Effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone on the physiology and morphology of the thyroid gland in coho salmon,Oncorhynchus kisutch

Activity of the thyroid gland of the coho salmon,Oncorhynchus kisutch, was assessed by physiological, histological and ultrastructural criteria after treatment with graded doses of bovine thyrotropin (bTSH) in January and March. Average plasma thyroxine (T₄) levels increased from about 0.8 ng/ml in saline-injected controls to about 15 ng/ml in fish treated with four intraperitoneal injections of 0.8 lU bTSH. Light-microscope observations of one m-thick sections stained with methylene blue and azure II, showed that bTSH treatment increased epithelial height in both presmolts and smolts. Ultrastructural manifestations of increased activity owing to bTSH treatment were also seen, along with evidence of follicle proliferation. Cytoplasmic organelles and secretory granules increased in numbers with increased dosage of bTSH.     

Effect of an organic fertilizer on growth of blue-green alga Spirulina platensis

In this study, the influence of an agricultural liquid organic fertilizer on growth and biomass composition of Spirulina platensis Geitler was studied. In the first trial, five concentrations of organic fertilizer were arranged, e.g., 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2?ml/l, in which no other extra nutrients except bicarbonate were used. Maximum dry weight, chlorophyll a and specific growth rate were achieved in control group. In the second trial, initial fertilizer levels of the three groups were 0.1?ml/l and all groups contained sodium bicarbonate. One of the groups had 2.5?g/l NaNO₃, while the other was supported with 0.1?ml/l fertilizer by two-day intervals to see the effect of nitrogen. In order to understand the effects of phosphate, 0.4?g K₂HPO₄ was added to the other group as well as 2.5?g NaNO₃. Between the experimental groups, the highest chlorophyll a value was found in control group as 53.97?mg/l. The chlorophyll value at group II (37.65?mg/l) was lower than the control group. The maximum dry weight and crude protein recorded in control group were 1,330?mg/l and 60.17%, respectively, when compared with 1,256?mg/l and 59.92% in group II. No significant differences were observed in crude protein values of Spirulina grown in control and group II (P?<?0.05). Consequently, it was seen that commercial liquid organic fertilizers may be replaced by Zarrouk??s medium except for nitrate, phosphate and bicarbonate in S. platensis cultures in order to decrease the production costs.     

Investigations into the development of the pituitary gland-thyroid tissue axis and distribution of tissue thyroid hormone content in embryonic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from Lake Ontario

Total organism content of L-thyroxine (T₄) and triiodo-L-thyronine (T₃) were measured in the early developmental stages of a stock of Lake Ontario coho salmon from the egg to the yolk absorption stage. Whole organism T₄ levels were constant between the egg and pre-hatch embryo stages, but fell progressively during yolk absorption. T₃ levels were low from egg to eye-pigment appearance, but then increased prior to hatch and fell again during the post-hatch yolk absorption period. When expressed as ng/tissue, T₄ content of the body compartment rose progressively between days 67 and 87 post-fertilization, whilst T₄ content of the yolk compartment fell progressively during the same period; the pattern was not evident for tissue T₃ content. When expressed as ng/g dry weight of tissue, the inverse relationship was found for T₄, and T₃ content of the body and yolk compartments decreased progressively and increased progressively, respectively during the same period, suggesting that thyroid hormones were selectively retained in the yolk compartment. Intensely “immunostained” (using anti-human β-TSH antibody) thyrotropic cells were present in small numbers in the pars distalis of the embryonic pituitary at the eye-pigment appearance stage, and the numbers increased markedly until the pre-hatch period. Administration of either bovine thyrotropic hormone (bTSH) or ovine growth hormone (oGH) had no effect on thyroid hormone content of larvae challenged during the yolk absorption period, suggesting that the thyroid tissue was not responsive to exogenous bTSH challenge at this time, and that oGH-sensitive 5′-monodeiodination was either not present or at levels that were too low to cause an elevation in total T₃ content, or that the substrate levels were insufficient to permit a measureable increase in whole body T₃ content.     

