Virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium longisporum against the greenhouse whitefly,Trialeurodes vaporariorum and its parasitoid Encarsia formosa

Understanding the interactions among biological control agents, such as competition for the same host in intraguild predation, is a key component for successful biological control strategies. The pathogenic ability of Lecanicillium longisporum (Petch) Zare and Gams (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) against the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was assessed. Treatment with six serial deposition rates of fungal conidia on cucumber leaf surface indicated that whitefly mean mortalities for isolates LRC190, LRC216 and LRC229 reached 61, 79 and 54% at 2.6 × 10⁷ conidia/mm², respectively. Median lethal time (LT₅₀) values for isolates LRC190, LRC216 and LRC229 were 6.2, 4.9 and 6.9 days, and median lethal dose (LD₅₀) values were 1.2 × 10⁶, 2.9 × 10⁵ and 6.9 × 10⁶ conidia/mm², respectively. The number of surviving parasitoid larvae, pupae and adults decreased with increasing concentrations of fungus, and earlier developmental stages of parasitoid were affected negatively by fungal treatment. Reproductive capacity and longevity of female parasitoid emerging from fungus-treated hosts were not affected by fungus treatment. These results indicate that correct timing of fungal and parasitoid application may mitigate the negative effects due to direct competition for the same host. In this regard, treatment with fungi in later immature stages of the parasitoid was generally positive with minimum risks of deleterious effects.     

浆角蚜小蜂防治温室白粉虱的应用研究

温室白粉虱是温室蔬菜的重要害虫,不仅由于取食造成这些植物的直接危害,而且还传播一些植物病毒病的病原.近年来,农民在温室中大量使用化学药剂来防治温室白粉虱,结果造成农药残留严重超标.本文采用生物防治的方法,对浆角蚜小蜂防治白粉虱的效果进行了研究与探讨.     

Impact of intraguild predation and lambda-cyhalothrin on predation efficacy of three acarophagous predators

This laboratory study reports the interaction of three predators found in commercial apple orchards in Quebec, Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say) (Hemiptera: Miridae), Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). First, intraguild predation between H vitripennis and the two other predators was characterized in the absence and presence of their extraguild prey, Tetranychus urticae Koch. The results showed an asymmetrical interaction in favour of the larger predator and the levels of intraguild predation were weak for the two predatory combinations. Presence of the phytophagous mite reduced the intensity of intraguild predation in the predatory combination of H axyridis and H vitripennis. Second, the effects of intraguild predation and the application of lambda-cyhalothrin on predation efficacy of the predators were evaluated. The application of the insecticide reduced prey consumption of H vitripennis and H axyridis but did not affect that of A fallacis. Combination of predators and an insecticide application resulted in two different situations depending on the species involved: a reduced predation efficacy for the combination of H vitripennis and H axyridis due to a knockdown effect caused by the insecticide, and no effect on T urticae consumption for H vitripennis and A fallacis. It is suggested that an integrated pest management program based on H vitripennis, A fallacis and lambda-cyhalothrin may be evaluated to repress phytophagous mites in Quebec orchards.     

棉蚜密度对瓢虫集团内捕食作用的影响

以华北棉田3种常见瓢虫-异色瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫和七星瓢虫为对象,依次在室内和田间条件下研究了不同棉蚜密度对瓢虫种间集团内捕食作用的影响。结果显示,室内条件下,随着棉蚜密度的上升,一种瓢虫幼虫对另一种瓢虫卵的捕食量呈下降趋势。与不提供棉蚜的对照相比,提供20、200头棉蚜的处理的捕食量分别平均降低56.5%、92.6%。田间罩笼试验显示出了相似规律,每株蚜量为50、200头时,捕食量较对照(没有棉蚜)平均降低42.0%、56.9%。结果表明,猎物棉蚜的存在能有效降低3种瓢虫之间的集团内捕食作用;棉蚜密度越高,这种趋势越明显。     

海氏桨角蚜小蜂对不同龄期Q隐种烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的取食和寄生选择

许多粉虱寄生蜂雌蜂对粉虱若虫的攻击方式不仅是寄生,而且还能取食。本文以海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati作为测试寄生蜂,Q隐种烟粉虱和温室白粉虱作为寄主,在非选择和双向选择条件下调查了寄生蜂对寄主的取食和寄生选择性。研究结果表明,非选择试验条件下,海氏桨角蚜小蜂48 h内取食1～4龄烟粉虱和温室白粉虱若虫的数量分别为10.7、6.4、6.7、5.0头和4.4、3.7、2.8、2.3头,寄生1～4龄烟粉虱若虫的数量分别为22.1、27.5、25.4、16.5头,但不能寄生各龄期温室白粉虱若虫;而在选择试验条件下,寄生蜂取食1～4龄烟粉虱若虫的数量分别为同龄期温室白粉虱若虫数量的1.8、2.6、2.5、1.5倍。说明寄生蜂的取食寄主能力明显受寄主种类和龄期的影响。海氏桨角蚜小蜂更适合用来防治烟粉虱,但不适于防治温室白粉虱。     

