Effect of the leaf rust resistance gene Lr28 on grain yield and bread-making quality of wheat

Near‐isogenic lines carrying the Lr28 gene developed in five genetic backgrounds were tested for 2 years with and without fungicide treatment. The Lr28 gene increased grain yield, 1000‐grain weight and number of effective tillers per plant under heavy leaf rust infection with no negative effects on yield and bread‐making quality in rust‐free plots. Although a reduction in dough development time was found to be associated with Lr28, it can still be used extensively in wheat breeding programmes.     

施氮水平对不同种植模式小麦旗叶衰老和产量的影响研究

摘要：①氮素水平与小麦后期旗叶衰老有着密切关系。中氮和高氮处理与低氮和无氮处理相比,显著提高了SOD和POD的活性,相对改善了细胞中活性氧产生与清除之间的平衡,减少了细胞内过氧化物的积累,减缓了叶片衰老;但平作栽培小麦264 kg .hm-2水平（N3处理）与165kg .hm-2水平（N2处理）间的SOD、POD活性、MDA含量以及叶绿素含量等生理指标差异不显著,表明施氮量达到一定水平后继续增加施氮量对延缓小麦旗叶衰老无显著效应。②通过对垄作和平作两种栽培模式的比较发现,小麦旗叶衰老进程分为两个阶段;平作小麦以花后14天,垄作小麦以花后21天为拐点,前期为缓慢衰老期,后期为急剧衰老期。在缓慢衰老期,旗叶POD、SOD活性,叶绿素含量会略有上升;而进入急剧衰老期后,上述三个生理指标都急剧下降。平作小麦比垄作小麦提前进入急剧衰老期。③氮素水平为165kg .hm-2时,两种栽培模式均可以获得中产以上产量;264 kg .hm-2水平下能够获得更高的产量,且垄作栽培小麦的增产优势较平作小麦更明显。     

不同钾肥用量对莴笋产量和品质的效应

莴笋是中国南北地区广泛栽培和食用的叶类蔬菜之一, 其对氮、磷、钾三要素的吸收量中以钾最大,氮次之,磷最小。钾素作为作为“品质元素”,对莴笋品质形成至关重要。为寻求大田条件下合适的钾肥用量,在田间试验研究了不同钾肥施用量(K1、K2、K3、K4）对莴笋产量和品质的影响。结果表明：不同施肥处理间莴笋产量有显著差异。不同施肥处理提高莴笋产量2.0%～18.5％,增产幅度以K2＞K1＞K3＞K4,增施钾肥处理的增产效率则以K1＞K2＞K3＞K4。与CK1相比,不同施肥处理提高莴笋茎和叶片硝酸盐含量12.9%～140%;增施钾肥降低莴笋茎和叶片硝酸盐含量12.2%～43.8%和20.6%～35.0%,且茎、叶片硝酸盐含量与钾肥用量呈显著的二次回归关系。与CK1处理相比,不同施肥处理对莴笋Vc和可溶性糖含量茎中以负效应为主,叶片中以正效应为主;低K 处理（K1和K2处理）对Vc和可溶性糖含量正效应较大。不同施肥处理对莴笋茎和叶片氨基酸含量的效应以降低作用为主。综合莴笋产量和品质来看,以K2处理（即K2O 150kg/km2）为莴笋高产优质的最佳处理。     

Effect of two-week heat stress during grain filling on stem reserves,senescence, and grain yield of European winter wheat cultivars

To examine the extent to which heat stress during grain filling impacts on the development and yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a 3-year field experiment was conducted on a loess soil with high water holding capacity in the North German Plain. Thirty-two mostly European winter wheat cultivars were exposed to heat stress in a mobile foil tunnel with maximum air temperatures of 45.7, 45.4, and 47.2°C in 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. The 14-day post-anthesis heat stress treatment caused an average 57.3% grain yield reduction compared to a close-by non-stressed control. The proportion of green crop area after the heat stress phase varied from 7% to 98% in 2016 and from 37% to 94% in 2017. The green crop area percentage did not significantly correlate with grain yield, indicating that the delayed senescence of stay-green phenotypes offers no yield advantage under terminal heat stress. The water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration of the stems at crop maturity varied between 6 and 92 g/kg dry matter, showing that the genotypes differed in their efficiency at using the stem carbohydrate reserves for grain filling under heat stress. The stem WSC concentration correlated positively with the beginning of anthesis (r = 0.704; p < .001) but negatively with the grain yield (r = −0.431; p < .05). For heat tolerance breeding, the stem reserve strategy, i. e. the rapid and full exhaustion of the temporary carbohydrate storage therefore seems more promising than the stay-green strategy.     

