云南切梢小蠹的室内饲养及隐蔽期生活习性的观察方法

云南切梢小蠹(Tomicus yunnanensis Kirkendall and Faccoli)是云南松(Pinus yunnanensis Franchet)的主要害虫之一[1],该虫于20世纪80年代首次在滇中地区大面积危害,以后蔓延至云南省15个州(市)65个县,迄今已导致6万多公顷云南松林死亡[2-5].2008年以前,该虫曾经长期被认为是纵坑切梢小蠹(Tomicus piniperda L.)[1].与大多数小蠹相似,云南切梢小蠹钻蛀在树皮与边材之间,终生潜伏生活,只有新成虫羽化后的短暂时间飞离树身,在林中活动、觅食、交配,另筑坑道入侵新寄主[6-7].     

Grid tray for rearing and testing lepidopteran larvae on artificial diet

This note describes a simple tray system for mass rearing and bioassaying of insect larvae on artificial diet in grid cavities. The tray system is made in translucent plastic types. The system has been used for mass rearing and bioassaying ofTrichoplusia ni larvae for some years in the Plant Protection Division at Novo-Nordisk, Danmark.     

Biology and efficiency of phytoseiid mites as affected by cucumber leaves

The biology of the phytoseiid mitesPhytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot,Phytoseius finitimus Ribaga andAmblyseius gossipi Elbadry was studied using the cucumber leaves as a rearing substrate. The consumption of the two-spotted spider miteTetranychus urticae Koch by the different stages ofP. persimilis was higher than that of their counterparts of the other two predators. The present study revealed that cucumber leaves were adequate fot the development and reproduction ofP. persimilis andP. finitimus, while this rearing substrate was inadequate for the biology ofA. gossipi.     

Wirkungen zwischen Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. und Larven der Schlupfwespe Bracon brevicornis Wesm. in bzw. an den Raupen von Sesamia cretica Led. bei verschiedenen Temperaturen

Laboratory trials were undertaken to investigate the interactions which may occur when rearing the parasitoid,Bracon brevicornis on Sesamia cretica larvae after being injected with the pathogen,Bacillus thuringiensis under 5 constant temperatures. Bacillus-infected larvae ofS. cretica had detrimental effects on the parasitoid's progeny e. g. prolonged periods of both cocoon stage and total development at 20 or 25 °C; and decreased number of formed cocoons or produced adults at all tested temperatures. The most deleterious temperature for the parasitoid rearing under condition of the bacterial pathogen was 30 or 35 °C.     

Beziehungen zwischen dem Bakterium Serratia marcescens (Biz.) und der in den Raupen von Sesamia cretica. Led. (Lep., Tortricidae) sich entwickelnden Schlupfwespe Bracon brevicornis Wesm. (Hym., Braconidae)

Laboratory experiments were undertaken to study the interrelationships which may be detected when rearing the ectoparasitoid,Bracon brevicornis onSesamia cretica larvae after being injected with the bacterial pathogen,Serratia marcescens at five constant temperatures. Many effects detrimental to the parasitoid were found through rearing onSerratia-infected larvae ofSesamia e.g. decreased the deposited eggs especially at 35°C; reduced the formed cocoons and produced adults at all temperatures (15–35°C); and prolonged developmental, repriod especially at 20 or 25°C. Number of infected host larvae which allowed complete successful development for the parasitoid was significantly decreased especially at the extremes of temperatures.     

Zur Morphologie und Entwicklung von Bracon instabilis Marsh. (Hym., Braconidae), eines Parasiten der Kartoffelmotte,Phthorimaea operculella Zell. (Lep., Gelechiidae) in Ägypten

Bracon instabilis Marshal is an ectoparasite attacking the larvae ofP. operculella in Egypt. According to available literatures, this is the first study onB. instabilis. The laboratory rearing of this parasite was undertaken on the third and fourth larval instars ofP. operculella and the method was mentioned in details. Certain aspects of the morphology of the immature and adult stages were given. The durations of the immature stages of the parasite were estimated at 15 and 25°C and 60±5% R.H. The total durations of the immature stages (from egg to adult) were 39.62 and 11.19 days at 15 and 25°C, respectively.     

