饲料安全是肉蛋奶安全的基础

养殖生产过程其实就是利用饲料换取肉、蛋、奶等蛋白质产品的过程，饲料是否安全，直接关系到肉、蛋、奶的品质和安全。人类是畜禽产品的直接使用者，若肉、蛋、奶等畜禽产品中含有致畸、致癌、致突变的物质或含有致病菌，会对人类的生命安全构成严重威胁。要生产出能够让人安全放心食用的肉、蛋、奶，饲料的安全性是最基本的先决条件。     

犬的饲料品种及其营养价值

正无论犬的商品饲料还是自配饲料,通常都由动物性饲料和植物性饲料及必需的饲料添加剂和矿物质组成。各种饲料组成对应不同的营养价值,都是犬不可缺少的营养成分。1动物性饲料这类饲料含有丰富的优质蛋白,能为犬提供和补充各种氨基酸、多种维生素和无机盐。营养丰富,易于被犬吸收利用。在日粮中所占的比例,按成年犬的能量计算应占30%。动物性饲料包括肉、蛋、鱼、奶及其副产品和海产品等。肉是最有营养的饲料,富含优质蛋白、多种维生素和矿物质,     

饲料配方的经济学原理

生产饲料的目的是为了最大限度获取动物蛋白质成分，即换取肉、蛋、奶等动物源食品。饲料配方的设计，根本上而言受经济规律的约束，只有效益最高的配方，才能够被市场接受。     

饲料复合氨基酸营养源代替鱼粉喂蛋鸡试验

一、试验目的随着生产的发展,人民生活水平不断提高,我国人民的食物结构正在开始发生变化,对于肉禽、蛋、奶、鱼的需要日益增加。必须大力发展畜禽和水产养殖业,才能适应这个要求,而解决饲料的动物蛋白来源是发展畜禽水产业的关键。动物蛋白紧缺是当前世界性问题。上海水产学院利用非食用的动物蛋白研制成饲料复合氨基酸营养源,开拓了动物蛋白来源的新途径。我们用其产     

用屠宰残剩品生产饲料的方法

传统的畜牧业主要是依靠植物性饲料,也就是说利用植物性蛋白质来生产人类所需的动物性蛋白质产品,如肉、蛋、皮、毛、丝等。由于植物性蛋白质中氨基酸的比例与动物蛋     

蛋氨酸:点燃动物的小宇宙

正民以食为天。人类对肉、蛋、奶的需求越来越大,一方面是人口的增长,另一方面是经济的发展——生活水平的提高使得每个人的需求也大大增加,所以肉蛋奶的需求增长远远超越了人口的"爆炸"。饲料的低成本,是养殖技术的另一个关键对于工程师来说,肉、蛋、奶的生产与工厂并没有本质区别。农场就是工厂,动物就是机器,饲料就是生产原料,而肉蛋奶就是产品。生产技     

浅谈饲料中多不饱和脂肪酸在猪生产中的应用

脂肪酸作为饲料脂肪的主要营养成分,其不仅影响着动物对饲料的利用效率,同时影响着动物产品中的脂肪酸组成。当动物采食一定量的多不饱和脂肪酸时,其产出的肉、蛋、奶中多不饱和脂肪酸含量随之提高。该文综述了饲料中多不饱和脂肪酸在猪生产中的应用研究。     

蛋白质饲料的营养强化剂——饲用蛋氨酸的工业合成

动物、植物体中的蛋白质是由二十三种氨基酸组成的,蛋氨酸是其中一种。它于1922年被发现,1928年首次人工合成并定名为“蛋氨酸”。一般氨基酸有左旋(L)及右旋(D)两种异构体。人和动物一般只能吸取左旋产品,但是对蛋氨酸却例外,左旋、右旋的都能吸收。没有氨基酸就不能建造出蛋白质,而蛋白质是一切动物体的基本组成物质,也是构成奶、蛋、肉的主要物质。饲料中若不补充蛋白质(或者构成蛋白质的原料——氨基酸),则动物不仅生长得慢,奶、肉、蛋的     

甘肃饲草料发展存在的问题与应对措施

畜牧业是利用已被人类驯化的畜禽等动物,或鹿、麝、狐狸、水貂、水獭、鹌鹑等野生动物,通过人工繁育繁殖,使牧草、饲料等植物转化为动物能源,用于生产肉、蛋、奶、羊毛、羊绒、皮张、丝绸、药材等畜产品.与自给自足的传统畜牧业不同,现代畜牧业的主要特点是集中、规模化和效益丰厚.然而,畜牧业的发展需要大量的饲料支持.饲草是保证畜牧业...     

不可忽视的一件大事

动物的饲料是人的间接食品.饲料中的营养成分,经过动物消化吸收转化为肉、蛋、奶和水产品,成为人的动物性食品,是人类重要的营养来源之一,是动物性蛋白质的源泉.因此,饲料与人们的日常生活息息相关.一、安全卫生是饲料最重要的指标肉、蛋、奶和水产品是人们日常生活中不可缺少的食品,而且随着人民生活水平的日益提高,对这些动物性食品的消费量越来越大.要求饲料中     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.