Efficacy of the organic-certified insecticide Diatect II against the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) in cotton

The efficacy of the organic insecticide Diatect II against boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas were assessed in small-plot field trials and greenhouse cage tests using azinphos-methyl treatments as a standard for comparison. Plastic sheets were placed in the furrows of the treated plots to retrieve boll weevils which dropped from the plants after being killed by the insecticides. Samples of live weevils taken by a tractor-mounted vacuum sampler revealed a modest, but significant, reduction in boll weevil populations in Diatect II plots. However, samples of dead weevils indicated that this reduction was due to movement of weevils out of the plots rather than to mortality. This interpretation is supported by greenhouse cage studies, where mortality in Diatect II treated cages was no greater than that in untreated control cages. The effects of insecticide treatments in small plots can be confounded easily and quickly by interplot movement of target insects. Although the relative effects of various compounds can usually be assessed by sampling the populations in plots soon after treatment, the best measure of efficacy is obtained by directly sampling insects that have died in the plot. This parameter is insulated from the effects of interplot movement, unless the toxicant is slow to immobilize the target insect. Taken together, our results indicate little efficacy by Diatect II against boll weevil under our test conditions.     

转cry1Ab基因水稻田寄生蜂亚群落结构及其优势类群数量动态的研究

从寄生蜂的优势度、数量和时间动态等方面,对含cry1Ab基因的Bt水稻对稻田寄生蜂群落的影响作了评价。寄生蜂各科的组成与优势度的分布在Bt稻田和对照间无显著差异,但数量低于对照,其中,优势类群茧蜂数量显著低于对照。从田间动态看,仅在寄生蜂发生的高峰期,Bt稻田中的主要寄生蜂才显著低于对照。因此,Bt水稻对靶标害虫主要寄生蜂尤其是茧蜂可能具一定的负面影响。     

草地贪夜蛾CRAL_TRIO结构域基因家族的基因组鉴定及其表达特征分析

为明确重大入侵性害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda CRAL_TRIO结构域基因的功能,利用同源比对法鉴定该害虫基因组中的CRAL_TRIO结构域基因,利用系统进化树和基因染色体定位探究其进化关系,使用数字基因表达谱分析其在不同发育阶段的表达情况,并采用反转录PCR技术分析19个CRAL_TRIO结构域基因在雌雄成虫不同组织中的表达特征。结果显示,从草地贪夜蛾基因组中鉴定到46个CRAL_TRIO结构域基因,所编码的氨基酸序列存在典型CRAL_TRIO结构域,且该结构域中有8个保守的氨基酸位点。系统进化树和基因染色体定位分析表明,多数草地贪夜蛾CRAL_TRIO结构域基因通过基因复制进化而来。基因表达谱分析发现,草地贪夜蛾CRAL_TRIO结构域基因在不同发育阶段的表达可聚为2组,其中一组在幼虫前期高表达,另一组在6龄幼虫期、蛹期和成虫期高表达。挑选验证的CRAL_TRIO结构域基因大部分在触角和脑中高表达,有2个基因在触角中特异性表达,部分在复眼中具有较高的表达量,表明这些CRAL_TRIO结构域基因在草地贪夜蛾嗅觉和视觉行为调控中起重要作用。     

草地贪夜蛾对化学农药和Bt作物的抗性机制及其治理技术研究进展

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith)是一种重要的经济作物害虫,在美洲玉米种植区均有发生。近几年该害虫迅速蔓延至非洲和东南亚等地区,并于2018年12月下旬在中国云南省被发现,对玉米生产造成严重威胁。化学农药和Bt作物是目前防治草地贪夜蛾的最主要手段,但大量研究表明,草地贪夜蛾已经形成了具有高抗药性和Bt抗性的种群。本文介绍了草地贪夜蛾抗药性和Bt抗性现状,从抗性相关因子的表达调控和靶标位点变异2个方面论述了草地贪夜蛾抗药性和Bt抗性机制,总结了目前草地贪夜蛾抗药性和Bt抗性的治理策略,并结合中国实际情况探讨了草地贪夜蛾综合防控的发展方向,以期为该害虫的防控提供参考。     