Establishment of a permanent rearing of Cacopsylla picta (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), the main vector of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ in Germany

The univoltine psyllid Cacopsylla picta (Foerster) is the main vector of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ in Germany, the causal agent of apple proliferation, an economically important disease of apple in Europe. Its population dynamics on its host plant apple (Malus spp.) and migration to coniferous shelter plants for overwintering have been described for Southwest Germany. Temporary greenhouse rearing under controlled conditions, starting from field-collected overwintered adults, was set up to produce homogeneous offspring. New generation adults were transferred to conifers in the greenhouse at the beginning of the natural migration phase to obtain a continuous rearing spanning the aestivation and hibernation period. However, efforts to directly overwinter C. picta on different conifer species failed. The natural overwintering sites were therefore identified and their climatic conditions, mainly moderate summer temperatures with increased humidity and natural cold winter conditions including frost were reproduced. Teneral individuals of the new generation did not switch instantaneously from host plants to conifers. Successful overwintering under experimental conditions was only achieved using a gradual host plant transfer. By incorporating these key factors two continuous rearings of C. picta were maintained over 3 years with both, spruce and pine, as suitable shelter plants. This is the first report of a permanent rearing of C. picta under experimental conditions. Our data show experimentally that C. picta is univoltine and that conifers act only as shelter plants for overwintering and not as hosts for reproduction.     

红脂大小蠹声音信号记录、分析与发声器官电镜观察

应用开发设计的昆虫声音采集与录制系统,对在不同实验条件下(玻璃板夹心、木段钻孔、室外直接测定)的红脂大小蠹两性成虫声音信号进行了采集、放大与数字化记录,并应用Adobe Audition与matlab软件分别对雌雄成虫的胁迫声、雄虫求偶声、雄虫竞争声、雌虫回应声等声音信号进行了脉冲组、频率、持续时间、频谱等特征分析,此外,还应用扫描电镜对其摩擦发声器官进行了观察与记录。研究结果表明:红脂大小蠹整体摩擦声音频率为35.3 kHz;雌雄间声音有显著区别,其摩擦发音结构音锉也有明显不同;而不同行为下所发出的声音信号在时域和频域上也略有差异,显示其与行为交流密切相关。     

Eine einfache Methode zur ganzjährigen Laborzucht des Einbindigen TraubenwicklersClysia ambiguella

Summary A simple method for rearing Clysia ambiguella (Lepid., Tortricidae) A method for mass rearing the vine grape tortricid,Clysia ambiguella, in laboratory is described. The moths lay their eggs into folded folies of plastics. The caterpillars are feeded with vine leaves (stored in a freezer). Since spring of 1973 six generations of the pest were reared in succession.      

Eine Methode zur Massenzacht der RaubmilbeAgistemus exsertus Gonz. (Acarina,Stigmaeidae)

Mass rearing of the predatory mite, Agistemus exsertus Gonz. A simple method for mass rearing the predatory mite,A exsertus is described. Detached leaves of sour orange (Citrus aurantium) were used as a substrate for rearing the predator. Pollen grains ofZea mays were supplied as a source of food. The predator developed and reproduced successfully using the technique described. After fed on pollen grains the pradator maintained his predatoring qualities.     

