包头地区临床型奶牛乳腺炎病原菌的分离与鉴定

临床型奶牛乳腺炎主要是由多种非特定病原微生物引发的奶牛乳房及乳汁表现出明显临床症状的一种乳腺疾病。从包头地区5个奶牛场33头奶牛的77份乳样中分离得到98株病原菌,主要病原经生化试验鉴定为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌、乳房链球菌、乳链球菌、牛链球菌、粪链球菌、棒状杆菌属、酵母菌和大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属、变形杆菌属、志贺菌属、肠杆菌属、沙门菌属。研究结果可为包头地区临床型奶牛乳腺炎的防治工作提供参考。     

合肥市宠物兔被毛真菌菌群调查

为了弄清合肥市宠物市场临床健康兔的常见腐生真菌和皮肤病病原真菌的数量和种类,对40个兔被毛样本直接镜检、分离培养和鉴定。共分离出腐生真菌4个属,有曲霉属、青霉属、根霉属和毛霉属,皮肤病病原真菌2个属(1个种),即念珠菌属和毛癣菌属(石膏样毛癣菌)。本研究为临床诊断和治疗兔皮肤病提供依据。     

奶牛布鲁菌病的血清学检测

为了解奶牛布鲁菌病的流行情况,采用虎红平板凝集试验和试管凝集试验随机对规模养殖场、中小规模养殖场及散养户共1 000头奶牛进行布鲁菌病初检和确诊.结果表明,被检奶牛血清16份呈布鲁菌阳性,阳性率为1.6%,其中散养户、中小规模养殖场和规模养殖场饲养奶牛血清阳性数分别为6份、5份、5份,阳性率分别为2.67%、1.52%...     

安徽省亳州市长毛兔被毛真菌菌相调查

为了弄清安徽省亳州市长毛兔的皮肤病病原真菌及常见腐生真菌的数量和种类,通过直接镜检、分离培养和鉴定对该市五户70只长毛兔进行了抽样调查。结果分离出腐生真菌5个属,分别为链孢霉属、曲霉属、木霉属、青霉属和根霉属;皮肤病病原菌3个种,分别为热带念珠菌、犬小孢子菌和石膏样小孢子菌。本次调查为临床诊断和治疗提供依据,并具有重要的公共卫生意义。     

PCR法检测犬常见皮肤致病真菌的试验研究

利用PCR检测方法可对犬临床疑似真菌性皮肤病样本进行诊断。笔者选用真菌通用引物,对已知标准菌株及不同微生物进行特异性检测,并对其敏感性进行检测。采用该方法对临床30份疑似为真菌性皮肤病犬病料进行检测并克隆测序,同时对30份病料进行表型分析。结果表明,3种常见皮肤致病真菌(犬小孢子菌、石膏样小孢子菌、须毛癣菌)PCR扩增条带为310 bp;特异性检测结果,该方法检测其他微生物和犬体细胞均为阴性;采用该方法进行PCR检测真菌核酸检测限可以达到100 pg/m L。采用该方法对30份临床病料进行检测,检出12份阳性,经测序7份为犬小孢子菌,4份为石膏样小孢子菌,1份为须毛癣菌。采用传统培养法检测出阳性样本10份,其中6份为犬小孢子菌,4份为石膏样小孢子菌。通用PCR方法与传统培养法相比,检出率无显著差异。与传统的培养鉴定方法相比,PCR检测方法操作简便、特异性和敏感性比较理想,符合率较高,可用于临床犬皮肤真菌病检测和流行病学调查,并具有重要的公共卫生意义。     

云南苹果园根际真菌的分离与鉴定

为了弄清云南苹果产区根际真菌种群与分布,从云南主要苹果产区的6个市（县）采集根部病害样品,观察并记录其在田间的危害症状,采用组织分离法分离与纯化获得200份真菌分离物,利用真菌ITS通用引物进行PCR扩增和测序并与序列BLAST比对,同时结合真菌形态分析鉴定分离获得的真菌属种。研究表明苹果根际真菌包含有致病菌、有益拮抗真菌、腐生菌、内生真菌与环境代谢真菌几种类型。在分离获得的真菌分离物中,根腐病致病菌和拮抗真菌占大部分,分离率分别为31.15%和22.11%,其次为果实病害的致病菌分离率为8.04%,叶部病害的致病菌分离率为7.04%,腐生菌种群获得分离率为4.02%,枝干病害的致病菌分离率为2.5%,内生真菌粉红螺旋聚孢霉分离率为1%,木质纤维素降解真菌粗糙脉孢菌分离率为0.5%。此外,研究发现一些功能尚无研究的根际真菌。根腐病优势致病菌尖孢镰刀菌分布于马龙、泸西,具有较高检出率,宁蒗次之,其余果园没有检测出此菌;腐皮镰刀菌仅分布在宁蒗、泸西、与丽江;引起苹果轮纹病和苹果枝干溃疡病的葡萄座腔菌分布于马龙、昭通、泸西;属于拮抗性真菌的木霉属和毛霉属真菌在云南苹果产区分布广泛。 研究推断苹果园根际微生物是存在致病菌与生物防治菌之间的互相对抗与斗争。根际腐生,功能不明的微生物需要进一步研究明确。研究为云南苹果果园根部病害的防控,调整根际微生物菌群促进苹果产量品质的提升奠定基础。     

