H1N1亚型猪流感病毒HA和NA基因双重RT-PCR定型检测方法的建立与应用

为了建立适用于临床诊断的H1N1亚型猪流感病毒快速检测方法,本研究根据GenBank已登录的H1N1亚型猪流感病毒HA和NA基因序列设计RT-PCR扩增引物,以H1N1亚型猪流感病毒、H3N2亚型猪流感病毒、猪瘟病毒和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒为试验对照,通过优化RT-PCR反应条件和反应体系,建立了H1N1亚型猪流感病毒HA和NA基因双重RT-PCR定型检测方法。同时,运用H1N1亚型猪流感病毒血凝和血凝抑制试验方法和本研究建立的方法对165份猪病料样品进行了对比验证。结果表明,本研究建立的H1N1亚型猪流感病毒双重RT-PCR具有良好的特异性、敏感性、重复性,所扩增的目的基因片段大小分别为428 bp和678 bp左右,可检出最小基因组RNA浓度为2.9×10-5μg/μL。本研究建立的方法和H1N1亚型猪流感病毒血凝和血凝抑制试验方法均从同一份猪肺脏样品中检测出H1N1亚型猪流感病毒,其余样品中均未检出H1N1亚型猪流感病毒,两种方法符合率为100%。本研究建立的方法适用于H1N1亚型猪流感病毒双基因定型检测,可在H1N1亚型猪流感病毒流行病学调查和临床诊断中应用。     

河南省部分地区猪流感血清学调查

采用血凝抑制试验对河南省新乡、焦作、漯河等地采集的139份猪血清样品进行了猪流感病毒H1、H3、H5、H9亚型抗体的检测.结果显示,在被调查的139份血清中,H1亚型SIV抗体阳性率为43.17%,H3亚型SIV抗体阳性率为0,H5亚型SIV抗体阳性率为2.16%.H9亚型SIV抗体阳性率为1.44%:H1+H5亚型SIV抗体阳性率为1.44%;H1+H9亚型SIV抗体阳性率为1.44%:H1+H5+H9亚型SIV抗体阳性率为0.表明在所调查的猪群中,猪流感病毒的感染较为普遍,大部分猪场都曾被H1亚型感染,部分猪群有多种亚型混合感染存在.     

H1N1亚型猪流感病毒荧光RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为了建立快速检测H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的荧光RT-PCR方法,试验根据Gen Bank中H1N1亚型猪流感病毒HA基因和NA基因的序列,利用Premier express设计并合成两对特异性扩增引物和Taqman探针,采用荧光RT-PCR方法检测H1N1亚型猪流感病毒。结果表明:荧光RT-PCR方法可以特异、高效地检测临床样品。说明该方法能够用于临床及实验室猪流感病毒的快速诊断和检测,及时、有效、科学地指导辽宁省猪群疫病的防控。     

2018～2019年安阳市规模猪场猪流感病毒病调查研究

猪流感病毒(Swineinfluenza virus,SIV)主要包括H1亚型和H3亚型,是导致猪流感的主要病毒亚型,在中国猪群中广为传播,为养猪业带来重大经济影响。为了解安阳市地区猪流感的情况,我们收集了2018～2019年安阳市各地共1169份猪血清,采用ELISA酶联免疫检测方法,检测了安阳市猪群中猪流感病毒H1亚型和H3亚型的感染情况。结果显示,H1亚型的猪流感病毒最高感染率为70.44%,主要分布在北关区;H3亚型的猪流感病毒最高感染率为36.90%,主要分布在林州区;H1亚型和H3亚型混合感染率最高为34.52%,也位于林州区。本研究结果表明2018～2019年安阳市SIV感染比较普遍,类禽型猪H1亚型的感染率较高,H3亚型的感染率相对较低,同时也存在混合感染的现象。     

十五种中药体外抗H3N2亚型猪流感病毒效果的研究

为了观察15种中药抗H3N2亚型猪流感病毒的效果,试验通过先加中药再加病毒、先加病毒再加中药及中药和病毒混合后一起加这3种加药方式,采用鸡胚培养法和血凝(HA)试验研究了赤芍药等15种中药在体外抗猪流感病毒的效果;然后,将有显著效果的中药筛选出来,测定其治疗指数(TI)和半数有效量(ED50)。结果表明:在3种加药方式中,赤芍药和贯众抗猪流感病毒的效果最显著。     

