农作物病虫发生级别与自然危害损失率关系辨析

在全国范围内征集的农作物病虫5级自然损失率大多在15%~45%之间,客观证实了不同病虫发生级别相同时自然危害损失率之间存在差异。一方面病虫发生量与其自然危害损失率之间理论上为逻辑斯蒂曲线关系,另一方面病虫发生级别的判定存在着人为的经验感知比较,加之病虫5级自然损失率一般低于50%,为统一简化关系且便于计算,我们将病虫1~5级相邻发生级别间自然危害损失率近似确定为倍率指数曲线关系。     

放牧强度对小针茅草原枯落物分解的影响

文中依托内蒙古苏尼特右旗中国农业科学院荒漠草原试验示范基地的放牧控制试验平台,研究了不同放牧强度下小针茅草原枯落物的残留率、分解速率和质量损失率的动态变化,并探讨了分解速率与水热因子的关系。研究结果表明:1)经过一个生长季的分解,放牧不同程度地加速了枯落物的分解。中度放牧小区群落枯落物的分解速率最高,为1.225×10~(-3)g·d~(-1),比对照区高35.28%。2)随着分解时间的延长,不同放牧强度下小针茅群落枯落物的质量累积损失率呈增加的趋势。3)枯落物分解的质量损失量在不同的季节其增加的快慢有差异,在分解的5~7月,枯落物月质量损失量迅速增加,8月份以后枯落物月质量损失量开始降低。不同放牧强度下枯落物质量损失量大小依次为:MG>EG>HG>LG>CK。说明适度放牧有利于枯落物的分解。4)7月份枯落物的分解速率最快,其次为8月份,7、8月份水热条件较好,有利于土壤微生物的生长和繁殖,对枯落物的分解具有促进作用。     

水稻黑条矮缩病经济阈值及发生程度分级标准研究

2009年进行防虫网育秧,预防水稻黑条矮缩病试验,用直线回归法求出病丛率与产量为害损失率相关式为y=0.986 69x-1.355 49,呈极显著回归关系。求出经济允许损失率为2.14%,代入回归方程求出防治指标为病丛率3.54%;进一步确定水稻黑条矮缩病发生程度分级标准,1级病丛率为3.5%～6.0%;2级为6.1%～13.0%;3级为13.1%～20.0%;4级为20.1%～26.0%;5级为26.0%。     

稻曲病病情分级标准的研究和应用

观察了稻曲病不同稻曲量在单穗上的分布 ,应用Q型系统聚类分析 ,以稻曲纵横径比、百稻曲重、单穗实粒重、结实率、损失率为指标进行数量分类 ,确定了新分级标准 :0级 ,未发病 ;Ⅰ级 ,1个稻曲 ;Ⅱ级 ,2个稻曲 ;Ⅲ级 ,3～5个稻曲 ;Ⅳ级 ,6～9个稻曲 ;Ⅴ级 ,10个以上稻曲。此外 ,利用韦布尔模型描述了稻曲病病情指数和产量损失率的关系。     

玉米弯孢菌叶斑病危害损失及防治指标研究

对河南玉米弯孢菌叶斑病危害损失测定结果表明,产量损失与病级、病情指数之间均存在着极显著的直线相关。病级每提高１级,产量损失平均增加８.２５％。病情指数每增加１０％,产量损失平均增加４.１４％。在产量损失构成中,千粒重下降处主导地位,约占６６.６％;穗粒数减少次之,约占３３.４％。根据病情指数与产量损失率的数学模型,分高、中、低产田对经济允许危害水平进行了估算,并确定了防治指标。经田间验证,可以用此指导该病的防治。     

早春播娘蒿对小麦的危害损失和经济阈值研究

本文从生态经济学角度,研究了鲁西平原麦区播娘蒿(Deseurainia sophia L.schur)与小麦的竞争关系,通过两年试验,得出了播娘蒿有关生物性状与小麦产量结构的相关关系;提出了播娘蒿密度与产量损失率的关系为幂函数曲线回归,即:y’=0.5226X~(0.6635)并求得当地生产水平下经济危害允许损失率(EIL)为2.56%,播娘蒿经济防除阈值(ET)模型:     

