Ascospores of the Japanese pear scab fungus (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Venturia nashicola</Emphasis> Tanaka &; Yamamoto) are discharged during the day

We investigated the diurnal pattern of ascospore discharge of the Japanese pear scab fungus (Venturia nashicola Tanaka & Yamamoto) in an orchard. Ascospores of V. nashicola were mainly discharged during the day. Most ascospores were discharged from 7:00 to 19:00: 99.6% in 2001, 99.3% in 2002, and 93.8% in 2005. Because the ascospores were discharged only when the fallen diseased leaves were wet from precipitation, the wetness of these leaves is probably imperative for spore discharge. Ascospore discharge began immediately after precipitation in the daytime. When it rained at night, however, ascospore discharge did not begin until the following morning and never began immediately after precipitation. We also investigated other meteorological factors. When fallen diseased leaves were wet, the percentage of ascospore discharge was positively correlated with the amount of solar radiation and atmospheric temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity. Ascospore discharge was interrupted by a decrease in solar radiation and atmospheric temperature and by increased relative humidity at night. This report is the first that V. nashicola discharges ascospores primarily during the day.     

Modelling within‐field spatial variability of crop biomass – weed density relationships using geographically weighted regression

The objective of this study is to offer a new framework for exploring and modelling the spatial variation in crop biomass – weed density relationships, adapting geographically weighted regression (GWR) to include a non‐linear regression model. The relationship between crop biomass and weed density is usually modelled by non‐linear regression models, in which the spatial heterogeneity of the relationship is ignored, although the effect of weeds on crop can differ in relation to topographic and edaphic variability. GWR attempts to capture spatial variability by calibrating a regression model to each location in space. We show the application of the method in different cereal cropping systems, with one or two weed species. The results indicate that GWR can significantly improve model fitting over non‐linear least squares (NLS) in some situations. Furthermore, the parameter estimates can be mapped to illustrate local spatial variations in the regression relationship under study and eventually to relate the spatial variability of the model to the environmental heterogeneity. We discuss the value of the GWR for analysing the observed spatial variability and for improving model development and our understanding of spatial processes.     

Small‐scale heterogeneity in the soil environment influences the distribution of lawn grass and weeds

The association of the micro‐scale distribution of six plant species in a lawn, including the lawn grass, Zoysia japonica, with the soil's environmental factors was studied in an urban park in Kyoto, Japan. The cover of each plant species was scored in July and August. The relative elevation, depth of waterlogging after a shower, soil water content, and soil hardness were measured in 144 quadrats in a 12 m × 12 m plot. The subsurface soil was sampled at every fourth quadrat and was analyzed for the percentage of fine earth and the levels of total carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphate. Three correlation criteria, namely the Pearson's, Mantel, and partial Mantel correlations, showed considerable disagreement in indicating whether or not there was a significant correlation between each plant species and environmental variable. Although the reason for the disagreement was not always clear, some unimodal or inverted unimodal responses of a plant species against an environmental factor, which was not detectable by the Pearson's correlation coefficient, were indicated to be significant by the Mantel or partial Mantel tests. There were four plant–environment pairs that had a significant correlation in all three criteria: Juncus tenuis in August had a positive correlation with the soil water content in July and August and a negative correlation with soil hardness and Z. japonica showed a negative correlation with the water content in August. The results suggest that the small patches of lawn with poor drainage are the sites of invasion by J. tenuis.     

Postulation of virulence groups and resistance factors in the quinoa/downy mildew pathosystem using material from Ecuador

Twenty downy mildew isolates were collected in south, central and north Ecuador and inoculated on seedlings of 60 quinoa lines. A scale for scoring quinoa downy mildew infections was developed. Four virulence groups and three resistance factors were identified. In southern Ecuador only isolates of virulence group 2 were collected, while in the central region only virulence group 4 was found. In the north of Ecuador isolates of all four virulence groups were collected. Resistance factor R3 was found most frequently in seedlings of 13 high-yielding Ecuadorian quinoa lines. No effective resistance against group 4, the most virulent group, was observed. Lines ECU-288 (susceptible), ECU-291(R1), ECU-470 (R2) and ECU-379 (R3) could be used as a preliminary quinoa differential set for identifying downy mildew virulence groups.     