H3亚型猪流感病毒抗原捕捉ELISA检测方法的建立

为快速检测H3亚型猪流感病毒(SIV),本研究将一株H3N2亚型SIV特异性单克隆抗体(MAb)进行纯化,建立了以多抗作为包被抗体,MAb作为检测抗体的H3亚型SIV抗原捕捉ELISA (AC-ELISA)方法.并对该方法的特异性和敏感性进行了分析,其敏感性是血凝试验的4倍,与猪繁殖与综合征病毒、猪圆环病毒、猪瘟病毒、猪细小病毒以及H1、H5、H9亚型SIV均没有明显的交叉性反应,批间和批内重复试验变异系数均小于10％.应用建立的AC-ELISA方法对84份H3亚型SIV实验室感染样品进行检测与鸡胚滴定病毒结果符合率达90.47％.本实验建立的AC-ELISA方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,可用于H3亚型SIV的临床检测.     

无锡地区猪流感病毒的分离与鉴定

对从江苏省无锡市几个呼吸道症状明显、高热发病的猪群中采集到的棉拭子和猪肺样品进行病毒分离,经纯化后,对病毒的血清型进行鉴定。结果表明:分离获得猪流感病毒(SIV)H3N2亚型1株、H1N1亚型1株、H9N2亚型毒株2株。这一结果为该市有效防控猪流感、深入研究SIV的传播机制和遗传演化规律提供了良好的流行病学资料。     

河南省部分地区猪流感血清学调查

采用血凝抑制试验对河南省新乡、焦作、漯河等地采集的139份猪血清样品进行了猪流感病毒H1、H3、H5、H9亚型抗体的检测。结果显示,在被调查的139份血清中,H1亚型SIV抗体阳性率为43．17％,H3亚型SIV抗体阳性率为0,H5亚型SIV抗体阳性率为2．16％,H9亚型SIV抗体阳性率为1．44％;H1＋H5亚型SIV抗体阳性率为1．44％：H1＋H9亚型SIV抗体阳性率为1．44％;H1＋H5＋H9亚型SIV抗体阳性率为0。表明在所调查的猪群中,猪流感病毒的感染较为普遍,大部分猪场都曾被H1亚型感染,部分猪群有多种亚型混合感染存在。     

猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型多重RT-PCR诊断方法的建立

对我国分离到的猪流感病毒和GenBank数据库中已有的猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型毒株的HA、NA基因核苷酸序列进行分析,分别选出各个病毒亚型HA和NA基因中高度保守且特异的核苷酸区域,设计扩增猪流感病毒H1和H3、N1和N2亚型的2套多重PCR特异性引物,建立了猪流感H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型病毒多重RT-PCR诊断方法。采用该方法对H1N1、H1N2、H3N2亚型猪流感病毒标准参考株进行RT-PCR检测,结果均呈阳性,对扩增得到的片段进行序列测定和BLAST比较,表明为目的基因片段。其它几种常见猪病病毒和其它亚型猪流感病毒的RT-PCR扩增结果都呈阴性。对107EID50/0.1mL病毒进行稀释,提取RNA进行敏感性试验,RT-PCR最少可检测到102EID50的病毒量核酸。对40份阳性临床样品的检测结果是H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型分别为16份、1份和20份,其它3份样品同时含有H1N1和H3N2亚型猪流感病毒,和鸡胚分离病毒结果100%一致。试验证明建立的猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型多重RT-PCR诊断方法是一种特异敏感的诊断方法,可用于临床样品的早期快速诊断和分型。     

欧洲类禽H1N1亚型猪流感病毒反向遗传操作平台的建立

为了构建猪流感病毒A/swine/Tian Jin/6/2013(H1N1)的反向遗传操作技术平台,通过RT-PCR技术分别扩增了欧洲类禽H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的8个基因片段,并分别连接至双向转录表达载体p BD上。纯化8个重组质粒,共转染到293T细胞。54 h后收集上清,并接种到MDCK细胞。待细胞病变明显时,进行血凝试验检测收集到的上清,测得血凝效价为1∶32。测定拯救病毒的全基因组序列,结果显示,在核苷酸序列上,拯救病毒与野生病毒完全一致。细胞病变情况显示,拯救毒株与野生毒株无明显差别。本研究成功拯救了欧洲类禽H1 N1亚型猪流感病毒,为猪流感病毒的致病机理、基因功能研究以及H1N1亚型猪流感病毒新型疫苗的研发奠定了基础。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.