水稻品种间纹枯病的严重度与产量损失的关系

在田间人工接种条件下,比较江苏省10个水稻生产品种的纹枯病发病程度及其产量损失率。结果表明:水稻品种间的发病程度和产量损失率均有明显差异。增施氮肥后纹枯病的严重度增加,但对产量的影响则因品种而异。在按株测定7个水稻生产品种的病害严重度与产量损失的关系中获知:用来衡量病害严重度的病级(病斑高度)与产量损失之间有十分密切的关系,从而建立了病级(x)与产量损失率(y)之间的回归方程:y=4.487x-1.416。     

花生网斑病防治经济阈值模型研究

近几年研究了花生网斑病不同生育期发病对花生荚果产量的影响,以及不同发病程度与花生产量损失率的关系。建立了该病防治经济阈值模型x=10000C+2.089PVE/0.754PVE,为经济有效地防治花生网斑病提供了科学依据。     

小麦条锈病不同病级损失率测定及其应用

测定了小麦条锈病不同病级所造成的小麦产量损失率 ,探讨了损失率以及田间产量损失程度的简便测算方法。小麦条锈病病级与小麦穗粒数、千粒重、穗重关系密切 ,其回归方程式分别为:Y₁=62.29-3.11X±1.16(r=-0.9920);Y₂=44.79-2.74X±1.98(r=-0.9708);Y₃=2.68-0.235X±0.08(r=0.9937)。小麦中后期功能叶受害损失较大 ,最终集中表现在穗重降低上 ,损失率回归方程为:Y₃′=9.27X-5.76±3.07(r=0.9937)。上穗危害损失率回归方程为:YY₃ ′=3.00X+0.64±0.58(r=0.9958) ,经测验相关系数均为极显著。中后期叶片受害病级 1级时损失率为3.5% ,以后每增加1个级别穗重降低0.235g ,损失率增加9.27% ;上穗危害穗部病级增加 1级穗重降低0.1g ,损失率增加3%     

早春播娘蒿对小麦的危害损失和经济阈值研究

本文从生态经济学角度,研究了鲁西平原麦区播娘蒿(Deseurainia sophia L.schur)与小麦的竞争关系,通过两年试验,得出了播娘蒿有关生物性状与小麦产量结构的相关关系;提出了播娘蒿密度与产量损失率的关系为幂函数曲线回归,即:y’=0.5226X^0.6635)并求得当地生产水平下经济危害允许损失率(EIL)为2.56%,播娘蒿经济防除阈值(ET)模型:     

Induction of resistance against pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus using selected pine endophytic bacteria

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is the most destructive disease threatening pine worldwide. The disease is mainly caused by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is vectored by pine sawyer longhorn-beetles, Monochamus spp. This study aimed to select resistance-inducing pine endophytic bacteria for management of PWD. To set up a defence-related genes expression pattern for screening, four chemical inducers (salicylic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), β-aminobutyric acid and α-aminobutyric acid) were tested in vitro on pine calli and in vivo on pine seedlings. Treatment with GABA had the greatest reduction in PWD severity on pine seedlings. The pattern of defence-related gene expression in calli treated with GABA was used to select potential resistance-inducing bacterial strains. In addition, 92 bacterial strains were isolated from pine tree needles and stems and were tested for expression of defence-related genes in pine calli in vitro. Among the tested strains, 13 showed a similar pattern to GABA treatment in at least four tested defence-related genes and were selected for the seedling assay. From the seedling assay, three bacterial strains (16YSM-E48, 16YSM-P180 and 16YSM-P39) showed significant reduction in PWD severity compared to the untreated control. Moreover, among the selected strains, cell-free culture supernatant of strain 16YSM-P180 significantly reduced PWD severity in inoculated pine seedlings. The selected strains were identified based on the 16S rRNA sequence as Pseudomonas putida 16YSM-E48, Curtobacterium pusillum 16YSM-P180 and Stenotrophomonas rhizophila 16YSM-P39. These selected strains are suggested as potential alternatives for management of PWD by induction of systemic resistance.     