大蚕省力化饲养技术研究

为减少大蚕饲育空间，降低劳动投入，增加经济效益，进行了大蚕期省力化饲养技术研究，介绍了利用层叠式活动蚕匾饲育大蚕的方法。     

Investigations on the influence of the predator population density on the rate of oviposition inAmblyseius finlandicus oud. (Acari,phytoseiidae)

Relating to the frequency of occurrenceAmblyseius finlandicus Oud. is the dominating species of the family Phytoseiidae in Austria. Series of experiments have been made in the laboratory to investigate the influence of the predator population density on the rate of oviposition. In spite of sufficient food supply the rate of reproduction decreased with an increasing number of mites per rearing unit. Single kept females had rates of oviposition (1.9 eggs/day/female) significantly different from females kept in groups (2, 5 or 8 mites per unit with 1.6, 1.2 and 1.1 eggs/day/female).     

Zur Weiterentwicklung eines halbsynthetischen Nährmediums fürIps typographus L.

The semiartificial diet for the bark beetleIps typographus L. ofSimsek andFührer (1993) andSimsek (1995) was further developed in its handling and composition of the vitamin solution. The biological availability of the vitamins of the vitamin b-group was investigated. The diet is useful as rearing medium for larvae, pupae and adult beetles. But it is not possible by now to grow reproducibly a whole generation cycle on this diet.     

花绒寄甲人工饲养与应用技术的研究进展

花绒寄甲是大中型天牛等昆虫的重要天敌,对抑制这类害虫发生危害起着非常重要的作用。本文对花绒寄甲的生物学特性进行了介绍,总结了花绒寄甲人工饲养的方法及其在林业生产中的应用,旨在为进一步完善花绒寄甲的人工饲养与应用技术提供参考。     

Greenhouse trials for the control of aphids on cut-roses with the chalcidAphelinus abdominalis Dalm. (Aphelinidae,Hymen.)

For the control of the aphid speciesMacrosiphum euphorbiae, an important aphid species on greenhouse cut roses in Austria, with the parasitoidAphelinus abdominalis, trials were carried out in the rose varieties Frisco, Kardinal and Vivaldi at a commercial producer on a greenhouse area of 630 to 700m². Both the inundative release of 9,6A. abdominalis/m² in total and the release of 2,2A. abdominalis/m² in total, within an open rearing system were investigated and the percentage of infested rose shoots in combination with the degree of infestation were evaluated. The results showed that an effective reduction of present or newly developing aphid populations was possible for several weeks under the conditions of a commercial greenhouse production. The amount of insecticides used against aphids decreased by up to 75% in comparison to greenhouses were only chemical pest control was carried out. The suitability of the different introduction methods ofA. abdominalis for the control of aphids on greenhouse cut roses is discussed.     

Mass rearing of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neochrysocharis formosa</Emphasis> (Westwood) (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera), a parasitoid of leafminers (Agromyzidae: Diptera)

A method for mass rearing the parasitoid Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood) was developed, using the leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) as insect host, and the Phaseolus vulgaris L. bean as host plant. About 1,500 parasitoids per tray of 84 plants emerged from about 2,000 leafminer larvae; 70% of these were females. The most suitable release density of host was two pairs of leafminer adults per bean plant, and that of parasitoid was three pairs per 24 leafminer larvae. Adult parasitoids were harvested based on positive photo-tactic response with 94.5% efficiency. Plants were improved by trimming their tips to increase the leaf area. The trimming process increased the number of leafminer larvae by about 32%. Furthermore, nitrogen fertilization of plants overcame the size reduction of the insects due to continuous rearing. Rearing of leafminer under light—dark (16:8 h) cycle decreased the development period of larvae and pupae. In addition, it restricted the time and duration of larval emergence and adult eclosion. Storage of parasitoid males and females at 7 and 10°C ± 0.5, respectively, proved to be optimal. The fertility of the mass-produced parasitoids after 1 year of rearing reduced by about 23%, and the sex ratio shifted toward males. In conclusion, successful mass production of N. formosa was achieved through designing suitable rearing cage and an efficient harvesting device, improving the host plant, and determining the age and the conditions for cold storage of the parasitoid and its host. Next, we checked the characteristics of the mass-produced wasps to ensure the efficacy when used in the field.     

