊氏锥虫和媾疫锥虫的蛋白组分进行了分析.在SDS—PAGE中,伊氏锥虫有21条带.媾疫锥虫有19条带,两种虫体的蛋白质区带在分子量40000～90000之间存在差异,尤其表现在表面糖蛋白上,伊氏锥虫为43000,媾疫锥虫为60000.在IEF电泳中,伊氏锥虫出现26条带,媾疫锥虫出现33条带,两种虫体的蛋白质区带在等电点4.8～5.6之间相同,而在5.6～7.0之间存在差异.本实验还对马媾疫锥虫的蛋白质进行了双相电泳分析,显示出86个多肽斑点.     

检测伊氏锥虫循环抗原的McAb-RPHA试验

用一株抗伊氏锥虫、马媾疫锥虫和布氏锥虫共同抗原(与泰氏锥虫等抗原无交叉反应)的单克隆抗体建立了检测伊氏锥虫循环抗原(TcA)的反向间接血凝试验。用以检测人工感染兔,于感染后8～10天TcA转阴;如不治疗直至观察期结束持续阳性;治疗后一周即转阴。用以检测疫区36份虫血症阳性水牛血清,25份阳性(69.44％);16份虫血症阴性、IHA阳性水牛血清,3份阳性;25份虫血症和IHA阴性水牛血清,全部阴性。     

媾疫锥虫、伊氏锥虫差异抗原的分离鉴定

以50％饱和硫酸铵沉淀的兔抗伊氏锥虫高免血清球蛋白制备琼脂糖-4B免疫吸附柱,对马媾疫锥虫超声全虫可溶性抗原进行反亲和层析免疫吸附。当抗原量在抗体吸附范围内时,最先洗脱下来的成分即为媾疫锥虫特异性抗原(差异抗原)。该抗原与媾疫锥虫血清抗体反应较强,与伊氏锥虫血清抗体反应较弱,经SDS-PAGE检测,其为分子量大于68000的大分子蛋白。     

接种泰氏锥虫及其抗原使家兔和小鼠产生抗伊氏锥虫的交叉免疫力

用培养的泰氏锥虫制备的死、活两种虫体抗原,接种于家兔和小鼠,一定时间后用伊氏锥虫强毒株攻击,观察其血清抗体的变化及交叉免疫保护能力。试验表明,泰氏锥虫虫体抗原可刺激机体产生较高的体液抗体;免疫动物有一定的抵御伊氏锥虫攻击的能力,与对照组相比,免疫动物血液中虫体出现的时间较迟,最初的数量少,临床症状轻。死虫抗原组的交叉免疫保护能力较活虫抗原组强。     

应用间接血凝试验检测伊氏锥虫循环抗原

利用间接血凝试验,对人工感染伊氏锥虫的马、豚鼠,家兔的循环抗原(CA)及其出现规律进行了实验检测。结果,感染动物47/57 CA阳性,15分份锥虫培养液CA全为阳性,而健康动物及空白培养液均为CA阴性。伊氏锥虫CA与锥虫属以外的驽巴贝西虫,传贫、鼻疽等血清不交叉,而与锥属的牛泰氏锥虫、路氏锥虫、马媾疫锥虫的血清有不同程度的交叉反应。CA比抗体出现早;感染动物完全治愈后,CA消失,而未彻底治愈者,CA仅暂时消失,但不久又出现,直到动物病死,由此认为,CA的检测可作为早期诊断、疗效判定和预后判定的依据之一。     

应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测伊氏锥虫循环抗原的实验研究

本文介绍一种检测伊氏锥虫循环抗原的双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验。这种试验敏感性和特异性高,检查实验室制备的伊氏锥虫可溶性抗原,可检出的阈值为0.049—0.195微克蛋白/毫升(0.122±0.066微克蛋白/毫升);检查泰氏锥虫和龚地弓形体抗原,即使抗原浓度分别高达180微克蛋白/毫升和200微克蛋白/毫升,亦为阴性。用此法观察了7只实验感染家兔血清中伊氏锥虫循环抗原的动态,实验兔于感染后4—8天首次呈现抗原血症,滴度于感染后8—10天达高峰,持续仅4—12天,于感染后14—28天转为阴性,而实验感染前和用拜耳205治疗后的血清则全部阴性。将治疗前已转阴的15份血清和治疗后的28份血清标本按Bout等介绍的方法解离免疫复合物再检循环抗原,前者10份阳性,后者全部阴性.此结果证明,实验感染兔于感染后2—4周血清中出现伊氏锥虫抗原-抗体免疫复合物,复合物的产生影响循环抗原的检出。     