Between‐site and ‐year variation in the relative susceptibility of native Scottish Pinus sylvestris populations to dothistroma needle blight

Dothistroma needle blight (DNB), caused by Dothistroma septosporum, is currently the disease causing most concern in British pine plantations. Previous artificial inoculation (AI) experiments showed that native Scottish Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) populations vary in susceptibility to DNB. However, it is unclear if the relative susceptibility of Scots pine populations observed in these experiments can be replicated under natural conditions. It is also unknown whether relative susceptibility of Scots pine populations varies between sites or years. To answer these two questions, young Scots pine plants from six native Scottish populations (Abernethy, Allt Broighleachan, Amat, Beinn Eighe, Glen Cannich and Glen Loyne) were exposed to natural D. septosporum inoculum at two Scottish sites (Culbin and Torrs Warren) between 2012 and 2014. DNB disease incidence and severity was assessed each October. Relative susceptibilities of the Scots pine populations varied between sites and across years. In two of the three years at Torrs Warren (2012 and 2014), the relative susceptibilities of the populations were strongly positively correlated with those observed in previous AI experiments. In these years, trees from Glen Loyne and Glen Cannich were the most susceptible. Conversely, there was no correlation between the relative susceptibilities seen in any year at Culbin with those observed in AI experiments. At Culbin, Beinn Eighe was the most susceptible population. Across both sites, there was a strong positive relationship between total summer precipitation and DNB severity (R = 0·93, t = 8·2, P = 0·001).     

Assessment of Dothistroma Needle Blight of Pinus radiata Using Airborne Hyperspectral Imagery

ABSTRACT Dothistroma needle blight is a serious foliar disease in Australian Pinus radiata plantations causing defoliation, decreased productivity and, in extreme cases, tree death. Conventional methods of monitoring forest health such as aerial survey and ground assessments are labor intensive, time consuming, and subjective. Remote sensing provides a synoptic view of the canopy and can indicate areas affected by damaging agents such as pests and pathogens. Hyperspectral airborne remote sensing imagery (CASI-2) was acquired over pine stands in southern New South Wales, Australia which had been ground assessed and ranked on an individual tree basis, according to the extent of Dothistroma needle blight. A series of spectral indices were tested using two different approaches for extracting crown-scale reflectance measurements and relating these to ground-based estimates of severity. Dothistroma needle blight is most severe in the lower crown and statistically significant relationships were found between crown reflectance values and ground estimates using a 'halo' approach (which ignored each tree crown's brightest central pixels). Independent accuracy assessment of the method indicated that the technique could successfully detect three levels of Dothistroma needle blight infection with an accuracy of over 70%.     

Intraspecific variation in susceptibility to dothistroma needle blight within native Scottish Pinus sylvestris

Dothistroma needle blight (DNB), caused by Dothistroma septosporum, is the most important disease currently affecting pine plantations in Britain. Intraspecific variation in susceptibility to DNB has been observed in several pine species, but it is not clear if similar variation occurs in Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Britain's only native pine. In three separate experiments 2‐ and 3‐year‐old Scots pine saplings from six native Scottish populations were artificially inoculated with D. septosporum conidial suspensions and incubated under conditions optimal for disease development. Conidial suspensions were produced using a single isolate from northeast Scotland. In one experiment, plants were also treated with various spore suspension concentrations to assess the impact of inoculum load on disease severity. There were no significant interactions between host population, plant height, and experiment/inoculum load (anova , P > 0·05), but population, height and inoculum load all significantly affected disease severity (anova , P < 0·05). Among the 2‐year‐old trees, those from Amat were less susceptible than those from Glen Loyne and Glen Cannich (anova , P < 0·05). Among the 3‐year‐old trees, those from Beinn Eighe were less susceptible than those from Abernethy. Plant height and DNB susceptibility had a slightly negative relationship. The use of a spore suspension with a concentration of 1·6 × 10⁶ spores mL^?1 was optimum for disease development. In an in vitro experiment, production of conidia was greater when cultures were incubated in darkness. This paper is the first to report intraspecific variation in DNB susceptibility within Scots pine.     

