日粮中添加莫能菌素对泌乳期奶牛生产性能及养分消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平莫能菌素对泌乳期奶牛生产性能和养分消化率的影响。选取泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛12头,采用重复4×4拉丁方试验设计,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,对照组饲喂基础日粮(A组),试验组分别在基础日粮的基础上添加300 (B组)、400 (C组)、500 (D组)mg/(头·d)莫能菌素。试验分为4期,每期28 d (7 d预饲期,21 d正饲期)。结果表明,日粮中添加莫能菌素可以提高泌乳期奶牛产奶量和乳糖率,降低乳脂率,其中C组和D组的平均日产奶量分别较对照组提高4.08%和4.57%(P < 0.05),D组的乳糖率较对照组提高1.99% (P < 0.05),D组的乳脂率较对照组降低7.45% (P < 0.05),但对4%乳脂校正乳(FCM)、乳中非脂固型物(SNF)比例和乳蛋白率的影响不显著(P > 0.05)。莫能菌素会提高奶牛的体增重(BWG)及粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率,其中D组的BWG较对照组提高34.62% (P < 0.05),3个试验组的CP消化率分别较对照组提高3.73%、4.35%和5.35% (P < 0.01),D组的NDF和ADF消化率分别较对照组提高7.24%和9.08% (P < 0.05),另外,莫能菌素对泌乳期奶牛的粗脂肪(EE)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)的消化率及干物质采食量(DMI)影响不显著(P > 0.05)。综上所述,在泌乳期奶牛日粮中添加莫能菌素可以促进奶牛机体代谢,提高奶牛养分消化率和经济效益,其适宜添加量为400~500 mg/(头·d)。     

Effect of Dietary Monensin on Production Performance and Nutrient Digestion of Lactating Dairy Cows

Twelve lactating Holstein dairy cows were selected via a replicated 4 × 4 latin square design to determine the effect of feeding different levels of monensin on the production performance and nutrient digestion of lactating dairy cows.The test was divided into 4 period and each period was 28 d (7 d for preliminary feeding and 21 d for formal feeding).The cows in control group were fed with the basal diet (TMR,group A),and the diets of the three experimental groups were added with different levels of monensin (300 mg/d,group B;400 mg/d,group C;500 mg/d,group D) on the basis of the TMR diet,respectively.The results showed that the diets containing monensin increased the milk yield and lactose percentage,and reduced milk fat percentage.Compared with control group,the milk yield of group C and D were significantly increased by 4.08% and 4.57% (P < 0.05) respectively,the lactose of group D was significantly increased by 1.99% (P < 0.05),and milk fat of group D was significantly reduced by 7.45% (P < 0.05).However,adding monensin had no effect on 4% fat corrected milk (FCM),solids-non-fat (SNF) and milk protein (P > 0.05).In addition,adding monensin also significantly increased body weight gain (BWG),digestibility of crude protein (CP),neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in diet.The BWG of group D was significantly increased by 34.62% (P < 0.05),and the digestibility of CP in three experimental groups were respectively increased by 3.73%,4.35%,5.35% (P < 0.01),and the digestibility of NDF and ADF in group D was respectively increased by 7.24% (P < 0.05)and 9.08% (P < 0.05) compared to the control group.Moreover,the dry matter intake (DMI) and the digestibility of ether extract (EE),calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were not significantly changed by monension (P > 0.05).The results suggested that supplementing 400 to 500 mg/d monensin with diet per cow was optimal for production performance,nutrient digestion and economic benefit of lactating dairy cows.     

Monensin toxicosis in a dairy herd

An acute onset of illness was reported in a lactating dairy herd in Canada in which monensin had been incorporated in error in its ration at almost 10 times the prescribed level. All of the lactating cows became lethargic, were inappetant, developed diarrhea, and had decreased milk production from 28 kg/cow/day, the day before exposure, to 23 kg/cow/day, 3 d later. Within 9 d, all animals recovered from the incident and milk production returned to previous levels.     

奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响

奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在,并严重地威胁着奶牛健康,影响着奶牛生产性能的发挥。本试验选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数接近的荷斯坦奶牛90头,随机分成两组考察奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对乳牛生产性能的影响。在饲喂等量的基础日粮上,对照组额外添加20g/(d·头)精料补充料,试验组添加霉菌毒素吸附剂——普乐菲特20g/(d·头),其他饲养管理方式不变。该试验预饲期7d,试验期77d。结果表明,霉菌毒素吸附剂的添加不影响乳脂、乳蛋白,但对提高产奶量以及降低原料奶中体细胞数(P0.05)有明显的效果。本研究表明,日粮添加霉菌毒素吸附剂可有效提高原料奶质量,提高牧场整体经济效益。     

奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响

奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在,并严重威胁着奶牛健康,影响奶牛生产性能的发挥.选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数接近的荷斯坦奶牛90头,随机分成两组,考察奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对乳牛生产性能的影响.在饲喂等量的基础日粮上,对照组额外添加20 g/d·头精料补充料,试验组添加霉菌毒素吸附剂--普乐菲特20g/d头·其他饲养管理方式不变.该试验预饲期7 d,试验期77 d.结果表明,霉菌毒素吸附剂的添加不影响乳脂、乳蛋白,但对提高产奶量及降低原料奶中体细胞数(P<0.05)有明显效果.研究表明,日粮添加霉菌毒素吸附剂可有效提高原料奶质量,提高牧场整体经济效益.     

EM发酵玉米秸秆和青贮玉米秸秆对奶牛生产性能的对比试验

本试验应用EM发酵玉米秸秆和青贮玉米秸秆饲喂奶牛,以观察两种方法处理的玉米秸秆对奶牛生产性能及经济效益的影响效果。结果表明,用EM发酵的玉米秸秆饲喂奶牛较青贮玉米秸秆饲喂奶牛,每天每头奶牛采食量提高1.03%,平均产奶量提高2.02%,经济效益提高0.13元;EM原液发酵的玉米秸秆和青贮玉米秸秆1∶1混合饲喂奶牛,每天每头奶牛采食量、平均产奶量、经济效益分别比饲喂青贮玉米秸秆的奶牛提高2.85%、2.99%和1.15元。     

Triennial Lactation Symposium: Opportunities for improving milk production efficiency in dairy cattle

Increasing feed costs and the desire to improve environmental stewardship have stimulated renewed interest in improving feed efficiency of livestock, including that of US dairy herds. For instance, USDA cost projections for corn and soybean meal suggest a 20% increase over 2010 pricing for a 16% protein mixed dairy cow ration in 2011, which may lead to a reduction in cow numbers to maintain profitability of dairy production. Furthermore, an October 2010 study by The Innovation Center for US Dairy to assess the carbon footprint of fluid milk found that the efficiency of feed conversion is the single greatest factor contributing to variation in the carbon footprint because of its effects on methane release during enteric fermentation and from manure. Thus, we are conducting research in contemporary US Holsteins to identify cows most efficient at converting feed to milk in temperate climates using residual feed intake (RFI), a measure used successfully to identify the beef cattle most efficient at converting feed to gain. Residual feed intake is calculated as the difference between predicted and actual feed intake to support maintenance and production (e.g., growth in beef cattle, or milk in dairy cattle). Heritability estimates for RFI in dairy cattle reported in the literature range from 0.01 to 0.38. Selection for a decreased RFI phenotype can reduce feed intake, methane production, nutrient losses in manure, and visceral organ weights substantially in beef cattle. We have estimated RFI during early lactation (i.e., to 90 d in milk) in the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Holstein herd and observed a mean difference of 3.7 kg/d (P < 0.0001) in actual DMI between the efficient and inefficient groups (±0.5 SD from the mean RFI of 0), with no evidence of differences (P > 0.20) in mean BW, ADG, or energy-corrected milk exhibited between the 2 groups. These results indicate promise for using RFI in dairy cattle to improve feed conversion to milk. Previous and current research on the use of RFI in lactating dairy cattle are discussed, as well as opportunities to improve production efficiency of dairy cattle using RFI for milk production.     