细菌性软腐病菌Dickeya致病机理的研究进展

由Dickeya spp.引起的细菌性软腐病在多种作物和花卉上常造成严重的经济损失,尤其近年来由D.zeae引起的水稻细菌性基腐病和香蕉软腐病,以及由D.solani引起的马铃薯软腐病均造成重大的农业失收,这些问题促进了对该属细菌致病机理的重视和深入研究。同时,Dickeya属细菌基因组序列的发表将进一步加速对这些重要病原微生物的研究。本文旨在对Dickeya属细菌的寄主范围、主要致病因子及其调控系统的研究进展作详细的梳理分析,以明确这一重要领域的研究现状并为从分子水平上阐明Dickeya属病原细菌的致病机理和寄主专化性提供依据。     

影响除草剂药效药害的因子

本文从除草剂特性,杂草和作物的生物学特性,气候和土壤等自然环境条件,作物栽培措施和除草剂施药技术等人为因素等方面较具有地分析了影响土壤处理除草剂和式叶处理除草剂对作物安全性的因素和除草效果,由于除草剂在安全性和除草效果与作物栽培措施的非常密切,所以重点阐述了栽培方法和使用技术的影响。     

Actual evapotranspiration of subalpine meadows in the Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

As a main component in water balance, evapotranspiration(ET) is of great importance for water saving, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. In this study, the FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization) Penman-Monteith model was used to estimate the magnitude and temporal dynamics of reference evapotranspiration(ET0) in 2014 in subalpine meadows of the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China. Meanwhile, actual ET(ETc) was also investigated by the eddy covariance(EC) system. Results indicated that ETc estimated by the EC System was 583 mm, lower than ET0(923 mm) estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith model in 2014. Moreover, ET0 began to increase in March and reached the peak value in August and then declined in September, however, ETc began to increase from April and reached the peak value in July, and then declined in August. Total ETc and ET0 values during the growing season(from May to September) were 441 and 666 mm, respectively, which accounted for 75.73% of annual cumulative ETc and 72.34% of annual cumulative ET0, respectively. A crop coefficient(k_c) was also estimated for calculating the ETc, and average value of kc during the growing season was 0.81(ranging from 0.45 to 1.16). Air temperature(T_a), wind speed(u), net radiation(R_n) and soil temperature(T_s) at the depth of 5 cm and aboveground biomass were critical factors for affecting kc, furthermore, a daily empirical kc equation including these main driving factors was developed. Our result demonstrated that the ETc value estimated by the data of kc and ET0 was validated and consistent with the growing season data in 2015 and 2016.     

Severity of phytophthora root rot and pre‐emergence damping‐off in subterranean clover influenced by moisture,temperature, nutrition,soil type,cultivar and their interactions

Studies were carried out in controlled environment rooms reflecting field situations. In the presence of the devastating soilborne pathogen Phytophthora clandestina, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) seedling emergence was significantly affected by moisture, soil type, temperature and cultivar. The level of rotting of tap and lateral roots was significantly affected by nutrition, soil type, temperature and cultivar. There were significant interactions involving temperature, moisture, soil type and cultivar; cultivar resistance, high moisture, high or medium temperature, high nutrition and sand soil all contributed towards less pre‐emergence damping‐off and tap and lateral root disease and to greater clover productivity. Host resistance of subterranean clover cultivars was critical for reducing disease severity and increasing productivity, even when favourable environmental conditions for severe disease occurred. In the presence of P. clandestina, the most resistant cultivar, Seaton Park, performed best under a high temperature, high nutrition and high moisture combination, but showed lower productivity under conditions of low nutrition or lower temperature, even when moisture level was high. In contrast, less resistant cultivars Riverina and Meteora had less disease and greater productivity under low moisture conditions. Findings reflect field observations that pre‐emergence damping‐off and root disease from P. clandestina in subterranean clover is particularly severe under colder conditions and in nutritionally impoverished sandy soils, and demonstrate how variations in soil type, nutrition, moisture, temperature and cultivar have profound effects on the expression and severity of phytophthora pre‐emergence damping‐off and root disease and the productivity of subterranean clover forages.     

Phytophthora infestans's 10-year truce with Holland: a long-term analysis of potato late-blight epidemics in the Netherlands

A sequence of 47 potato late-blight ( Phytophthora infestans ) epidemics in the Netherlands, from 1950 to 1996, was analysed using agronomic and meteorological variables. The intensity of annual epidemics was characterized by an index of disease intensity (DI, 0 = absence of late blight; 4 = severe epidemic). Three periods were identified, with average DIs of 2·9, 0 and 2, respectively. Period I (1950–68) had relatively regular epidemics; period II (1969–78) was virtually blight free; and period III (1979–96) showed large variations in disease intensity. Disease-enhancing factors were number of days with precipitation, and number of hours with temperatures between 10 and 27°C and relative humidity >90% during the growing season. Limiting factors were number of hours with temperatures >27°C, and amount of global radiation. Linear discriminant analysis of DI using the blight status of the previous year and meteorological variables correctly classified up to 40 years out of 47 (87·0%), with five out of the six incorrectly classified years falling in period III. Blight status of the previous year and number of days with precipitation were important discriminating variables.     