河北省主推玉米品种对粗缩病抗性鉴定及病情指标与产量损失率关系研究

对河北省26个主推玉米品种进行抗玉米粗缩病性鉴定,并对其发病率及病情指数与产量损失率的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:河北省目前玉米生产上主推品种中没有免疫和抗病品种,但感病后品种之间的病情严重度有显著差异,病情指数分布在35.37～80.05,产量损失率为15.55%～74.01%。以邢抗2号、费玉2号、费玉4号、沈玉17和农大108的病情严重度较轻,病情指数低于40,表现为感病,其他品种病情指数都在40以上表现为高感。产量损失率与病株率和病情指数呈显著相关,且产量损失率与病情指数的相关性(R=0.982)比产量损失率与病株率的相关性(R=0.756)更强。     

Citrus black spot severity related to premature fruit drop in sweet orange orchards

Citrus black spot (CBS) may cause substantial yield loss in sweet orange orchards. Severity and distribution of CBS symptoms on fruit may be variable and not all affected fruit may fall. However, the relationship between CBS symptoms and yield loss has not yet been investigated. This study aimed to determine CBS characteristics associated with premature fruit drop. A set of fruit was removed from the tree to measure the detachment force and another set of dropped fruit was collected from Pera and Valencia sweet orange orchards in three municipalities in Sao Paulo state, Brazil. CBS severity, distance of the nearest lesion from the peduncle, and fruit peel colour were assessed in both fruit sets. CBS severity was consistently related with the force to remove fruit and hence associated to the premature fruit drop, irrespective of the cultivar and location. The segmented linear regression showed that the fruit detachment force was reduced abruptly, at a rate of 7% for every 1% increase in disease severity up to 4.2 ± 1.0% CBS severity and, above this breakpoint, the force decreased slightly at a rate of 1.5%. Taking into account all orchards, the proportion of dropped fruit with CBS severity higher than the breakpoint was approximately 90%. This study provides a better understanding of the relationship between CBS severity and premature fruit drop of sweet orange. CBS severity breakpoint may be used as a reference to anticipate harvest and reduce CBS-related yield loss in orchards intended for juice processing.     

松材线虫侵染对马尾松、黑松水分及其相关代谢的影响

 以盆栽马尾松(Pinus massoniana)幼苗和离体水培黑松(P.thunbergii)、马尾松为材料,研究了松材线虫(Bursaphe-lenchus xylophilus)侵染对寄主水分、游离脯氨酸及叶绿素含量的影响以及由此引起的幼苗萎蔫与干旱萎蔫间的差异。松苗和离体枝接种松材线虫后,茎部相对含水量逐渐下降,早期下降缓慢,中后期加快。叶片变化滞后于茎部,相对含水量的明显下降发生在叶片褐变萎蔫症状出现之后(病害发展后期)。游离脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量变化完全随叶片相对含水量的变化而变化。水分状况是影响受侵植株叶片脯氨酸和叶绿素含量的决定因子。自然干旱枯萎和由松材线虫侵染引起枯萎的松幼苗,两者从枯萎方式到茎、叶相对含水量的变化均存在显著差异。     