酶菌复合制剂对奶牛生产性能和体细胞数的影响

本试验旨在研究酶菌复合制剂对奶牛生产性能和体细胞数的影响。选取年龄、胎次、泌乳天数及生理性状相近的荷斯坦奶牛240头,随机为成4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10头牛。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.5、1.0和1.5 kg/t的酶菌复合制剂,预试期10 d,正试期40 d,分别于试验第10、20、30、40天采集牛粪便,利用粪便分析筛对牛粪便组成进行分析。分别在试验第1、20、40天采集乳样,采用乳汁分析仪测定各组乳样中乳脂率、乳蛋白率、非脂固形物和奶中体细胞数（SCC）,试验期间记录每头牛平均日产奶量（ADMY）及平均日采食量（ADFI）。试验结果表明,添加酶菌复合制剂能够显著增加奶牛平均日产奶量（P<0.05）,提高牛乳中乳蛋白和乳脂肪含量（P<0.05）,降低体细胞数（P<0.05）,改善粪便结构。综合试验结果,酶菌复合制剂应用于奶牛养殖的最优添加量为1.0 kg/t,可以提高奶牛产奶量,降低牛体细胞数。     

Development of a model for the prediction of feed intake by dairy cows: 1. Prediction of feed intake

A study was undertaken to develop a model for the prediction of dry matter intake by lactating Holstein Friesian dairy cows. To estimate the model parameters, a calibration dataset was compiled with the data from 32 feeding experiments conducted at 9 different sites. The database contained weekly information on 1507 lactating Holstein Friesian dairy cows regarding their diet composition and feed analysis, together with their individual voluntary feed intake, milk yield (MY), milk composition, parity, days in lactation and days pregnant.Dry matter intake was predicted from feed and animal characteristics. The feed chemical composition and digestibility can be related to feed degradation, bulk volume, intake rate, palatability and other factors influencing feed intake. Therefore, the data of standard feed analysis were used to estimate the satiety value of numerous commonly used feeds and forages. The satiety value is the measure of the extent to which a feed limits intake. The cows' ability to process the intake-limiting satiety value-units is expressed as the feed intake capacity, which is predicted from parity, days in milk and days of pregnancy which are indicators of the size and physiological state of the cow. This study shows that feed intake can be predicted using a limited number of easy-to-measure inputs that are available on commercial farms, yet reasonably biologically sound. Because the model inputs are not related to animal output (milk yield or body weight), future extension of the intake model with models for the prediction of animal performance is possible.     

A field study on the effects of dietary monensin on milk production and milk composition in dairy cows

The objectives of this study were to quantify the effect of 16 ppm of dietary monensin on milk production and composition of dairy cows, and to investigate factors having a potential impact on this effect. Data were generated from a total of 3577 Holstein dairy cows (47 herds) in Quebec enrolled in a herd-level, randomized clinical trial investigating the effects of monensin supplementation. Milk production and composition data were collected from monthly dairy herd improvement (DHI) testing. Monensin increased milk production by 0.9 kg/cow/d in cows under 150 days in milk (DIM) (P < 0.05). Monensin decreased milk fat percentage by 0.18 percentage points during the whole lactation (P < 0.05). This decreasing effect was larger for component-fed cows (P < 0.05) and for cows being fed low levels of dietary physically effective particles (P < 0.05) when compared respectively to cows fed total mixed ration and cows fed high levels of dietary physically effective particles. The results of this study suggest that monensin influences milk production and milk composition of dairy cows, and that diet composition and feeding system influence those effects.     