罗氏沼虾不同养殖模式对水体浮游生物的影响

通过围隔实验比较罗氏沼虾不同养殖模式对水体浮游生物的影响。实验设置6种养殖模式:罗氏沼虾单养(MP)、罗氏沼虾+浮萍(水面覆盖率5%)(PP)、罗氏沼虾+鲢(PF)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+鲢(PMF)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+浮萍(PMP)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+浮萍+鲢(PMPF)。养殖64 d后,测定不同模式中浮游植物和三大类浮游动物(轮虫、枝角类及桡足类)的种类和数量。结果显示,上述6种模式中浮游植物共同优势种有4种,但优势度指数最大的浮游植物不同,MP组是锥囊藻属,有浮萍的PP和PMP组均为细小平裂藻,混养鲢的PF、PMF和PMPF组均为针杆藻。不同养殖模式无共同的浮游动物优势种。养殖模式对浮游生物密度具有显著影响,PF组浮游植物密度最高,MP组浮游植物密度最低,PF组浮游植物密度比MP、PP和PMP组分别高78%、53%和61%。相反,浮游动物密度MP组最高,PF组最低。混养鲢的PF、PMF和PMPF组浮游动物密度显著低于其他3组。研究表明,罗氏沼虾养殖中混养鲢可增加浮游植物密度而降低浮游动物密度,浮萍和鲢影响池塘优势种。     

Stocking density and its influence on shape of Senegalese sole adults

Morphological changes in Senegalese sole adults (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858) reared at two stocking density conditions (low stocking density, 60% of bottom occupation and high stocking density, 180% of bottom occupation) were investigated using geometric morphometrics. Canonical variate analysis on weight matrix scores, including the uniform component (W′), at the end of the experiment revealed differences in body shape between experimental groups. The low density group presented a similar change pattern as that of the high density group but was less intense. Differences were discussed in terms of the effect of a high stocking density on the shape of soles which were very close to commercialization. Results did not indicate a significant size-related shape, likely due to fish age. Our results provide the first promising look at environment-related shape changes in reared sole.     

Influence of density and background color to stress response, appetite, growth, and blind-side hypermelanosis of flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

To study the relevance of density and background color to stress response, appetite, and growth in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, we reared two duplicate groups of juveniles (total length 4.46 ± 0.06 cm, body weight 0.77 ± 0.03 g) in flat-bottom aquaria with dark-green (control) and white backgrounds for 120 days. We measured cortisol and glucose levels in blood and calculated the daily food intake, food conversion efficiency, survival rate, and growth rate. To study the relevance of density and background color to malpigmentation (hypermelanosis) on the blind side, we also compared malpigmented ratios and prepro-melanin-concentrating hormone mRNA activities in the brain between the dark-green and white background groups, as well as between a relatively lower density (60 days) and higher density (120 days). Although we measured relatively higher levels of cortisol and glucose in the white background group and over 200 % of coverage area [PCA]), the bright background failed to induce an acute stress response of more than 20 ng/ml cortisol and 40 mg/dl glucose both in 60 days and 120 days, but did enhance appetite and growth. Also, a bright background color delayed hyperpigmentation only at a low density below 200 % PCA, but did not inhibit malpigmentation at a high density of more than 200 % PCA. In addition, below 200 % PCA, expression of MCH mRNA was significantly higher in the white group, but the level was reversed and was lower in the white group at more than 200 % PCA. In conclusion, although did not induce a high stress response over 200 % PCA, the bright background color resulted in a moderate increasing of cortisol level in blood below 20 ng/ml and enhanced appetite and growth. Moreover, at a density below 200 % PCA, the bright color inhibited hypermelanosis with high MCH mRNA activity, but at more than 200 % PCA did not inhibit malpigmentation, and the fish showed low MCH mRNA activity, indicating that the inhibitory effect of a bright background color on hypermelanosis is density dependent.     

Fundamental studies on the physiology of rotifers in mass culture—V. Dry Chlorella powder as a food for rotifers

The dietary value of dried, commercial Chlorella was compared with that of living marine Chlorella, and yeast, in relation to growth of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis raised individually and by batch culture methods.A concentration of 50 μg/ml of dried Chlorella powder is near an optimal density for rotifer growth. The dried material in suspension is less effective for growth than living marine Chlorella, although it is much more effective than a suspension of yeast at the same density (50 μg/ml).In batch culture (12-l glass vessel), the rotifers grew from an initial inoculation of 13.2 individuals/ml to a density of 434 individuals/ml by the 16th day. About 10⁷ rotifers could be removed from one batch culture in five harvests in the 41-day experimental period.The results indicate that dried Chlorella powder is an effective food for the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis.     