东北地区春播期土壤水分预测方法研究

根据东北五个土壤湿度分区春播期土壤相对湿度与气象因子、环流因子相关关系,甄选土壤相对湿度主要影响因子,构建多元线性回归模型以预测4、5月土壤相对湿度。结果表明:(1)五个分区土壤相对湿度与封冻雨、降水量呈正相关,与透雨日期、气温及日照时数呈负相关,且4月份土壤相对湿度与封冻雨及透雨日期的相关性较5月更显著;(2)各分区春播期土壤相对湿度与多项环流因子关系较密切,相关系数绝对值大于0.4且通过信度为0.05的显著性检验,并且这些影响因子主要集中在前一年11、12月;(3)基于关键气象因子和环流指数构建的4、5月土壤相对湿度多元线性回归模型均通过F显著性检验,复相关系数达0.5以上,且模型预测准确率基本在80%以上,精度较高。     

人为因素与沙尘暴关系研究

沙尘暴的产生即是自然现象 ,又有人为因素的作用。本文分析了近年来中国沙尘暴成因研究的结果 ,总结了人为因素与沙尘暴关系上存在的不同观点 ,在分析以前研究不足的基础上 ,指出了今后人为因素与沙尘暴研究的方向     

近50年来疏勒河月径流量影响因子分析

以疏勒河流域为研究对象,依据1957～2008年径流、温度、降水资料,采用逐步回归分析法,分析疏勒河月径流影响因子的主次程度。结果表明：在非汛期（10月～次年5月）,月径流最大影响因子是基流;在汛期（6～9月）,月径流主要影响因子是温度和降水,其中6月份月径流最大影响因子是当月降水;7月份,由于冰雪融水的增加,月径流最...     

苏云金杆菌小试生产发酵影响因子的研究

利用 1 0L全自动发酵罐对苏云金杆菌小试生产的发酵条件进行了研究。结果显示 ,不同的温度、pH值、培养基成分及接种方式对发酵产量和发酵周期均有影响 ;在培养基配方中存在葡萄糖时 ,葡萄糖单独灭菌对提高苏云金杆菌发酵产量是重要的。初步生物测定显示 ,发酵上清中存在一些杀虫增效因子 ,建议配制苏云金杆菌制剂时尽可能加以利用。     

植物疫情截获相关影响因素分析

文章从植物疫情截获途径、检验检疫工作内容和流程等方面入手,对植物疫情截获评价指标体系构建过程中应重点考虑的影响因素进行了分析与梳理,提出了影响植物疫情截获评价的直接和间接因素,并对其他可能影响评价效果的因素进行了讨论。     

虫生真菌蝉拟青霉诱变株对温室白粉虱的致死因素分析

将蝉拟青霉菌株进行诱变处理,用软件分析诱变前后各菌株对白粉虱的致死率和可能与致死相关的一些生理因素,得到各因素与致死率的相关系数:多糖为0.857、几丁质酶为0.722、萌发率为0.48、生长速率为-0.082、孢子量为-0.830、蛋白酶为-0.133。选择与致死率成正相关的生理指标与致死率建立回归方程,经过预测值与观察值的拟合度检验,发现选定的因素可用于初步判断蝉拟青霉菌株的毒力情况。     

甘肃陇东1975～1994年小麦条锈病流行因素初析

本文着重以品种与条锈菌的适应度为背景，从越夏、越冬、春季流行等环节对甘肃陇东１９７５～１９９４年小麦条锈病流行因素作了初步分析，并提出有关指标。     

辣椒疫病发病主导因素及综合防治技术研究

通过3a在多年辣椒重茬地的田间试验及调查研究,基本明确了辣椒疫病发生与灌水方法、栽培方式、降水、中心病株的出现等主导因素的关系。提出了栽培防病、化学治疗的综防技术,达到控病增产的目的。     

不同发酵条件对木霉产孢类型的影响

木霉T2 3固体发酵以产生分生孢子为主。液体发酵可以通过控制培养条件来生产不同类型的孢子。马铃薯葡萄糖培养液、马铃薯蔗糖培养液等可作为生产厚垣孢子的培养基 ;木霉T2 3的孢子类型和产孢速度受温度影响。在适于木霉生长的温度范围内 ,2 4℃以下产生厚垣孢子 ,最大产孢量为 1 0 6× 1 0 8个 /ml。 2 8℃以上形成分生孢子 ;30℃时产孢量最大 ,为 1 99×1 0 8个 /ml,温度越高产孢速度越快。初始pH值低易产生厚垣孢子 ,pH值高易产生分生孢子。适当降低液体发酵的供氧量 ,有利于厚垣孢子的形成