分泌抗伊氏锥虫单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株的建立

按katendel氏法用伊氏锥虫JG株制备全虫抗原,以其免疫BALB/C小鼠。以50％PEG(MW4000,pH8.0)作融合剂。使免疫鼠脾细胞与S P2/0 Ag14(简称S P2/0)骨髓瘤细胞融合。经系统筛选和克隆化,建立了9个分泌抗伊氏锥虫抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。他们分泌的McAb,4株为IgG1、1株为IgG3、另4株为IgM。9株McAb在琼脂免疫双扩散试验中均不形成沉淀线。用ELISA检测,这些细胞系培养上清和腹水与同源伊氏锥虫虫株抗原的滴度分别为1:64-1:1024和1:6.4×103-1:6.4×105;与泰氏锥虫和弓形虫抗原则全为阴性。用2个异源伊氏傩虫虫株抗原检测时,8株无任何交叉反应,8株与2个异源株均有交叉反应,另3株则只与1个异源株有交叉反应。用增值反应检查了5株IgG类McAb识别抗原决定簇的特异性,除2株共同识别一种抗原决定簇外,另8株各自识别不同的抗原决定簇。     

抗伊氏锥虫表膜单克隆抗体的研究Ⅰ.杂交瘤细胞株的建立与鉴定

利用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术,建立了3株抗伊氏锥虫表膜抗原的McAb杂交癌细胞株1C_2、2A_3、5B_7,对其鉴定的结果;①杂交瘤细胞所诱生的腹水效价,1C_2为2×10~(-4)、2A_3 4×10~(-4)、5B_7 64×10~(-4);培养上清效价,1C_2为1/512、2A_3 1/512、5B_7 1/1024。②3株细胞所产生的McAb均为IgM。③杂交瘤细胞的染色体数,1C_2 82条、2A_3 96条、5B_7 106条。④用McAb作抗原定位,均结合于伊氏锥虫虫体表面。⑤McAb与伊氏锥虫表膜以外的其它抗原成分反应较弱,与锥虫属以外的病原体不发生反应,与泰氏锥虫、路氏锥虫有部分交叉反应。⑥3株McAb对虫体均无抑制作用。     

用ELISA检测伊氏锥虫血清中TNF的研究

本文分别用鼠抗TNF单克隆抗体T_5和E_6,通过ELISA对伊氏锥虫阳性血清中TNF进行了检测。在受检的164份血清中,T_5检测出现28份阳性血清。E_6检测出现22份阳性血清。两种单抗检测后均为阳性反应的有21份血清,其阳性检出率为12.80%。阳性血清中TNF的含量平均为180ng/ml,范围在0.36ng/ml—1600ng/ml之间。结果首次证实伊氏锥虫感染时TNF的存在,对进一步研究伊氏锥虫的免疫及免疫病理具有重要意义。     

应用单克隆抗体检查伊氏锥虫抗原变异

用广西骡株伊氏锥虫可溶性抗原免疫的BALB/C小鼠脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞(SP_2/O)融合,获得了在ELISA中能与广西骡株伊氏锥虫可溶性变异表面糖蛋白反应的2个分泌IgG_1的单克隆抗体(McAb)。用McAb于ELISA抑制试验对四份不同期的广西骡株伊氏锥虫阳性血清的抗体成分进行了分析,结果四份锥虫阳性血清对于McAb与相应抗原决定簇的结合均未出现明显的抑制作用。表明血清样本间很少或完全没有与McAb相类似的抗体。这证明伊氏锥虫存在多个血清型亦即变异抗原型。     

Evaluation of an antibody-ELISA using five crude antigen preparations for the diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in cattle.

Attempts were made to improve the accuracy of an antibody-detection ELISA for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi infection in cattle by improving the method of preparation of the crude antigen used. An IgG-ELISA was performed with five different antigen preparations: crude soluble antigen, soluble and insoluble fractions of crude antigen treated with 0.1% formalin and whole formalin-fixed trypanosomes treated with either trypsin or 2-mercaptoethanol. An IgM-ELISA using crude soluble antigen was also performed. Each ELISA was evaluated using serum from 44 Indonesian cattle infected with T. evansi and 262 uninfected cattle from Australia. There was no significant difference between the sensitivity or specificity of the IgG-ELISA using each of the five antigens. The IgM-ELISA using a crude untreated lysate was significantly less sensitive (p<0.05) than the IgG-ELISA using the same antigen, trypsin-treated antigen or the 0.1% formalin-treated soluble antigen (68, 64 and 64%, respectively). These results show that these modifications to the method of producing crude antigens for the Ab-ELISA does not improve the accuracy of diagnosis of T. evansi infection in cattle.     