灌浆期喷施微肥对小麦临优2018产量及品质的影响

试验选用4种微肥在对中筋冬小麦临优2018灌浆期进行叶面喷施处理,研究其对冬小麦产量及品质指标的影响。结果表明:用微肥处理小麦均可增加产量,对品质也有不同影响,其中硼酸、硫酸锰对小麦产量影响最大;硫酸镁对蛋白质和面筋影响较大;硫酸锰对沉降值影响较大。     

生物菌肥与无机肥配施对藜麦农艺性状、产量性状及品质的影响

为探索适宜晋北地区推广应用的藜麦栽培管理模式,实现藜麦产量和品质提升,本试验选用当地自有品种华青1号,采用单因素完全随机设计,以有机肥和无机肥配施比例为变量,设常规施肥CK (有机肥0 kg hm^-2,尿素和磷酸二胺各450 kg hm^-2)、有机肥和无机肥配施比例T1 (有机肥1500 kg hm^-2,尿素和磷酸二胺各225 kg hm^-2)、T2 (有机肥2250 kg hm^-2,尿素和磷酸二胺各225 kg hm^-2)、T3 (有机肥3000 kg hm^-2,尿素和磷酸二胺各225 kg hm^-2) 4个处理,分析藜麦生育进程、农艺性状的差异,揭示藜麦产量和品质同步提升的农学性状,探求藜麦高产优质适宜的有机无机配施比例。结果表明,生物菌肥与无机肥配施可增加土壤表层有机质含量,降低碱解氮和有效磷含量及土壤pH,显著增加速效钾含量,且随生物菌肥施用量的增加,土壤中有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量提高,pH降低...     

氮肥运筹方式对豫单2002产量及品质的影响

【研究目的】该研究旨在为豫单2002的推广应用提供施肥技术支撑,为高产高蛋白夏玉米氮肥合理运筹肥提供理论与技术依据。【方法】在豫北潮土区高产田块上,采用田间试验,设N0（不施氮肥）、N1（攻杆肥100%）、N2（攻穗肥100%）、N3（攻杆肥40%+攻穗肥60%）,N4（攻杆肥30%+攻穗肥50%+攻粒肥20%）五个处理开展研究。【结果】结果表明：氮肥不同运筹方式增产效果差异显著,其中N3处理增产效果最好,其次是N1处理和N4处理,N2处理增产效果最小;分次施肥有于提高籽粒粗蛋白含量,且随着施肥次数的增加,籽粒粗蛋白含量呈上升趋势;分次施肥亦有利于提高籽粒蛋白质产量,不同处理以N3最佳,其次为N4;氮肥不同运筹方式肥料利用率差异显著,其中N3处理最高,其次为N4和N1处理,而N2最低。【结论】N3处理由于有效地促进了植株对氮素的吸收利用,增加显著地产量和提高了籽粒蛋白质产量,一定程度上提高了籽粒蛋白质含量,因而为最佳氮肥运筹方式。     

Is it possible to forecast the grain quality and yield of different varieties of winter wheat from Minolta SPAD meter measurements?

To optimize wheat segregation for the various markets, it is necessary to add to genotype segregation, a prediction before harvest of the values of yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) for the different fields of the collecting area. Different tools allowing a prediction of crop production exist. Among them, the evaluation of nitrogen concentration by a chlorophyll meter (Soil–Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) readings), classically used to adapt the nitrogen fertilizer application, has been used in few works to foresee grain yield and grain protein concentration. But the relationships between N crop status and SPAD measurements varies among varieties and this genotypic effect has rarely been incorporated in models of forecasting grain quality.

This paper compares several models to forecast yield, nitrogen uptake in grain (NUG) and grain protein concentration from trials carried out in 2001 and 2002 at the INRA experiment station of Grignon (West of Paris). Trials crossed nine varieties by four (2002) or five (2001) nitrogen rates. Input variables of those models are mainly chlorophyll meter measurements (SPAD) on the penultimate leaf at GS65 and on the flag leaf at GS71 Zadoks growth stages and ear number per square meter (NE).