东北地区奶牛乳房炎表皮葡萄球菌和腐生葡萄球菌的分子流行病学及耐药性研究

为调查表皮葡萄球菌和腐生葡萄球菌在东北地区的流行病学情况和耐药性,本研究对来自东北地区3个大型奶牛场采集的330份奶样进行葡萄球菌的分离、鉴定及其耐药表型的检测,并采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行分离株的亲缘性分析,对表皮葡萄球菌进行多位点序列分型(MLST),同时应用PCR扩增分离株中携带的相关耐药基因。研究结果表明,在330份奶样中共分离到表皮葡萄球菌32株(9.7%),腐生葡萄球菌34株(10.3%);PFGE分析共获得9种不同谱型的表皮葡萄球菌和11种不同谱型的腐生葡萄球菌。药敏试验结果显示,两种菌对青霉素(70%)、苯唑西林(60%)和林克霉素(55%)的耐药率较高,主要耐药基因为lnu(B)(40%)、erm(B)(30%)和mec A(25%)。本研究结果揭示了东北地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌表皮葡萄球菌和腐生葡萄球菌的耐药谱和流行情况,为临床合理用药及奶牛乳房炎的防控提供了实验依据。     

奶牛皮肤真菌病的研究进展

<正>奶牛皮肤真菌病,是指奶牛皮肤癣菌感染动物皮肤、黏膜及其附属物,并引起相互传染~([1])。真菌属于条件致病菌,可存在于正常牛的体表或体内,形成共生平衡,不引起发病。在兽医临床上,根据真菌侵害部位的深、浅,通常将真菌病分为皮肤真菌病和深部真菌病。而皮肤浅部真菌感染在临床上比深部感染更常见,具有较强的传染性,一旦感染,用药疗程往往较长。某些真     

甘肃省某奶牛场肠杆菌性乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为查明甘肃省某奶牛场发生临床型奶牛乳房炎的主要病原菌并选择治疗用敏感药物,随机无菌采集了6份临床型病牛乳样和1份大罐乳样,采用划线分离、菌落形态观察、革兰染色镜检、生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析等方法进行细菌分离鉴定,同时采用K-B法测定主要分离菌株对抗菌药物的敏感性。结果表明,从临床型乳房炎乳样中分离鉴定出大肠埃希菌、芽胞杆菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(腐生葡萄球菌)3种细菌,其中大肠埃希菌的分离率最高,为66.67%;从大罐奶样中也分离出大肠埃希菌。药敏试验结果表明,大肠埃希菌对氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林、头孢噻吩、杆菌肽、红霉素均存在不同程度的耐药,耐药率为29%~100%;对诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考、头孢哌酮等药物敏感。说明此次牛场临床型乳房炎的主要病原菌是大肠埃希菌、葡萄球菌和芽胞杆菌,而且分离的大肠埃希菌具有多重耐药性。根据检测分析结果,给奶牛场提出针对性的防控措施,临床型乳房炎的发病率下降,病情得以控制。     

奶牛布鲁菌病血清学调查及病原分离鉴定

2015—2016年应用虎红平板凝集试验、试管凝集试验对新疆维吾尔自治区巴音郭楞蒙古自治州21个奶牛场、503个奶牛养殖户所饲养的奶牛进行了布鲁菌病血清学调查,虎红平板凝集试验阳性率为1.10%,试管凝集试验阳性率为0.82%。对2013—2016年4年内在该地区收集的奶牛流产胎儿、胎衣、阴道分泌物等243份病料进行布鲁菌的分离鉴定,结果分离出2株羊种2型布鲁菌和2株牛种3型布鲁菌。血清学调查及布鲁菌分离鉴定结果佐证了在该地区存在布鲁菌病,建议奶牛养殖场（户）和有关部门切实做好布鲁菌病的检疫及防控工作。     