Monensin might protect Ontario, Canada dairy cows from paratuberculosis milk-ELISA positivity

Our objective was to define the role of monensin sodium in protecting cows from being milk-ELISA positive for paratuberculosis in Ontario, Canada dairy herds. In total, 4933 dairy cows from 94 herds were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Forty-four of the enrolled herds were selected purposively by their herd veterinarian and another 50 herds were randomly selected from a local milk production-recording agency. A herd-management survey was completed on each farm during the months of May through August 2003. During this same time-period, composite milk samples were collected from all lactating cows and tested with a milk-ELISA for antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Analyses were stratified according to the paratuberculosis history of the herds. In the 48 herds in which paratuberculosis had not been diagnosed before, the use of calf hutches and monensin in milking cows were both associated with reduced odds of a cow testing positive (OR = 0.19 and 0.21, respectively). In the 46 herds with a prior history of paratuberculosis, feeding monensin to the breeding-age heifers was associated with decreased odds of a cow testing positive (OR = 0.54). Monensin use might be associated with milk-ELISA positivity, but its impact on the transmission of paratuberculosis remains unknown.     

甜菜碱对奶牛采食量、泌乳性能和血液指标的影响

选用20头体重(597±11.8)kg、泌乳天数(88±4.5)d、日产奶(26.3±0.5)kg的经产奶牛,随机分为4组,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究甜菜碱(0、50、100和150g/d)对泌乳早期奶牛采食量、泌乳性能和血液指标的影响。结果表明:日粮添加甜菜碱对奶牛的采食量、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和血糖浓度无显著影响,100g/d组和150g/d组鲜奶产量显著高于对照组和50g/d组(P<0.05);100g/d组和150g/d组4%乳脂校正乳、能量校正乳和乳脂产量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);100g/d组乳脂率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);100g/d组和150g/d组血浆游离脂肪酸和β-羟丁酸浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。根据以上结果推断,甜菜碱的适宜添加水平为100g/d。     

Estimation of Milk Production from Smallholder Dairy Cattle in the Coastal Lowlands of Kenya

A study was carried out on 92 smallholder farms in Kwale district in Coast Province of Kenya to estimate the milk yield. The effect of concentrate feed supplementation on milk yield was also evaluated. Data were collected during a one-year observational longitudinal study. Analysis was done for 371 observations following 63 calving events. The mean annual milk offtake was estimated at 2021 kg/cow. Forty-nine (77.8%) of the lactating cows were supplemented with concentrate feeds at varying rates of 0.5-3.0 kg/cow per day. Supplementary feeding of lactating cows led to a significantly higher mean daily milk yield compared to non-supplemented cows throughout the year (p < 0.05). The mean annual milk offtake from supplemented cows (2195 kg/cow) was 18.6% more than offtake from non-supplemented cows, a difference that was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Therefore, supplementary feeding of commercial feed concentrates was a rational management practice. It was also concluded that milk production from smallholder dairy cows in the coastal lowlands of Kenya was comparable to that from similar production systems but lower than national targets.     

日粮中添加酵母或酵母培养物对奶牛生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加酵母或酵母代谢物产品对奶牛生产性能的影响。选择70 头中国荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,按产奶量、泌乳天数和胎次等情况配对分成7组,每组10 头,其中试验1组为对照组,其余6组为试验组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,该日粮主要包含20 kg青贮、3 kg干草、2 kg苜蓿干草和9 kg泌乳期奶牛精料补充料。试验组在饲喂基础日粮的基础上再分别添加60 g益生素酵母1、50 g益生素酵母2、10 g益生素酵母3、10 g益生素酵母4、15 g益生素酵母5和15 g益生素酵母6。试验期为50 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期40 d。结果表明,不同的酵母或酵母代谢物产品对奶牛产奶量和奶成分有不同程度的影响,添加益生素酵母2试验组奶牛的产奶量与对照组相比增加显著( P<0.05)。不同的酵母及酵母代谢物产品对牛乳成分也有不同程度的影响,益生素酵母1、益生素酵母2和益生素酵母3显著提高了牛奶中乳脂含量(P<0.05);益生素酵母4显著提高了牛奶中蛋白含量(P<0.05);不同酵母或酵母代谢物产品对牛奶中干物质含量无显著影响;在体细胞数方面,添加益生素酵母2、益生素酵母3和益生素酵母4的试验组牛奶中体细胞数有一定的降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。因此,本试验证明饲料中添加酵母及酵母代谢物能提高奶牛的生产性能。     