Surveys in Papua New Guinea to detect the presence of Trypanosoma evansi infection

OBJECTIVE: To confirm serological evidence that Trypanosoma evansi is present in Papua New Guinea. DESIGN: Three surveys were undertaken in PNG during 1997/1998. Animals were selected for sampling on the basis of convenience. Samples of blood were examined for the presence of T evansi by the haematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT) and mouse inoculation test (MI). Sera were tested in the field using the card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis/T evansi (CATT). Bovine sera were tested at James Cook University using an antibody-detection ELISA (Ab-ELISA). Results from testing bovine sera with the Ab-ELISA and sera from wallabies with the CATT were analysed using FreeCalc to determine the probability that animals in these populations were infected with T evansi. RESULTS: A total of 545 serum samples were collected, during the three surveys of which 39 cattle, two pig and three agile wallaby samples were positive with the CATT. All bovine sera collected were negative when tested with an Ab-ELISA. T evansi was not isolated using the HCT or the MI from any of these animals. CONCLUSION: Based on the Ab-ELISA results it was concluded that T evansi infection was not present in cattle in villages around Balimo at a minimum expected prevalence of 10% (P < 0.05) and, based on the CATT results, that infection was not present in wallabies on the Bula plain at a minimum expected prevalence of 10% (P < 0.1). These results indicate that it is unlikely that T evansi is endemic in PNG.     

The bovine immune response to Brucella abortus IV. Studies with a double immunodiffusion test for antibody against A2.

A double immunodiffusion test for precipitins against Brucella antigen A2 was developed and applied to a variety of samples. The A2 precipitins were produced by a heifer infected with B. abortus strain 2308, cattle vaccinated with killed B. melitensis strain H38 or live B. abortus strain 19 and by a dog infected with B. canis. Precipitins were also detected in the second International Standard for anti-Brucella abortus serum, in several anti-B. canis sera and at low levels in one anti-B. ovis serum tested. Antisera produced in calves against Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:9 had no anti-A2 activity despite titers greater than or equal to 1/1024 and greater than or equal to 1/80 in standard Brucella agglutination and CF tests, respectively. The test for A2 precipitins lacked specificity as weak reactions were obtained with five of 295 sera from brucellosis-free herds. This test was relatively insensitive, detecting precipitins in only 16 of 24 sera from infected cattle and 27 of 54 sera positive by complement fixation and enzyme labelled antiglobulin tests performed with whole cell and smooth lipopolysaccharide antigens, respectively. The A2 precipitins were detected in nine sera from five cattle, in two infected herds, which were negative by agglutination and complement fixation tests.     

Characterization of immunogenic proteins of Trypanosoma evansi isolated from three different Indian hosts using hyperimmune sera and immune sera

The western blot analysis for identification of immunogenic proteins in whole cell lysate (WCL) antigens (Ags) prepared from the Trypanosoma evansi of buffalo, horse and cattle origins using hyperimmune sera (HIS) showed 11 immunogenic proteins and naturally T. evansi infected immune sera (IS) of horse detected 19 immunogenic proteins. HIS and IS of horse recognized five common immunogenic proteins of relative molecular weight (M(r)) ranges 61-64, 44-47, 33-34, 25-26 and 14-16 kilo Dalton (kDa). HIS rose against WCL Ags of T. evansi of buffalo origin and immune sera of horse cross reacted with WCL Ags of T. evansi of different host origin. It can be concluded that in comparison to HIS, IS of horse could able to detect more numbers of immunogenic proteins and five common immunogenic proteins in WCL Ages of T. evansi of different hosts origin. The evidence of higher reactivity of IS in comparison to HIS against T. evansi is being reported for the first time.     

Serologic comparisons of 4 Anaplasma isolates as measured by the complement-fixation test

Anaplasma marginale isolated from Virginia ( VAM ), from North Texas ( NTAM ), from Florida (FAM), and Anaplasma ovis from Idaho were used in these trials. Complement-fixation antigens from each of the 4 isolates were used to compare complement-fixing antibody titers of 10 cattle infected with VAM , 17 with FAM, and 6 with NTAM . Strong cross-reactions occurred with all antigens and sera. The homologous system generally showed higher average antibody titers. The serum antibody titers occurring with the A. ovis antigen were significantly lower than those seen with A. marginale antigens. Serum antibody titer differences as measured by FAM and NTAM antigens on sera from VAM , NTAM and FAM failed to reach significance. Serum antibody titer comparisons using VAM antigen were significantly different from those occurring with FAM and NTAM in most instances.     