Effects of insecticides and defoliants applied alone and in combination for control of overwintering boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis; Coleoptera: Curculionidae)--laboratory and field studies

In laboratory, greenhouse and field tests, we determined the effects of combining full rates of the defoliants tribufos and thidiazuron and the herbicide thifensulfuron-methyl with half rates of the insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin or azinphos-methyl, and the combination of tribufos and thidiazuron, both in half rates, on mortality of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman and on the quality of defoliation. Tribufos, 0.47 kg ha(-1) and tribufos, 0.235 kg ha(-1) + thidiazuron, 0.125 kg ha(-1) exhibited a slightly toxic effect to boll weevil, while tribufos, 0.47 kg ha(-1) + lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.019 kg ha(-1), tribufos, 0.47 kg ha(-1) + azinphos-methyl, 0.14 kg ha(-1), and tribufos, 0.235 kg ha(-1) + thidiazuron, 0.125 kg ha(-1) + azinphos-methyl, 0.14 kg ha(-l), provided control of boll weevil as good as or better than full-rate azinphos-methyl or lambda-cyhalothrin alone owing to synergistic effects. Thidiazuron or thifensulfuron-methyl alone or in combination with insecticides did not affect boll weevil mortality. Treatment with tribufos + thidiazuron, both at half rate, significantly increased defoliation compared to full rates of tribufos or thidiazuron alone, and provided adequate defoliation for approximately the same cost per hectare.     

Impact of spray application methodology on the development of resistance to cypermethrin and spinosad by fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith)

The development of resistance to an insecticide under various types of application method has yet to be reported in the literature. Five fall armyworm Spodoptera armigera (JE Smith) colonies were reared in a chamber for ten generations before starting topical application bioassays. From each colony, 200-500 third-fourth-instar larvae were fed for 72 h on corn plants sprayed with cypermethrin or spinosad at minimum application rate (20 g ha(-1)) using a small droplet size nozzle XR8001VS (volume median diameter D(v0.5) = 163 microm) or a large droplet size nozzle XR8008VS (D(v0.5) = 519 microm). Surviving larvae were transferred to untreated corn leaves to complete their life cycle. Next-generation third-instar larvae of each colony were topically dosed with technical cypermethrin or spinosad at 1 microL per larva, and mortality was recorded 24 h post-treatment. The results indicated that cypermethrin demonstrated an insecticidal activity greater than that of spinosad, and the cypermethrin regression lines moved to the right faster than those for spinosad, indicating an increased tolerance of cypermethrin. Generally, larvae from all generations (F1-F7) under the XR8008VS treatments were less susceptible to cypermethrin and developed resistance faster and to higher levels than larvae from the XR8001VS treatments. The confidence limits (95%) of LD(50) for all spinosad treatments indicated that there was no significant difference from the LD(50) value of the susceptible reference strain. The results are a first indication that application technology/insecticide reaction may affect the rapidity of resistance development in certain pest/plant scenarios, but field studies are needed to confirm this conclusion.     

黏虫对Cry1Ab蛋白的抗性遗传规律及与其他蛋白的交互抗性

为转Bt作物抗性治理策略的有效实施提供依据,采用遗传杂交和毒力生测方法评价黏虫Mythimna separata Cry1Ab蛋白抗性品系对Cry1Ab蛋白的抗性显性度,明确调控抗性基因的位置和数目以及对Cry1F和Vip3Aa19蛋白的敏感性。结果显示,Cry1Ab蛋白对黏虫正交F₁代和反交F₁代的LC₅₀分别为15.30μg/g和12.91μg/g,抗性为常染色体调控;在浓度2.5～50.0μg/g范围内黏虫对Cry1Ab蛋白的抗性显性水平随着浓度的变化而变化,即在2.5μg/g时黏虫对Cry1Ab蛋白的抗性为不完全显性遗传,在50.0μg/g时黏虫对Cry1Ab蛋白的抗性为不完全隐性遗传。黏虫对Cry1Ab蛋白的抗性受多基因调控。另外,黏虫Cry1Ab抗性品系对Cry1F和Vip3Aa19蛋白未产生交互抗性,抗性倍数分别为0.9和1.1。     

Characterization of field‐evolved resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis‐derived Cry1F δ‐endotoxin in Spodoptera frugiperda populations from Argentina

BACKGROUND

Transgenic maize (Zea mays L.) event TC1507 (Herculex^® I insect protection), expressing Cry1F δ‐endotoxin derived from Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai, was commercialized in 2003 in the Americas. Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) susceptibility to Cry1F was monitored annually across several regions in Argentina using diagnostic concentration bioassays. Reduced performance of TC1507 maize against S. frugiperda was reported in 2013. A resistant population was established in the laboratory and the dominance of Cry1F resistance was characterized.