Dothistromin toxin is a virulence factor in dothistroma needle blight of pines

Dothistromin is a broad‐spectrum mycotoxin produced by the Dothideomycete pine needle pathogen Dothistroma septosporum. It accumulates in lesions, causing characteristic red bands on needles infected with this fungus. Dothistromin is similar in structure to the aflatoxin precursor versicolorin B and the biosynthetic pathways of these toxins share many common gene products. Although dothistromin is not essential for pathogenicity in dothistroma needle blight, its presence in infected needles suggests it might have a role in the disease process. The hypothesis that dothistromin is a virulence factor was tested by studying Pinus radiata infected with dothistromin‐deficient mutants of D. septosporum. The mutants were able to infect pine needles and complete their life cycle as previously shown, and were unaffected in spore germination, epiphytic growth or needle penetration. However, colonization of the mesophyll by the mutants was restricted compared to the wild type. Correspondingly, lesions produced by the mutants were smaller and produced significantly fewer spores than lesions produced by wildtype strains. Interestingly, ‘green islands’, in which chlorophyll was maintained at a higher level than in adjacent chlorotic and necrotic regions, surrounded early‐appearing lesions caused by both wildtype and mutant strains. At a later stage of disease development green islands were still present in the mutant but appeared to be masked by the extended dothistromin‐containing lesions in the wild type. Overall the results support a role for dothistromin in virulence in dothistroma needle blight.     

Using image analysis for quantitative assessment of needle bladder rust disease of Norway spruce

High elevation spruce forests of the European Alps are frequently infected by the needle rust Chrysomyxa rhododendri, a pathogen causing remarkable defoliation, reduced tree growth and limited rejuvenation. Exact quantification of the disease severity on different spatial scales is crucial for monitoring, management and resistance breeding activities. Based on the distinct yellow discolouration of attacked needles, it was investigated whether image analysis of digital photographs can be used to quantify disease severity and to improve phenotyping compared to conventional assessment in terms of time, effort and application range. The developed protocol for preprocessing and analysis of digital RGB images enabled identification of disease symptoms and healthy needle areas on images obtained in ground surveys (total number of analysed images n = 62) and by the use of a semiprofessional quadcopter (n = 13). Obtained disease severities correlated linearly with results obtained by manual counting of healthy and diseased needles for all approaches, including images of individual branches with natural background (R² = 0.87) and with black background (R² = 0.95), juvenile plants (R² = 0.94), and top views and side views of entire tree crowns of adult trees (R² = 0.98 and 0.88, respectively). Results underline that a well‐defined signal related to needle bladder rust symptoms of Norway spruce can be extracted from images recorded by standard digital cameras and using drones. The presented protocol enables precise and time‐efficient quantification of disease symptoms caused by C. rhododendri and provides several advantages compared to conventional assessment by manual counting or visual estimations.     

Effects of Severity and Timing of Stem Canker (Leptosphaeria maculans) Symptoms on Yield of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) in the UK

The relationships between yield loss and incidence (% plants with stems affected) or severity (mean stem score, 0–4 scale) of stem canker in winter oilseed rape were analysed using data from experiments at Rothamsted in 1991/92, Withington in 1992/93, Boxworth in 1993/94 and Rothamsted in 1997/98. Critical point models and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) models were better than multiple point models for describing relationships between yield (tha^–1) and incidence or severity of stem canker for the four experiments. Since yield is influenced by many factors other than disease, % yield loss was calculated and critical point models and AUDPC models relating % yield loss to stem canker were constructed. The critical point models for % yield loss on stem canker incidence for three of the four experiments were similar, but differed from that for Rothamsted in 1991/92. There were also no differences between models of % yield loss on AUDPC of both incidence and severity for these three experiments. Therefore, general models of % yield loss (L) against AUDPC of incidence (X) or severity (S) of stem canker from growth stages 4.8 to 6.4 were derived from the combined data sets for the three experiments: L=–0.76+0.0075X (R²=35%, p<0.001), L=0.26+0.53S (R²=37%, p<0.001). The relationships between % yield loss and % plants with different stem canker severity scores at different growth stages were also analysed; the greatest yield losses were generally associated with the largest severity scores, for plants assessed at the same crop growth stage, and were also associated with the early development of stem lesions. Further analyses showed that % yield loss was related to incidence or severity of both basal stem cankers and upper stem lesions in experiments at Boxworth in 1993/94 and at Rothamsted in 1997/98.