Integrated delivery of primary health care for humans and animals

Partially because of the high cost of developing and maintaining cold chains, systems needed to keep heat-labile vaccines under adequate refrigeration from their points of manufacture to their administration in the field, the Joint WHO/FAO Expert Committee on Zoonoses (i.e., the approximately four fifths of all described human infections that people share with other vertebrate animals) recommended in 1982 operation of common cold chains by health and veterinary services in rural areas. Following this recommendation, a 1984 pilot level initiative in medical-veterinary intersectoral cooperation should be regarded as a practical way to deliver human primary health care to currently neglected African pastoralists, and as a potential core program for development efforts overall within arid and semiarid areas of the African continent.     

Health care delivery and advanced technology

Remedying the deficiencies in the current health care delivery system and effectively using advances in biomedical research require that a significant effort be organized to develop advanced technology in this field. The time is ripe and development personnel are available; hence, what are needed are simply a dedication to solving the problem, a commitment of resources toward this end, and an organizational mode that will allow the effective participation of developmental personnel.     

河北省海水养殖区水质的时空变化特征

海水养殖是河北省水产业重要的支柱产业。为了保护河北省海水养殖区的生态环境,实现海水养殖业可持续发展,根据2000—2010年的监测数据,采用模糊综合评价法和单因子污染指数法对海水养殖区水质的时空变化特征和质量状况进行了研究与评价。结果表明：近年来河北省海水养殖区水质逐步有所好转,其中秦皇岛市、唐山市附近海水养殖区水质基本可以满足养殖用水的要求,黄骅市附近海水养殖区的水质污染较重,已不能满足养殖用水的要求;河北省海水养殖区水体中主要污染物是磷酸盐（PO34--P）、无机氮（DIN）,其次为铅（Pb）和汞（Hg）。     

Rural health care in Mexico?

A very large percentage of Mexico's population living in rural areas lacks resources for health care. Any new effort to provide such care must emphasize the health of the infant population because of the high percentage of infants in the country. Plans made at the national level have not been correlated with the conditions that exist in rural areas. For example, the majority of university programs are oriented toward urban medical practice, and the construction of more schools of medicine to solve the problem of doctors in rural areas is based on a mistaken premise. This problem has not been solved even in developed countries such as the United States where, as in Mexico, graduates in medicine migrate to the cities where optimal conditions are met for practicing the type of medicine for which they have been trained. Furthermore, it is both expensive and illogical to maintain urban doctors in rural areas where they cannot practice their profession for lack of resources; to do so is to deny the purpose of their education (27). Conventional schools of medicine, for reasons of investment and of structure, should teach only very selected groups of students who, on finishing their training, are fully capacitated to practice specialized medicine. A different system is required if we are to provide adequate health care in the rural communities. A system such as that described herein, adapted to the real need of rural communities, would avoid the necessity to create dysfunctional bureaucracies and would not destroy those institutions which have proved useful in the past. This study should be considered as one of the many pilot programs that should be initiated in order to determine the type of program that would best solve the problem of health care in rural Mexico. Other programs already being considered at the National Autonomous University of Mexico include the A36 plan of the Faculty of Medicine, now in operation; the work of C. Biro carried out in Netzahualcoyotl City (both focused on providing medical care to the urban poor); and the Open University program. Unless an efficient program designed to meet the needs of rural communities is quickly put into operation, Mexico will, in the near future, be facing the same problems now confronting Southeast Asia.     

茉莉花茶保健功效及相关保健产品研究现状

[目的]为茉莉花茶保健方面研究提供依据。[方法]对茉莉花茶营养与保健成分研究现状进行简要分析,并针对茉莉花茶对不同人群的保健功效以及相关茉莉花茶保健产品开发等相关茉莉花茶保健研究现状进行综述。[结果]得出相应结论,即针对不同人群的茉莉花茶保健研究已有一定进展,但仍在许多茉莉花茶保健产品的开发及其所对应的具体保健功效研究上有待进一步地完善。[结论]茉莉花茶保健研究仍具有一定的研究方向及发展前景。     