A square root model of yield based on NE × SPAD gave the best fit (RMSE = 0.6 t ha⁻¹ for both stages) if considering three different groups of genotypes. Based on the same variable, NE × SPAD, a quadratic model for NUG without significant effect of genotypes gave the best fit (RMSE, between 21 and 30 kg ha⁻¹ depending of the growth stage). And, for GPC, considering the same three groups of genotypes, the slope of the linear model with the ratio of predicted grain nitrogen concentration to predicted yield, is the same at both stages and very close to the standard value used to calculate protein concentration from nitrogen concentration (5.7), but the predictive quality of the model is more than 10% higher at GS71 (R² of 0.77) than at flowering (R² of 0.64). Finally, the sensibility of the models to delay in the stage of measurement is discussed.     

叶面施用氨基酸对菜心产量和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了叶面喷施氨基酸对菜心产量和品质的影响。结果表明喷施200 mg/kg甘氨酸和丙氨酸均能提高菜心产量;喷施氨基酸能够显著提高可溶性糖含量,以200 mg/kg甘氨酸效果最佳;施用氨基酸对菜心叶片叶绿素无明显影响,维生素C含量有所降低;喷施甘氨酸能显著降低菜心硝酸盐和草酸含量,最高降低幅度分别为85.03%和70.19%,而喷施丙氨酸硝酸盐含量降低幅度较小,草酸含量显著增加;同时,喷施氨基酸均能够显著提高硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性,而且甘氨酸处理效果优于丙氨酸。说明喷施氨基酸,尤其是喷施甘氨酸有利于提高菜心产量,改善品质。     

不同供氮水平对春小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响

【目的】研究施氮量对春小麦产量、氮肥利用率、土壤中硝态氮累积及氮平衡的影响,旨在了解在宁夏引黄灌区减少施氮量的可行性。【方法】通过田间小区试验,设置0、120、240、360 kg/hm24个施氮量,探讨不同施氮水平对作物和环境的影响。【结果】施用氮肥可显著提高春小麦的籽粒产量、籽粒蛋白质含量及成熟期地上部总吸氮量,但过量施用氮肥对籽粒增产和蛋白质含量提高不显著。氮肥利用率随着施氮量的增加呈现降低趋势,根据差值法计算结果,当施氮量分别为120、240、360 kg/hm2时春小麦的氮肥利用率分别为27.2%、24.3%、18.2%,表明多达81.8%～72.8%的氮肥没有被作物吸收利用。氮平衡计算的结果进一步表明,未被当季小麦利用的肥料主要以无机氮的形式存在于0～150cm土层内,施氮量分别为120、240、360 kg/hm2时氮肥的土壤残留率依次为41.6%、33.1%和29.7%,而相应的表观损失率为31.2%、42.6%、52.1%。【结论】综合考虑春小麦产量、品质和环境安全,本试验条件下,春小麦的合理施氮量应控制在120～240 kg/hm2之间。     

不同施肥处理对水稻产量、食味品质及蛋白质组分的影响

对粳稻品种津原45进行5种不同类型肥料的田间试验,研究了5种不同施肥处理对水稻产量、品质、淀粉谱特性及蛋白质组分的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,采用不同施肥处理对水稻有显著的增产作用,各施肥处理分别增产20.42%-56.94%;处理Ⅱ（常规施肥）获得了最高的产量;处理Ⅳ（拟日本稻作法）增产最少;处理Ⅲ（有机肥）和处理Ⅴ（东洋生物肥）的稻米产量略低于处理Ⅱ。直链淀粉含量在各处理间差异显著,蛋白质含量无显著差异。处理Ⅳ的崩解值最高,为84.58RVU,消减值最低,仅为10.00RVU,食味值为65.5,食味最好;处理Ⅱ的崩解值最低,为67.75RVU,消减值最高为23.50 RVU,食味值为54.0,食味最差。各蛋白质组分含量与食味值的相关均未达到显著水平,醇溶蛋白含量与最高粘度和最终粘度呈显著负相关,谷蛋白含量与最高粘度呈显著负相关,其他蛋白质组分含量与淀粉谱特性中的各项指标间相关均未达到显著水平。处理Ⅲ（有机肥）和处理Ⅴ（东洋生物肥）较好地兼顾了产量和品质,是较为可行的施肥方法。     