Effect of enrofloxacin and emodin on heat-shock proteins’ expression in hepatic cells of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

The aim of the present study was to compare the expression pattern of heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60), 70 (HSP70), and 90 (HSP90) mRNA in hepatic cells of grass carp exposed to enrofloxacin and emodin concentrations. The expression pattern of different genes encoding heat-shock proteins in hepatic cells of grass carp was exposed to graded levels of enrofloxacin (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml) or emodin (0.04, 0.2, 1, 5, and 25 μg/ml) for 24 h and were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR. When cells were exposed to up 50 μg/ml enrofloxacin, both HSP60 and HSP70 mRNA levels firstly were increased and thereafter significantly dropped at high concentrations (P < 0.05), while HSP90 decreased with increasing enrofloxacin concentration. Besides, HSP60 and HSP70 expressions were significantly inhibited in the high-concentration groups. In addition, the HSP90 mRNA levels in the treatment exposed to 100 and 200 μg/ml enrofloxacin were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, when cells were exposed to graded levels of emodin, HSPs (HSP60, 70, and 90) mRNA levels significantly increased in the groups exposed to 5 and 25 μg/ml of emodin. The different expression pattern of HSPs implied that enrofloxacin could inhibit the expression levels of HSPs, while optimal level of emodin could trigger higher expression levels of HSPs in hepatic cell of grass carp to protect against further damage.     

Mass production of competent larvae of the sea urchin <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lytechinus variegatus</Emphasis> (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

We evaluated the mass production of competent larvae of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus cultured at three initial densities (0.25, 0.5, and 1 larvae per ml) and fed Chaetoceros muelleri. Survival, length, dry weight of larvae, and larval stage index (LSI) were estimated in each treatment as a function of the density. Density decreased during the experiment due to mortality, but the percentage was similar in all three treatments (68.5, 66.7, and 76.0%). The experiment was stopped at 13 days after fertilization, when most of the larvae were competent and had settled. There were no significant differences in survival (exceeded 65% in all treatments), length and larval stage index among treatments. However, larvae weight in the two low density treatments (1.1 ± 0.11 mg and 1.2 ± 0.05 mg, respectively) was greater than the high density treatment (0.59±0.376 mg). This study demonstrates that competent larvae of Lytechinus variegatus can be produced with less than 25% mortality in 13 days when cultures are started at densities of 0.25–1 larvae/ml. Culturing at higher densities (0.5–1 larvae/ml) had no apparent disadvantages and would reduce the cost of production.     

Induction of polyploidy in salmonids by cytochalasin B

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of producing tetraploid fishes. Eggs of salmon (Salmo Salar) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were treated with concentrations of cytochalasin B ranging from 1 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml for varying periods of time. All treated groups had higher death rates than untreated controls. If the treatment was started immediately after fertilization and before the eggs had swollen all eggs died. The highest frequency of mosaic embryos and polyploid cells was obtained when the treatment started 35–70 h° (hour-degrees) after fertilization and lasted until about the 4-cell stage of development. A dose of 10 μg/ml of cytochalasin B gave the most satisfactory results. This concentration was used for further work. Two batches of 6000 salmon eggs and several groups of rainbow trout eggs were treated and hatched. The hatchability was generally low while the control group had a normal hatchability. If some of the treated fish are eventually found to be tetraploids and fertile, they will be used to produce triploid offspring by crossing with normal diploid fish.     

硒对铜胁迫下大菱鲆幼鱼生长、抗氧化能力及相关基因表达的影响

为探讨硒对铜胁迫下大菱鲆幼鱼生长、抗氧化能力及相关基因表达的影响,以初始体质量为(24.85±0.10) g的大菱鲆为研究对象,通过在饲料中添加五水硫酸铜和亚硒酸钠,配制铜、硒含量分别为(0、0,1 000、0,1 000、2,1 000、4 mg/kg) 4种等氮等能的实验饲料,命名为D1、D2、D3和D4组。养殖实验持续84 d。结果显示:①各组间实验鱼成活率无显著差异;增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率均在D2组显著低于D1、D3和D4组;摄食率和饲料系数呈相反趋势,在D2组显著高于其他3组。②幼鱼全鱼和肝脏粗脂肪含量呈先下降后上升趋势;而背肌粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量在各组之间无显著性差异。全鱼、脊椎骨和肝脏中Cu含量在D2组达到最高值;Zn含量则在D4组达到最高值;肝脏中铁含量呈下降趋势,在D3和D4组显著低于D1和D2组。③D2组显著降低了幼鱼血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性;丙二醛(MDA)含量则呈相反趋势,在D2组显著高于D3和D4组;总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和铜—锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)活性均在D4组达到最低值。④血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性均在D2组显著高于其他3组;而血糖浓度、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)活性均在D2组达到最低值,显著低于D1组。⑤肝脏金属硫蛋白(MT) mRNA相对表达量在D4组达到最高值,显著高于其他3组;谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)和溶菌酶(LZM) mRNA相对表达量均在D2组显著低于其他3组;热休克蛋白70 (HSP70) mRNA相对表达量则在D2组显著高于其他3组。综上所述,在本实验条件下,饲料中添加硒(2～4 mg/kg)可缓解高铜(1 000 mg/kg)胁迫导致的鱼体生长缓慢等症状,并可调控鱼体的抗氧化能力、生理代谢及相关基因表达量,进而对鱼体在高铜胁迫下的内环境稳态恢复具有一定的促进作用。     