Transmission of the agent causing a melon yellowing disease by the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum in southeast Spain

The agent causing a yellowing disease of melon (Cucumis melo), which results in severe losses in crops under plastic on the coastal plains of southeast Spain, was shown to be transmitted in a semipersistent manner by the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood). The agent was transmitted by grafting, but not by mechanical inoculation or through seeds. The agent was acquired in the minimum period tested (2 h) and could infect plants in an infection feeding interval of 6 h. Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cucumis melo, C. sativus, Cucurbita moschata, Cichorium endivia, Lactuca sativa andTaraxacum officinale were found susceptible.Results suggest that the yellowing disease affecting melon crops in the southeast of Spain is due to a pathogen similar to beet pseudo yellows virus, but this has to be confirmed by serology.     

Current status of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, susceptibility to neonicotinoid and conventional insecticides on strawberries in southern California

Since 1998, the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), has emerged as a major insect pest of many horticultural crops in coastal California. Control of this pest has been heavily dependent upon chemical insecticides. Objectives of this study were to determine the status of the greenhouse whitefly susceptibility to neonicotinoid and conventional insecticides on strawberries in Oxnard/Ventura, a year-round intensive horticultural production area of southern California. For bioassay tests, adult whiteflies were collected from commercial strawberry crops, and immatures were directly developed from eggs laid by these adults. LD(50) values of soil-applied imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran were respectively 8.7, 3.2 and 4.9 times higher for the adults, 1.8, 1.2 and 1.5 times higher for the first-instar nymphs and 89.4, 390 and 10.4 times higher for the third-instar nymphs than their top label rates. LC(50) values of foliar-applied imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and acetamiprid were respectively 6.1, 6.0 and 1.7 times higher for the adults and 3.8, 8.7 and 4.4 times higher for the second-instar nymphs than their top label rates. For the adults, LC(90) values of endosulfan, malathion, methomyl, bifenthrin and fenpropathrin were 2.2, 1.2, 1.9, 2.3 and 4.9 times lower than their respective top label rates. Chlorpyrifos was not very effective against the adults, as indicated by its LC(90) being 120% higher than its top label rate. The present results strongly emphasize the need to develop resistance management strategies in the region.     

常用杀虫剂与球孢白僵菌的相容性及对温室白粉虱的协同防效

本试验测定6种常用杀虫剂对球孢白僵菌孢子萌发、菌丝生长和产孢量的影响,并选取相容性高的杀虫剂在10倍稀释浓度下与球孢白僵菌复配对温室白粉虱进行防治。结果表明,球孢白僵菌与10%吡虫啉WP的相容性最高,而与2.5%联苯菊酯EC和20%高氯·噻嗪酮EC相容性较差,在10倍稀释浓度下10%吡虫啉WP对孢子萌发和菌丝生长的抑制率分别为12%和3.38%,产孢量为1.94×106个/mL。对白粉虱协同防效试验中,3个处理间存在显著差异,复配药剂的防效最高能达到85.19%,在防治3d后一直维持在80%以上,高于单独使用球孢白僵菌制剂和10%吡虫啉WP的防效。因此,在温室白粉虱的防治过程中,可利用生防真菌制剂与低浓度的化学杀虫剂复配,从而达到增效作用。     

异色瓢虫耐饥能力及饥饿对其捕食槐蚜功能的影响

试验结果表明,异色瓢虫4龄幼虫和成虫在饥饿条件下寿命最长。不同饥饿程度的异色瓢虫3～4龄幼虫、成虫的捕食量均随槐蚜密度的增加而增加,对槐蚜捕食的功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型,经χ ²检验,各圆盘方程理论值和实测值拟合较好。同一虫态不同饥饿程度的异色瓢虫对槐蚜的捕食情况无明显差异。饥饿48 h的异色瓢虫3～4龄幼虫、成虫在24 h内对槐蚜的捕食作用主要集中在初始阶段,即本试验的0～6 h内。     

Effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and carboxylesterase activity in Bemisia tabaci biotype B and greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), have become serious pests of cotton and vegetable crops in China since the early 1990s. In recent years, however, B. tabaci have broken out more frequently and widely than have T. vaporariorum. The B. tabaci biotype B has also developed higher resistance to several insecticides. Here, the effects of four different host plants on the insecticide susceptibility of B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum have been compared. The LC(50) values of imidacloprid, abamectin, deltamethrin and omethoate in T. vaporariorum reared on cucumber were significantly higher than those in B. tabaci (the LC(50) values in T. vaporariorum were respectively 3.13, 2.63, 2.78 and 6.67 times higher than those in B. tabaci). On the other hand, the B. tabaci population reared on cotton was more tolerant to all four insecticides tested than the T. vaporariorum population from the same host, especially to abamectin (up to 8.4-fold). The effects of the four host plants on the activity of carboxylesterase (CarE) in B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum were also compared. The results showed that, although the CarE activity of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum varied depending on the host plants, the B. tabaci population possessed significantly higher CarE activity than the T. vaporariorum population reared on the same host plant. This was especially so on cucumber and cotton, where the CarE activities of the B. tabaci population were over 1.6 times higher than those of T. varporariorum. The frequency profiles for this activity in B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum populations reared on same host plant were apparently different.     