播种量和穗肥施氮量对优质食味直播水稻产量和品质的影响

播种量是影响直播水稻产量的关键因素之一,但其对优质食味水稻产量和品质的影响研究相对较少。施用穗肥是水稻高产栽培的重要措施,但穗肥施氮量对优质食味直播水稻产量和品质的调节效应尚不清楚。本研究以3个江苏省代表性优质食味水稻苏香粳3号、南粳5055和南粳9108为材料,在行距固定为25 cm条件下,分析了60、90、120、150和180 kg hm–2等5个播种量对上述品种产量和品质的影响,并观察了适宜播种量条件下穗肥施氮量对优质食味水稻产量和品质的调节效应。主要结果表明:(1)苏香粳3号、南粳5055和南粳9108的产量均随播种量增加呈先升后降的趋势。3个品种高产最适播种量分别为130.2～136.5、118.3～119.3和90.0～96.4 kg hm–2。稻米加工品质与播种量呈不同程度负相关,而垩白粒率、垩白度、蛋白质含量、米粉消解值与播种量呈显著或极显著正相关。胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、食味值和崩解值与播种量均呈显著或极显著负相关。(2)在高产适宜播种量条件下,与常规穗肥施氮量相比,穗肥施氮量减半对南粳5055和南粳9108的产量无明显影响,但可明显改善稻米的外观品质和食味值。上述结...     

不同施肥量对高原夏季青花菜产量、品质及养分吸收的影响

探索不同施肥量处理对高原夏菜的影响效应,以青花菜为试验材料,在大田条件下研究不同施肥量处理对青花菜产量、品质及养分吸收的影响,为甘肃省河西地区高原夏季青花菜制定合理施肥方案与优质高效生产提供理论依据。结果表明：氮肥是影响产量的关键因素,高氮处理的产量、花球紧实度和花球叶绿素含量比低氮处理高;而高氮和较高的氮、磷比例以及钾肥不足可导致青花菜硝酸盐含量增加、可溶性糖含量下降;施肥量过高或过低,都会使Vc含量降低。青花菜植株对氮、磷、钾的吸收以钾最多,氮次之,磷最少。相关性分析表明,青花菜植株内氮、钾含量与产量和花球叶绿素含量极显著正相关,磷含量与可溶性糖、Vc含量极显著正相关,说明充足的氮、磷、钾营养对青花菜产量与品质的提高具有重要意义。合理的氮磷钾配施可调控青花菜主要矿质养分的吸收与分配,促进叶片与花球中养分的积累,从而提高花球的产量与品质。     

Effects of plant density on grain yield,protein size distribution,and breadmaking quality of winter wheat grown under two nitrogen fertilisation rates

Nitrogen (N) and plant density are two crucial factors that affect winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and quality, but little is known regarding the effects of interactions between these two factors on the amount and size distribution of protein fractions and quality traits. We grew the bread wheat cultivar Jinan17 in two successive seasons (2012–2013 and 2013–2014) at three densities of 120 plants m⁻² (low), 180 plants m⁻² [the usual rate for a multiple-spike cultivar with high tillering ability in the North China Plain (NCP)], and 240 plants m⁻² (high) and two levels of N fertilisation of 0 (low N availability treatment without N fertilisation) and 240 kg ha⁻¹ (the usual N rate for winter wheat production in the NCP) to evaluate the effect of N level × plant density interaction on grain yield, grain protein concentration, the amount and composition of protein fractions, dough development time, dough stability time, and loaf volume. The effect of plant density on Jinan 17 grain yield and quality differed between the two N levels. As plant density increased, all the parameters listed above decreased under 0 kg ha⁻¹ N fertilisation, but increased under 240 kg ha⁻¹ N fertilisation. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the dough rheological properties and breadmaking quality of Jinan 17 were affected by plant density under both N levels, primarily through changes in the polymerisation degree of glutenins in the flour.     

不同留叶数对美引烤烟新品种NC297生长及质量的影响

通过大田试验,研究了不同留叶数(每株留叶16、20、24片)对美引NC297烤烟新品种生长及产质量的影响,结果表明:不同留叶数的烟株株型和株高明显不同,而茎围与节距的差异不显著;不同留叶数对中、下部叶片大小和单叶重的影响较小,对上部叶的影响较大;留叶数偏少(L16),均价虽较高,但对烟叶的产量和产值会有不利影响,而留叶数偏多(L24),产量虽有所增加,但均价、上等烟比例将受到不利影响;留叶数为20片的两糖差值小(1.01),总氮、烟碱适中,钾/氯高(8.44);留叶数偏多或偏少,两糖差值均偏大,总氮、烟碱偏高,钾/氯低。综合产、质量效益及各项化学成分指标,NC297以留叶数20(L20)片为最佳。     