Long-term effects of stocking density on somatic growth,gonad index and survival of the juvenile sea urchin, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis</Emphasis>

Juvenile Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (average wet weight = 4.0 g) were held at three initial stocking densities (15, 30 and 60 animals per tray, which equates to 0.25, 0.5 and 1 kg sea urchins/m² surface area, respectively) under constant light and temperature conditions (LD 24:0 and 8.8°C) for 380 days. The somatic growth and survival of the urchins were monitored during this period, and the gonad index (GI) was measured at the conclusion of the experiment. The sea urchins in the two lowest stocking density groups had 100% survival after 380 days in contrast to the highest stocking density group, which only had 67% survival at the conclusion of the experiment. Somatic growth was significantly higher in the lowest density group than in the medium density group, and this in turn was significantly higher than in the high-density group. The injury occurrence was highest in the high-density group (20%), lower in the medium group (7%), and there were no injuries observed (0%) in the low density groups. There were no significant differences in GI between the groups at the end of the experiment. In conclusion, the present study showed that stocking density has significant effects on somatic growth and survival of juvenile green sea urchin, S. droebachiensis and should be taken into consideration when designing sea urchin holding systems.     

Distribution of lipid droplets is an indicator for egg quality in brown trout, Salmo trutta fario

In the eggs of the brown trout, Salmo trutta fario, lipid droplets are clearly visible beneath the oolemma on the surface of the protein yolk. When examining the distribution of lipid vesicles in egg batches of different quality, four categories of lipid vesicle distribution could be distinguished: In the first category, the lipid droplets were evenly distributed throughout the egg. These egg batches had a high quality (percentage of eggs developing to eyed stage embryos: 96.2 ± 5.2). Some lipid droplets had the tendency to coalesce in one pole of the egg in the second category. This coalescing of lipid droplets was accompanied with a reduction in egg quality to about 50% of the first category (% of eyed stage embryos: 40.6 ± 15.2). In the last two categories, the lipid droplets were mostly coalesced in one or two poles of the egg and the egg quality was very low (% of eyed stage embryos: 3.3 ± 2.9 and zero, respectively). In conclusion, examination of lipid droplets distribution, in brown trout, can distinguish between high and low quality eggs in an easy and reliable way.     

黄颡鱼幼鱼植物性蛋白饲料中添加柠檬酸替代磷酸二氢钠合适水平的研究

本实验探究黄颡鱼幼鱼植物性蛋白基础饲料中添加柠檬酸替代磷酸二氢钠的合适水平。共设置7个处理组:阳性对照组DP(只添加NaH₂PO₄ 20 g/kg)和阴性对照组DN(不添加柠檬酸和NaH₂PO₄);实验组D0(柠檬酸2 g/kg+NaH₂PO₄ 20 g/kg)、D25(柠檬酸2 g/kg+NaH₂PO₄ 15 g/kg)、D50(柠檬酸2 g/kg+NaH₂PO₄ 10 g/kg)、D75(柠檬酸2 g/kg+NaH₂PO₄ 5 g/kg)、D100(柠檬酸2 g/kg)。实验组中柠檬酸替代NaH₂PO₄的比例分别为0%、25%、50%、75%和100%,分别饲养初始规格为(3.5±0.1)g的黄颡鱼,每个处理组3口缸,每缸50尾,投喂8周。实验结束后,对鱼体生长性能、营养物质的表观消化率、全鱼营养成分、脊椎骨元素含量、抗氧化性能等指标进行分析。结果显示:(1)饲料中添加柠檬酸替代磷酸二氢钠实验组与阴性对照组相比,显著提高了黄颡鱼的末体质量、增重率、特定生长率,降低了饵料系数,但与阳性对照组相比差异不显著。替代比例为0%~50%时,生长表现最好;(2)实验组中柠檬酸替代磷酸二氢钠与阴性对照组相比,显著提高了干物质、蛋白质以及磷的表观消化率,降低了粪便N和P的含量,与阳性对照组相比差异不显著,且替代比例越高,粪便中N和P含量越低;(3)实验组中添加柠檬酸替代磷酸二氢钠对全鱼水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分含量无影响(P>0.05);但与阴性对照组相比显著提高鱼体Ca、Mg、P、Cu的储积量(P<0.05),且随着替代水平的增加呈降低趋势,在0%~75% 替代水平储积量最高;脊椎骨各元素含量与阴性对照组相比有所提高,但在替代组与对照组间无显著性差异;(4)柠檬酸替代无机磷在25%~75% 水平与阴性对照组相比,显著增强了过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性,但对丙二醛、免疫球蛋白M、血磷和血钙的含量无影响。综上所述,为保证鱼体正常生长,减少养殖环境污染,降低饲料成本,在当前基础配方下,黄颡鱼饲料中添加柠檬酸替代磷酸二氢钠的水平可为25%~50%。     