Untersuchungen zum Massenauftreten und Verhalten vonAlphitobius diaperinus Panz. (Coleoptera,Tenebrionidae) in Hühnermastbetrieben als Grundlage zur praxisgerechten Bekämpfung

A correlation betweenAlphitobius diaperinus generations and the rhythm of breeding the broilers and cleaning the poultry houses has been found. In the litter lots ofA. diaperinus larval instars can be observed. Approximately 13 days before the breeding of the broilers is completed the larvae start to leave the litter and search for hiding places for pupation in the walls of the buildings. The insects stay in these hiding places until the cleaning of the houses is finished. When the houses are prepared with new litter and higher temperatures for rearing the chickens are maintained, the beetles and larval instars leave the hiding places and continue their development, respectively laying eggs in the new litter. To prevent the insect emigration from the litter into the hiding places in the walls by temperature barriers the reactions of the adults and larvae to high temperature were tested. The results show that temperature barriers with more than 45°C only exceptionally can be overpassed by beetles and larvae.     

Host discrimination ability in the tephritid parasitoid Psyttalia concolor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a koinobiont larval-pupal endoparasitoid of many Tephritidae of economic importance. Little has been reported on the ability of females to discriminate between healthy and parasitized hosts, as well as parasitized versus superparasitized larvae. Two-choice bioassays were conducted to evaluate the preferences of P. concolor naïve females for healthy or single-parasitized/superparasitized C. capitata larvae, as well as the host discrimination ability among medfly larvae which had been superparasitized by the same wasp or by a conspecific one. Psyttalia concolor preferred to oviposit in a unparasitized C. capitata larva than in a self-parasitized one. Females also showed an innate ability to discriminate between larvae parasitized twice or only once, preferring the latter. This ability helps the female to optimise its oviposition decisions by deliberately avoiding superparasitized hosts, since it is known that they give a lower return in offspring number and quality than do singly parasitized hosts. Our findings contribute to a better knowledge of the P. concolor host location behaviour and also to improve its mass-rearing technique through a rational management of the host/parasitoid ratio and the host exposure time. Indeed, the proper setting of these parameters allows to reduce the fraction of single-parasitized and heavily superparasitized larvae and to enhance P. concolor rearing in terms of parasitoid offspring.     

Adult morphology and life cycle under constant temperatures of the predator Rhyzobius lophanthae Blaisdell (Col., Coccinellidae)

The external and internal morphological characteristics of the predator Rhyzobius lophanthae Blaisdell (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) were studied. The head, antenna, thorax elytra, hind wings, legs and abdomen are described. The adult has an average length of about 2.5?mm and width of 1.8?mm. The flagellum of the antenna consists of 9 segments. The whole surface of thorax and elytra is covered by setae. The tarsus of the 3 legs is 3-segmented. An external morphological difference between male and female is the outline of the 5^th sternite. The alimentary canal, the central nervous system, and the reproductive system of both male and female are also described. The testes consist of 10 follicles and the ovaries of 10 ovarioles. The life cycle of R. lophanthae was studied by rearing the predator on the diaspidid Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus). The duration of the development of the embryo, 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th larval instars, pupa and preoviposition period of adults were measured at 15, 20, 25 and 30?°C.     

Effect of parathion on honey bee larvae rearedin vitro

First instar honey bee larvae (0.2–0.4 mg) from outdoor (summer season) and flight-room colonies (winter season) were reared in an incubator on a semisynthetic diet. Parathion was either dissolved in the diet (0.01–10.0 μg/ml) or topically applied (0–0.5 μg) to the 3rd instar larvae. Increasing doses of parathion caused a delay in larval development and prepupal mortality. The half lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of the insecticide, if applied in the diet, was 0.02 and 0.14 μg/larva, respectively, for summer and for winter larvae. The half lethal dose (LD₅₀) after topical application was 0.18 μg parathion/larva. The utility of rearing honey bee larvaein vitro for evaluation of pesticide toxicity is also discussed.