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of vesicular stomatitis virus antibodies

A liquid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) types New Jersey (VSV-NJ) and Indiana subtype Indiana I (VSV-IND₁) antibodies in the sera of naturally and experimentally infected cattle, horses and swine. Four different VSV preparations were compared for use as antigen in the ELISA: virus used in neutralization tests, complement-fixation antigen, immunodiffusion ager gel antigen and viral glycoprotein. Comparative antibody titration results of virus neutralization (VN) and ELISA showed no statistically significant difference between serum titers obtained with the four antigens to VSV-NJ (P=0.21) and VSV-IND₁ (P=0.14). The viral glycoprotein antigen was incorporated in the ELISA system because it is non-infectious and induces neutralizing antibodies. The reliability and variability of the ELISA was determined by testing 516 bovine, equine and swine sera which originated from areas free of vesicular stomatitis, and by testing 186 sera from areas where outbreaks occur. ELISA and VN results were correlated (P < 0.001 for both serotypes), and no statiscafically difference was found between replications of the tests. The ELISA allows the testing of a larger number of sera in a shorter time than is possible with the VN test and it can be used in diagnostic laboratories in VSV-free areas for the support of epidemiological surveillance programs.     

Preliminary evaluation of diagnostic tests using horses experimentally infected with trypanosoma evansi

Seven surra negative horses were intravenously inoculated with 3 x 10(6)Trypanosoma evansi parasites derived from a camel. One horse was maintained as an uninfected negative control. Three antigen and three antibody detection tests were evaluated for diagnosis of infection in horses. The microhaematocrit centrifugation test (MHCT) was the most sensitive, first detecting parasites between one and three days (x 2.4) post infection (p.i.). The antigen (ag)-ELISA detected antigen between three and ten days (x 6.6) p.i. The latex agglutination test (LAT) first gave positive results on day 3 (x 3.0) p.i. Following the treatment of horses with trypanocidal drugs, the MCHT and the mouse inoculation test (MIT) became negative. Antigen levels using LAT declined and reached pre-infection levels in five out of six horses during the period of observation (92-279 days). Antigen levels using the ag-ELISA declined as well but did not reach pre-infection levels in any of the six horses.Three antibody detection techniques, ab-ELISA, card agglutination test (CATT), and immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) detected antibodies in the blood of all seven infected horses but not in the uninfected control. However, the ab-ELISA did not discriminate clearly between sera from infected and uninfected horses because unacceptably high ELISA background readings were detected in 15% of the surra negative horses shipped to the UAE from the UK. The ELISA antibody increased above pre-infection levels in the six horses experimentally infected, but not in one horse. In this horse the ELISA antibody level exceeded the cut-off level only after the reoccurrence of the T. evansi infection. The IFAT detected antibodies 15.7 days p.i. in all infected horses.     

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for differentiation of the antibody response of cattle naturally infected with Brucella abortus or vaccinated with strain 19

Purified O chain of Brucella abortus was passively attached to polystyrene to differentiate antibody responses of cattle vaccinated with B abortus strain 19 from those of naturally infected cattle. In the indirect assay, using O polysaccharide as antigen, a single serum dilution was used and mouse monoclonal antibody to bovine L chain conjugated with horseradish peroxidase was the detection reagent. Measurable antibody was not found in sera of vaccinated cattle, except for 3 sera from cattle that were persistently infected with strain 19. Sera from 25 cattle infected with pathogenic strains contained antibody on the basis of results of indirect enzyme immunoassay, using smooth lipopolysaccharide or O chain as antigens, or results of competitive enzyme immunoassay, using the O-chain antigen. Results in sera from calves with experimentally induced Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:9 infection or inoculated with a low dose of B abortus strain 2308 were comparable with those in sera of cattle that were vaccinated with strain 19. The data correlated with those from competitive enzyme immunoassay, using one serum dilution and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated mouse monoclonal antibody to smooth lipopolysaccharide. On the basis of results of the indirect enzyme immunoassay, all sera (except those samples obtained before inoculation) contained antibody to smooth lipopolysaccharide.     

Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bovine antibody (IgG) to Pasteurella haemolytica

The sensitivity of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for bovine IgG serum antibody to Pasteurella haemolytica was compared with that of an indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test. Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes were grown in a chemically defined cell culture medium, and soluble antigens released into the growth medium were used in the ELISA and IHA test. An ELISA with serotype-1 antigen consistently detected antibody in sera that were positive by IHA test (correlation, 99%). Sera reacting with serotype-1 ELISA antigens also reacted with ELISA antigens prepared from other serotypes. Although ELISA titers averaged 5 log2 units higher than IHA titers, plots of titers determined by the 2 methods were approximately linear. Titer increases detected in paired serum samples by either test were similar. The ELISA was more sensitive than was the IHA in detecting colostral IgG antibody in serum of newborn calves. The ELISA uses a simple, stable antigen preparation and detects antibody to P haemolytica serotypes that commonly infect cattle.