宽幅播种对强筋小麦籽粒产量、品质和氮素吸收利用的影响

宽幅播种与适宜种植密度合理组配能够提高小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用率。然而,在协同改善产量和氮素利用率的同时,宽幅播种对籽粒品质有何影响未见报道。本研究于2018—2019和2019—2020连续2个生长季,选用藁优5766、济麦44、泰山27、洲元9369等4个强筋小麦品种,设置宽幅播种和常规条播2种播种方式,研究了宽幅播种对强筋小麦籽粒产量、品质和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,宽幅播种条件下,主要得益于单位面积穗数的增加, 4个强筋小麦品种的单位面积粒数平均增加13.16%,籽粒产量相应提高13.39%。与此同时,宽幅播种强化了整个生育期特别是花后氮素的吸收,整个生育期小麦植株氮素积累量平均增幅为10.29%,花后氮素吸收量平均增幅为36.83%,进而提高了氮素吸收效率和氮素利用率,平均增幅分别为12.73%、13.39%。整个生育期特别是花后氮素吸收的增加,保障了籽粒氮素供应,提高了单位面积籽粒氮积累量,且其提高幅度(平均增幅为13.38%)与单位面积粒数(平均增幅为13.16%)和籽粒产量(平均增幅为13.39%)的提高幅度相近,籽粒单粒含氮量和蛋白质含量得以保持不变,籽粒蛋白质构成...     

Effects of the okra leaf,nectariless, frego bract and glabrous conditions on yield and quality of cotton lines

Summary Effects on yield and quality associated with the glabrous leaf, frego bract, okra leaf and nectariless genes (singly and combined) were studied under two insecticide spray regimes (heavy and light) in field experiments repeated over three seasons. Under the heavy spray regime there were few consistent differences between mutant genotypes and the normal except for low yields associated with the glabrous leaf, nectariless, frego bract genotype and the okra leaf genotype. Under the light spray regime, genotypes containing the okra leaf gene and/or the nectariless genes were associated with higher yields than the normal and genotypes containing glabrous leaf and/or frego bract genes were associated with lower yields. Positive epistatic interactions occurred in a number of instances including the okra leaf gene in the glabrous hair, normal bract background under heavy spraying, and with all backgrounds under light spraying, and for glabrous leaf in both the okra normal and okra frego backgrounds under heavy spraying. Nectariless also interacted positively with the normal leaf, normal hair, normal bract background under light spraying. Pronounced negative epistatic interactions only occurred in the light spray regime, and included glabrous leaf in all backgrounds, and frego bract in all backgrounds except the normal leaf, normal hair. The mutant genes had only minor effects on lint quality. The implications of the results for breeding and pest management are diseussed.     

Effect of partial resistance to barley leaf rust, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Puccinia hordei</Emphasis>, on the yield of three barley cultivars

Three barley cultivars, Shyri, Clipper and Terán, with different levels of partial resistance to barley leaf rust, caused by Puccinia hordei, were exposed to six levels of the pathogen. These levels were obtained by 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 and 0 fungicide (Propiconazol) applications respectively and occurred every 15 days starting at 66 days after sowing. No application served as the control treatment. There were three replicates. The six-row plots were surrounded by a row of a highly susceptible barley cultivar in which the barley leaf rust arrived naturally in a fairly early plant stage. The disease severity was assessed five times with 15 days intervals starting at 66 days after sowing. The yields were determined by harvesting the inner four rows of the plots. An analysis of variance was carried out on the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) data and on the yield data. ‘Shyri’ was the least susceptible cultivar, ‘Terán’ the most. The percentage yield losses varied with the six levels of pathogen from 0 to 31.5% (‘Shyri’), from 0 to 46% (‘Clipper’) and from 0 to 63.5% (‘Terán’). The yield losses correlated strongly with the AUDPC, the linear correlation coefficient being 0.97. The yield losses indicate the importance of the pathogen in Ecuador. It also means that high levels of partial resistance are needed to prevent significant yield damage.     

The influence of leaf rust resistance genes Lr29, Lr34, Lr35 and Lr37 on breadmaking quality in wheat

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is considered one of the most important diseases of wheat. In South Africa the genes Lr29, Lr34, Lr35 and Lr37 confer effective resistance to leaf rust, qualifying them for use in cultivar improvement. To study possible secondary effects of these genes, a collection of BC6 lines containing each of the genes singly, was evaluated for breadmaking quality. The recurrent parent Karee, and Thatcher NILs used as resistance donors in the primary crosses, as well as Thatcher, were included as checks. The presence of Lr29, Lr34, Lr35 and Lr37 caused a significant increase in flour protein and water absorption. For most of the other characteristics the NILs performed statistically similar to the recurrent parent. Some sib lines performed significantly better than others, emphasising the value of selecting for improved quality among backcross lines. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.