Pithomycotoxicosis (facial eczema) in ruminants in the Azores, Portugal

Outbreaks of pithomycotoxicosis (facial eczema), a hepatogenous photosensitisation caused by the mycotoxin sporidesmin, have affected ruminants in the Azores Islands of Portugal after warm, humid periods during late summer and autumn. Twenty-two outbreaks were recorded in cattle between 1999 and 2001, affecting 11.4 per cent of the animals in the affected herds, and in 2000 there was an outbreak in one sheep flock in which more than 20 per cent of the sheep died. The clinical signs included decreases in milk production, weight loss, photosensitisation and its sequelae, including death. The animals had high activities of gamma glutamyltransferase in their serum, and icterus and severe liver disease, including biliary hyperplasia and fibrosis, were found postmortem. The characteristic spores of the toxigenic saprophytic fungus Pithomyces chartarum were found on grass; all 381 isolates of the fungus were toxigenic for sporidesmin by elisa, and the results were confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Cattle from farms at greatest risk of pithomycotoxicosis were protected by supplementing their concentrate feed with zinc oxide, or using a slow-release intraruminal zinc bolus.     

Studies on the association of Aspergillus fumigatus with ocular infections in animals

The occurrence and aetiological significance of Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic pathogen, have been studied in 93 animals with various ophthalmological problems. A total of 93 eye swabs collected from 35 mules, 26 dogs, 13 fowl, 11 cattle, five buffaloes and three camels were investigated mycologically for the presence of A fumigatus. The pathogen was isolated in pure and heavy growth from the swabs from two dogs, one bull, one mule and one fowl. The fungus was also demonstrated directly in clinical material by the potassium hydroxide technique. A fumigatus could not be cultured from the buffaloes and camels. All the five cases had been treated with broad spectrum antibiotics and cortisone and two had received traumatic injury to the eyes (one mule and a bull). The organism was not isolated in pure culture from the conjunctival swabs of 22 apparently healthy animals (11 dogs, six mules, three fowl and two cattle). Many other saprophytic fungi were recovered in mixed cultures but were considered to be contaminants. The clinical signs and diagnostic criteria of oculomycosis have been discussed.     

Protothecal enteritis as a cause of protein-losing enteropathy in a bull

Prototheca spp are achlorophyllic saprophytic algae found in wastewater, sewage, agricultural waste, and possibly elsewhere in the environment. Infections with these organisms have been reported in cattle, humans, and dogs; affected cattle commonly develop mastitis. A 5-year-old Brahman-cross bull was evaluated because of a history of diarrhea and weight loss. The history and physical examination and clinicopathologic findings were similar to those associated with granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), which is the most common protein-losing enteropathy of cattle. However, diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis yielded negative results. Biopsy specimens from the ileum, jejunum, and ileocecal lymph node were collected for histologic examination and preparation of tissue impression smears; Prototheca-like organisms were identified. Because of the poor prognosis associated with this infection and the lack of safe and economical therapeutic agents for cattle, the owner decided to euthanatize the bull. Infection with Prototheca organisms was confirmed postmortem. As this case illustrates, protothecosis may be a cause of granulomatous enteritis in cattle.     

Dermatitis in a dairy herd caused by Pelodera strongyloides (Nematoda: Rhabditidae)

A high rate (25%) of infestation of heifers in a dairy cattle herd caused by the saprophytic nematode Pelodera strongyloides is described. Management (crowded) and environmental conditions (moist and filthy) as well as the climate (temperature) apparently favoured the existence and continuation of the nematodes. These infested a large number of heifers by causing dermatitis in skin areas, which were in contact with the contaminated environment. The dermatitis is characterized by a marked thickening of the skin, which became wrinkled and scurfy with alopecia. Pruritus was not observed.     

Pseudallescheria boydii keratomycosis in a dog.

A dog that had a chronic history of keratoconjunctivitis sicca and was being treated topically with antibiotics and corticosteroids was examined for evaluation of a melting corneal ulcer. Cytologic examination and cultures revealed the pathogen to be Pseudallescheria boydii, a saprophytic fungus. The eye was surgically removed and evaluated histologically. Fungal keratitis is rarely reported in dogs, but needs to be considered in refractory infections or in dogs treated with antibiotics or corticosteroids.     