溶藻细菌A3的溶藻特性

本研究以锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)、蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)、条纹小环藻(Cyclotella striata)作为实验藻种,将浓度为107 CFU/ml的菌株A3分别加入到4种微藻的单种藻液、2种藻混合藻液、3种藻混合藻液中,每48 h观察藻细胞形态并统计藻细胞数量,实验周期为10d,以探究菌株A3对4种微藻的溶藻效果.结果显示,在单种藻实验中,加菌组锥状斯氏藻细胞于第1天失去运动活性,细胞拉长变形,第5天细胞壁破裂溶解,第10天细胞密度为7.07× 102 cells/ml,显著低于对照组的2.90× 104 cells/ml (P＜0.05);实验期间,加菌组蛋白核小球藻细胞形态保持完整,第10天藻细胞密度为2.58× 107 cells/ml,显著高于对照组的2.09× 107 cells/ml (P＜0.05);加菌组四尾栅藻细胞形态保持完整,与对照组藻细胞密度无显著差异(P＞0.05);加菌组条纹小环藻细胞于第8天溶解,第10天对照组与加菌组藻细胞密度分别为4.38× 105 cells/ml、1.78×105 cells/ml,加菌组藻细胞密度显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).混合藻实验中,菌株A3对各种微藻的溶藻效果与单种藻实验结果类似,菌株A3对锥状斯氏藻生长具有显著的溶藻作用,对蛋白核小球藻与四尾栅藻无溶藻作用,对条纹小环藻生长具有较弱的溶藻作用.研究表明,菌株A3具有溶藻选择性,对锥状斯氏藻具有显著的溶藻作用,而对其他3种藻无溶藻作用或溶藻作用相对较弱.     

溶藻细菌A3的溶藻特性

本研究以锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)、蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)、条纹小环藻(Cyclotella striata)作为实验藻种,将浓度为107 CFU/ml的菌株A3分别加入到4种微藻的单种藻液、2种藻混合藻液、3种藻混合藻液中,每48 h观察藻细胞形态并统计藻细胞数量,实验周期为10 d,以探究菌株A3对4种微藻的溶藻效果。结果显示,在单种藻实验中,加菌组锥状斯氏藻细胞于第1天失去运动活性,细胞拉长变形,第5天细胞壁破裂溶解,第10天细胞密度为7.07×10~2 cells/ml,显著低于对照组的2.90×10~4 cells/ml(P0.05);实验期间,加菌组蛋白核小球藻细胞形态保持完整,第10天藻细胞密度为2.58×10~7 cells/ml,显著高于对照组的2.09×10~7 cells/ml(P0.05);加菌组四尾栅藻细胞形态保持完整,与对照组藻细胞密度无显著差异(P0.05);加菌组条纹小环藻细胞于第8天溶解,第10天对照组与加菌组藻细胞密度分别为4.38×105 cells/ml、1.78×10~5 cells/ml,加菌组藻细胞密度显著低于对照组(P0.05)。混合藻实验中,菌株A3对各种微藻的溶藻效果与单种藻实验结果类似,菌株A3对锥状斯氏藻生长具有显著的溶藻作用,对蛋白核小球藻与四尾栅藻无溶藻作用,对条纹小环藻生长具有较弱的溶藻作用。研究表明,菌株A3具有溶藻选择性,对锥状斯氏藻具有显著的溶藻作用,而对其他3种藻无溶藻作用或溶藻作用相对较弱。     