太湖源林区水系源头水质时空变异与原因探析

位于浙江省临安市太湖源镇的太湖源水系属太湖流域苕溪水的主要水源地,其水质变化关系到下游杭嘉湖平原和江苏省太湖周边地区众多人口的饮用水质安全和生活用水质量。雷竹Phyllostachys praecox林地雷竹笋生产和森林旅游是太湖源镇的两大支柱产业。为监测当地水源水质和探明水质变化原因,对太湖源水系水质时空变化、成因及水质变化状况进行了研究,对水体中氮、磷及有机物质量浓度逐月进行测定分析。结果表明,源头水与其下游水之间水质随空间分布差异巨大;水中氮为严重污染物,其次为有机物。水中的铵态氮、高锰酸盐指数、可溶性有机碳和总磷等也因季节变化有较大波动。水质变化与当地雷竹笋生产和森林旅游及城镇居民生活废弃物排放等密切相关。     

酸雨区不同林龄杉木人工林土壤活性铝含量季节动态

分析了酸雨区不同林龄(1、5、10、15 a)杉木人工林土壤活性铝含量的季节动态.结果表明:同一季节同一土层深度不同林龄杉木人工林土壤交换态铝含量表现为15 a>10 a>5 a>1 a,1 a与5 a差异不显著;同一林龄同一土层深度不同季节杉木人工林土壤交换态铝含量总体表现为冬季>春季>夏、秋季,夏、秋季间无明显变化.杉木人工林土壤吸附态羟基铝含量随林龄及季节的变化规律与交换态铝相似.同一土层深度同一林龄不同季节杉木工人林土壤有机络合态铝含量总体表现为春季>冬季>秋季>夏季,同一季节同一土层深度不同林龄杉木人工林土壤有机络合态铝含量随林龄的增加而提高.酸雨区不同林龄杉木人工林表层土壤活性铝含量高于中下层土壤,活性铝占总铝的比例随林龄的增加而增大.     

Development of a private animal health delivery network in North Sumatra,Indonesia

Livestock is one of the growth sectors in the rural economy. In the third world the provision of livestock services for smallholders has generally been in the hands of the governments, leading to erratic, insufficient, and unreliable delivery systems. Especially in cases where the benefits of services accrue to the owners of the animals, privatization of some of the animal services may improve the delivery system. In order to explore the impact of such a private system, a group of sheep farmers in North Sumatra, Indonesia, were organized in an Animal Health Delivery Network (AHDN). The experience with AHDN indicates that the scope of private sector involvement is promising. Farmers were able to recognize the benefits and willing to pay for the drugs. However, they seem to be reluctant to apply the drugs themselves, thereby relying on the help of extension agents and traders. Selling drugs via poultry shops to farmers was not successful because drug wholesaler firms do not make their products available in small quantities. The study confirmed that the role of Government and private sector in the delivery of livestock services needs to be redefined.The authors are all members of the Small Ruminant Collaboration Research Support Program's (SR-CRSP) Economics Project being implemented by Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development (WI) in the United States and the Center of Research Institutes for Animal Sciences (CRIAS) in Indonesia. Kartamulia was resident scientist at the Animal Research Station in Sei Putih, North Sumatra for the duration of this study under a collaboration agreement with INI ANSREDEF, an Indonesian NGO supporting livestock research and development. Misniwaty is a member of the socioeconomic group at the same station and staff of the Agency of Agricultural Research and Development (AARD). Knipscheer is Winrock's Regional Director for Asia and based in Morrilton, Arkansas.     

Genomic medicine and the future of health care

Genomic technologies and computational advances are leading to an information revolution in biology and medicine. Simulations of molecular processes in cells and predictions of drug effects in humans will advance pharmaceutical research and speed up clinical trials. Computational prognostics and diagnostics that combine with genotyping and molecular profiling may soon cause fundamental changes in the practice of health care.     

For-profit hospitals loom large on health care scene

A survey by the Institute of Medicine examined both factual matters and value questions connected with the provision of health care by investor-owned, for-profit hospitals. One inference drawn from the study data is that for-profit enterprise is not as bad as it has been portrayed. Costs at for-profit institutions are greater than at other hospitals. However, the recently implemented system of prospective payment for hospital reimbursement may force costs down for all hospitals. There are no apparent differences in care between for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals, though the for-profits provide less uncompensated care and devote less time to research and education. Not-for-profit health care institutions are also expanding into networking and are altering patterns of care delivery in response to economic factors.     

网络:大学生心理保健新途径

本文首先系统分析了大学生心理保健传统途径的局限性,其次分析了利用网络开展大学生心理保健工作的可行性,再次通过在浙江大学的抽样调查从实证角度进行佐证,并最终提出利用网络开展大学生心理保健工作的建议,这对于目前我国高校开展大学生心理健康教育工作具有理论和实践意义。