Mycotoxic tremorgens of Claviceps paspali and Penicillium cyclopium: a comparative study of effects on sheep and cattle in relation to natural staggers syndromes

Claviceps paspali sclerotia were dosed orally at various levels to sheep and cattle and the neurotoxic effects are described. Evidence is presented which indicates that the tremors are produced by a neutral tremorgen fraction. The ergot alkaloids, principally D-lysergic acid alpha-hydroxyethylamide and its isolysergic acid isomer, are not involved. The mixture of C paspali tremorgens has not been separated and characterised but its components are chemically related to other known tremorgens, such as penitrem A, produced by saprophytic moulds, notably Penicillium cyclopium. P cyclopium mycelium and C paspali sclerotia were dosed to produce comparable effects in sheep and in cattle. Similarly, effects of penitrem A and tremorgen concentrate of C paspali were compared after intravenous dosage to sheep. Observed enurotoxic effects of both moulds were identical in most respects. A low level of tremorgenic activity was detected at the honeydew stage of C paspali. These findings are discussed in relation to staggers syndromes occurring in grazing livestock.     

Seasonal translation of infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle and the effect of Duddingtonia flagrans: a 3-year pilot study

A study was conducted over 3 years (1998-2000) to investigate larval availability of gastrointestinal nematodes from faeces of cattle reared under different parasite control schemes. These cattle were part of a parallel, but separate grazing trial, and were used as donor animals for the faecal material used in this experiment. At monthly intervals, faeces were collected and pooled from three groups of first-season grazing cattle. These groups were either untreated, ivermectin bolus treated or fed the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans. The untreated and fungus treated animals were infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and the number of eggs per gram (epg) pooled faeces ranged between 50 and 700 in the untreated group and between 25 and 525 epg in the fungus treated group. Each year between June and September, artificial 1 kg dung pats were prepared and deposited on pasture and protected from birds. The same treatments, deposition times and locations were repeated throughout the study. Larval recovery from herbage of an entire circular area surrounding the dung pats was made in a sequential fashion. This was achieved by clipping samples in replicate 1/4 sectors around the dung pats 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after deposition. In addition, coinciding with the usual time of livestock turn-out in early May of the following year, grass samples were taken from a circular area centred where the dung pats had been located to estimate the number of overwintered larvae, which had not been harvested during the intensive grass sampling the previous year. It was found that recovery and number of infective larvae varied considerably within and between seasons. Although the faecal egg counts in 1999 never exceeded 300 epg of the faecal pats derived from the untreated animals, the abnormally dry conditions of this year generated the highest level of overwintered larvae found on herbage in early May 2000, for the 3 years of the study. Overall, biological control with D. flagrans significantly reduced larval availability on herbage, both during and between the grazing seasons, when compared with the untreated control. However, the fungus did not significantly reduce overwintered larvae derived from early season depositions (June and July), particularly when dung pats disappeared within 2 weeks after deposition. Very low number of larvae (<3 per kg dry herbage) were sporadically recovered from grass samples surrounding the ivermectin bolus faecal pats.     

Effect of Paecilomyces lilacinus on the viability of oncospheres of Taenia hydatigena

Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson is a saprophytic hyphomycete from the soil with biological activity on helminth eggs. We evaluated the influence in vitro of P. lilacinus on the viability of the oncospheres from Taenia hydatigena, a parasite cestode of dogs and sheep. The eggs were exposed to the fungus strain in sterile distilled water and observed by light microscopy at days 4, 7 and 14 post-inoculation, and the viability was evaluated. The viability found in the exposed P. lilacinus oncospheres was significantly different in all observations. P. lilacinus exercised a negative biological activity on T. hydatigena eggs in vitro.     

Compatibility of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and deltamethrin to control a resistant strain of Boophilus microplus tick

The tick Boophilus microplus causes economic impact to cattle producers and has a great capacity to develop resistance to chemical acaricides. It is very important the development of new techniques to complement the control of this parasitosis. Biological control is a promising option to maintain acceptable levels of tick populations in cattle. Therefore, the present study evaluated the association of deltamethrin and the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae against B. microplus larvae resistant to pyrethroid. The synthetic pyrethroid, deltamethrin, was used at concentrations of 0.39, 0.78, 1.56, 3.12 and 6.12 ppm, M. anisopliae was used at concentrations of 10(5), 10(6), 10(7) and 10(8) conidia ml(-1). Their associations were also evaluated in in vitro tests. The assays showed that the tick strain is resistant to deltamethrin, but high mortality rates were observed when deltamethrin was associated with the entomopathogen. The larvae's mortality rates ranged from 7 to 36.5% for the different concentrations of deltamethrin, however, for the different concentrations of M. anisopliae, the mortality rates ranged from 10 to 96.9%. Mortality rates were proportional to the concentrations used for both deltamethrin and the fungus. Predominantly, the association of pyrethroid and fungus resulted in higher larvae mortalility rates than those obtained with the respective non-associated concentrations. Thus, the present study indicates that this association can be used as a tool for integrated control of the tick B. microplus.