不同养殖模式对斑点叉尾鮰生长和肌肉品质特性的影响

为探究不同养殖模式下斑点叉尾鮰的生长性能和肌肉品质特性,随机选取传统池塘（TP）、高密度循环水系统（HD-RAS）和水泥池塘（CP）养殖模式下的鲜活斑点叉尾鮰,测定其生长状况,以及肌肉营养成分、颜色、持水力和质构特性。结果显示,TP和HD-RAS的斑点叉尾鮰的增重率和特定生长率差异不显著,但均高于CP;CP的肝体比（2.35%±0.22%）显著高于TP和HD-RAS;与TP相比,HD-RAS和CP肌肉的粗脂肪含量更低,粗蛋白和灰分含量更高;HD-RAS肌肉的亮度值（L*）（58.18±3.56）、红度值（a*）（6.05±1.08）最高,CP最低,分别为48.15±6.04和4.81±0.84;传统池塘养殖的斑点叉尾鮰熟肉率最低,离心损失、滴水损失和失水率最高,HD-RAS和CP之间差异不显著;HD-RAS和CP肌肉的硬度、咀嚼性和弹性显著高于TP,但3处理组间的内聚性和回复性没有显著差异。研究表明,与传统池塘养殖模式相比,水泥池塘养殖模式易造成斑点叉尾鮰生长减慢,而高密度循环水养殖模式对斑点叉尾鮰生长性能没有显著影响,并且在该养殖模式下肌肉具有更高的持水力、质构特性,同时呈现高蛋白、低脂肪的营养特点。     

Effects of emulsified versus saline administration of GnRHa on induction of ovulation in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

The effects of saline-dissolved or Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA)-emulsified GnRHa treatment on the induction of ovulation in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were examined. The FIA-emulsified GnRHa was first diluted in 0.25 ml physiological saline and then mixed with an equal volume of FIA. Fish were selected in the beginning of the spawning season and were allocated into four groups and were treated intraperitoneally with (a) 0.5 ml of emulsified GnRHa (GnRHa–FIA), (b) 0.5 ml saline-dissolved GnRHa in a single injection (GnRHa-1), (c) 0.5 ml saline-dissolved GnRHa in two injections spaced 1 d apart (GnRHa-2) and (d) 0.5 ml of saline (Control). The GnRHa dose in all hormone treatments was 25 µg kg^− 1. All fish in the FIA–GnRHa and GnRHa-2 groups ovulated within 10 and 11 d after treatment, respectively. In contrast, only 75% in the Control fish and 60% of the fish in the GnRHa-1 group ovulated within 36 d after treatment. None of the treatments caused any pre- or post-spawning mortality in the broodstock. Fertilization, eyeing and hatching percentages of the produced progeny were normal in all the treatment groups and did not differ significantly among them. In conclusion, FIA-emulsified GnRHa can be effective in advancing the onset of and synchronizing the ovulation of rainbow trout within a two-week period, thus shortening the egg collection period, without affecting broodstock survival and egg quality.     

L-苹果酸对吉富罗非鱼肠道结构功能及肝脏TCA循环效率的影响

实验选取体质量为(37.94±0.09)g吉富罗非鱼幼鱼420尾,随机分为7个处理(每个处理3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼),分别饲喂添加0(对照)、1.0、2.0、4.0、8.0、16.0和32.0 g/kg L-苹果酸的饲料,进行为期154 d的生长实验,研究L-苹果酸对罗非鱼肠道组织结构和功能及肝脏TCA循环效率的影响。结果发现,随着L-苹果酸水平的增加,前肠和中肠绒毛高度、密度、肌层厚度均在16.0 g/kg组达到最大值且显著高于对照组(P0.05);后肠绒毛高度、密度和肌层厚度逐渐降低(P0.05)。肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均在1.0 g/kg组达到最大值且显著高于对照组(P0.05);肠道蛋白酶、肝脏ATP含量随着L-苹果酸水平的增加逐渐升高(P0.05);肠Na+-K+-ATP酶活力、肠表皮生长因子(EGF)和肠表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)含量在16.0 g/kg组达到最高值;肝脏柠檬酸合酶活力在8.0 g/kg到达最大值。研究表明吉富罗非鱼饲料中适量添加L-苹果酸(1.0~8.0 g/kg),能改善罗非鱼前肠和中肠的形态结构,促进肠粘膜上皮细胞的增殖,提高肠消化和吸收能力,同时提高肝脏TCA循环效率。