RESULTS

During 2012–2015, high‐survivorship of several populations was observed in the resistance monitoring program. Reciprocal crosses of a Cry1F‐resistant population with a Cry1F‐susceptible population were evaluated to calculate effective dominance (D_ML) based on mortality levels observed at 100 µg/ml Cry1F. Two additional dominance levels (D_LC and D_EC) were calculated using lethal (LC₅₀) or effective concentration (EC₅₀) derived from concentration–response bioassays. Estimates indicated that Cry1F resistance in S. frugiperda in Argentina was either highly recessive (D_ML = 0.005) or incompletely recessive (D_LC < 0.26 and D_EC < 0.19).

CONCLUSION

This study is the first documented confirmation and characterization of S. frugiperda Cry1F field‐evolved resistance in Argentina. The resistance to Cry1F in S. frugiperda populations collected in Argentina, is autosomal and incompletely recessive similar to the resistance reported in Brazil. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley © Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

转双价基因抗虫棉对主要害虫的抗性观察与防治技术要点

在比较研究转双价基因(Bt+CpTI)和转单价基因(Bt)抗虫棉对主要害虫的控制作用及其对非靶标害虫种群动态影响的基础上,研究提出了转双价基因抗虫棉主要害虫的综合防治技术。     

Marker‐free,tissue‐specific expression of Cry1Ab as a safe transgenic strategy for insect resistance in rice plants

BACKGROUND: Rice is the major food resource for nearly half of the global population; however, insect infestation could severely affect the production of this staple food. To improve rice insect resistance and reduce the levels of Bt toxin released into the environment, the Cry1Ab gene was conjugated to the rice rbcS promoter to express Bt toxin in specific tissues of transgenic plants. RESULTS: Eight marker‐free, T₂ lines were separated from the T₀ cotransformants. Using RT‐PCR, high levels of Cry1Ab expression were detected in the leaf but not in the seed. The Cry1Ab protein level ranged from 1.66 to 3.31 µg g^?1 in the leaves of four transgenic lines, but was barely detectable in their seeds by ELISA. Bioassays showed that the mortality rate of silkworm larvae feeding on mulberry leaves dipped in transgenic rice flour and pollen was less than that of the positive control (KMD), and that their average weight was higher than that of KMD, suggesting that the Cry1Ab protein was not expressed in the seed and pollen. CONCLUSION: The transgene conferred a high level of resistance to insects and biosafety to the rice plants, which could be directly used in rice breeding. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

草地贪夜蛾Bt抗性相关lncRNA的预测及分析

为明确长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA,lncRNA）在草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda对Bt产生抗性中的作用,采用生物信息学预测草地贪夜蛾的lncRNA基因,并对其进行特征分析、差异表达分析、靶标基因预测以及功能富集分析。结果显示,草地贪夜蛾46个RNA-Seq数据中共有2 033个lncRNA基因,对应2 034条lncRNA转录本;与蛋白质编码基因相比,草地贪夜蛾lncRNA的外显子数量更少,转录本长度更短。草地贪夜蛾Bt抗性品系和敏感品系之间共有266个差异表达的lncRNA,其中128个上调表达,138个下调表达;在lncRNA靶标中,顺式调控和反式调控的靶标基因分别为2 129个和1 955个;靶标基因分子功能主要集中于有毒物质结合、水解酶和丝氨酸类蛋白活性等。10个差异表达的lncRNA靶向碱性磷酸酶、氨肽酶N、ABC转运蛋白、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶以及钙黏蛋白等抗性相关基因,表明lncRNA可能参与了草地贪夜蛾对Bt抗性的形成。