Incidence and characterisation of resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides and pymetrozine in the greenhouse whitefly,Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

BACKGROUND: Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), also known as the greenhouse whitefly, is a serious pest of protected vegetable and ornamental crops in most temperate regions of the world. Neonicotinoid insecticides are used widely to control this species, although resistance has been reported and may be becoming widespread. RESULTS: Mortality rates of UK and European strains of T. vaporariorum to a range of neonicotinoids and pymetrozine, a compound with a different mode of action, were calculated, and significant resistance was found in some of those strains. A strong association was found between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine, and reciprocal selection experiments confirmed this finding. Expression of resistance to the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and pymetrozine was age specific, and resistance in nymphs did not compromise recommended application rates. CONCLUSION: This study indicates strong parallels in the phenotypic characteristics of neonicotinoid resistance in T. vaporariorum and the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, suggesting possible parallels in the underlying mechanisms. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

The efficiency of yellow boards and selective insecticides in control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum on tomatoes1

At the Research Institute of Vegetable Crops in Skierniewice, investigations were carried out on the effectiveness of control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum with the new selective insecticides based on insect growth regulators, and with yellow boards covered with glue. Experiments with yellow boards showed that this method can keep whitefly populations at a tolerable level for about 30 days. Good effects with yellow boards were only obtained with low whitefly populations, up to a few adults per leaf. The best result in whitefly control was given by Applaud 25 WP (buprofezin) at the rate of 0.5–1 kg ha^?1 of product. One treatment with Applaud 25 WP kept the whitefly population below tolerable levels for about 40 days, and had an effect similar to that of six treatments with the methomyl-based insecticides.     

丽蚜小蜂对雪莲果和烟草繁育温室白粉虱的适应性

雪莲果和烟草均属于大叶型植物,是繁育温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood的理想寄主植物。为了明确雪莲果作为中间寄主植物大量繁育丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan的可行性,在人工气候室条件下,比较研究了丽蚜小蜂在雪莲果和烟草繁育温室白粉虱上的寄生率、羽化率和发育历期。研究结果表明,丽蚜小蜂对雪莲果和烟草繁育的温室白粉虱3龄若虫寄生率最高,分别为84.2%和80.3%,且对雪莲果繁育的温室白粉虱1和2龄若虫寄生率均显著高于烟草;丽蚜小蜂寄生两种寄主植物繁育的温室白粉虱羽化率除1龄外差异均不显著,其中寄生雪莲果和烟草繁育3龄粉虱若虫的羽化率最高,分别为94.7%和93.8%;丽蚜小蜂寄生雪莲果繁育1～4龄若虫发育历期分别为21.4、15.5、13.7和13.3 d,且寄生雪莲果各龄粉虱若虫发育历期除1龄外均短于烟草。综合来看,与烟草相比,丽蚜小蜂对雪莲果繁育的温室白粉虱表现出更好的适应性,特别是对3龄若虫表现出最好的发育适合度,这为进一步开发利用雪莲果为中间寄主植物大量繁育丽蚜小蜂提供了理论依据。     

7种药剂对温室白粉虱不同虫态的防治效果

为筛选防治温室白粉虱的有效药剂,采用室内和田间药效方法测定了7种杀虫剂在推荐剂量下对温室白粉虱卵、若虫和成虫的防治效果。结果表明:22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂、1.8%阿维菌素乳油单用或22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂和25%烯啶虫胺可溶性粉剂混用对卵和若虫的防效高达85%以上。10%氟啶虫酰胺水分散粒剂、22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂对成虫的速效性和持效性最好,防效均高达94%以上。因此,推荐在温室白粉虱发生初期选择氟啶虫酰胺、氟啶虫胺腈、阿维菌素单用或螺虫乙酯和烯啶虫胺混用进行防治,世代重叠严重时可根据对不同虫态的防治效果选择几种药剂混用。     

棚室蔬菜应用丽蚜小蜂防治白粉虱的影响因素及应对措施

棚室蔬菜应用生物防治措施防治病虫害,能够有效地减少农药的使用量,保障消费者食用安全。近年来,该技术已成为无公害蔬菜生产的一项重要措施。衡水市植物保护检疫站从2002年起在本市邓庄园区、武邑县、饶阳县的棚室青椒、黄瓜、番茄等作物上进行了丽蚜小蜂(以下简称小蜂,河北衡