新疆地区荷斯坦干奶牛与泌乳牛四季NH3排放量变化的研究

试验于2011年7月～2012年7月在同一栋牛舍内对20头干奶牛和20头泌乳牛分别进行了四季氨气排放量测定,每个季节根据气象信息所提供的当地气温,分别在季前、季中、季末共选取气温相近的18d,分别对干奶牛（9d）与泌乳牛（9d）进行监测。通过测定不同时间段牛舍内NH3的浓度,把3次实测值进行累加,计算出24h奶牛NH3的排放值。结果表明,四季试验期间干奶牛舍内平均NH3排放量是6．42g／（头·d）,四季泌乳牛舍内平均NH、排放量是10．62g／（头·d）。四季温度的变化对奶牛排放NH3有一定的影响。奶牛NH3的排放量与奶牛的采食量、饲料配方和饲料中CP水平有关,一头体重500kg左右的奶牛一年产生约3．6kg的氨气：     

光照时间对奶牛泌乳和采食性能的影响

为研究光照对奶牛泌乳和采食性能的影响,分别选择处于第Ⅰ泌乳月和第Ⅳ泌乳月的90头和45头奶牛,采用人工光照的方式,使奶牛每天的光照时间分别由自然光照的9.5 h增加到15 h和18 h.试验期30 d,分析测定了产奶量、乳脂率、采食量及经济效益.结果发现当光照时间为15 h时,试验牛的产奶量和采食量均显著高于9.5 h和18 h试验牛(P＜0.05);且经济效益较好,每头奶牛每天可增收3.95元;各试验组奶牛牛奶乳脂率无显著差异(P＞0.05).综合分析表明在奶牛饲养管理中每天提供15 h光照较好.     

新疆冬季密闭高、中产奶牛牛舍碳、氮、硫排放的对比

试验旨在比较高产和中产奶牛牛舍的空气状况。试验选取高产奶牛和中产奶牛牛舍各一栋,密闭采集测定甲烷（CH_4）、氨气、硫化氢和二氧化碳4种气体的浓度。结果表明：高产奶牛牛舍中甲烷、氨气、硫化氢和二氧化碳4种气体的浓度比中产奶牛牛舍中的各气体浓度分别提高2.69%、32.51%、3.58%和66.95%。每头高产奶牛每天排放CH_4 296.15g,每产1kg标准乳排放CH_4 11.61g。每头中产奶牛每天排放CH_4 210.54g,每产1kg标准乳排放CH_4 12.08g。随着采食量增加,牛舍中甲烷、氨气、硫化氢和二氧化碳的浓度也会增加。高产奶牛每产1kg标准乳的CH_4排放量比中产奶牛低3.89%。     

中药复方对泌乳牛生产性能和瘤胃发酵参数的影响

[目的]为研究中药复方对泌乳牛生产性能和瘤胃发酵参数的影响。[方法]选取40 头泌乳牛随机分为四组,即对照组、试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,对照组奶牛饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在基础日粮中分别添加100 g/d、200 g/d、300 g/d中药复方。预试期7 天后连续饲喂30 天,试验期结束时检测生产性能指标和瘤胃发酵参数。[结果]与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组平均日增重、平均日采食量显著提高（P<0.05）,料重比显著降低（P<0.05）;产奶量、4%标准乳产量及所产牛奶中的乳脂率显著升高（P<0.05）,体细胞数显著降低（P<0.05）;奶牛瘤胃液pH显著降低,总挥发性脂肪酸显著升高（P<0.05）。[结论]中药复方提高了泌乳牛的生产性能,改善了瘤胃发酵情况。     

日粮添加不同水平的奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对粪中双歧杆菌数量和乳中黄曲霉毒素含量的影响

奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在,并严重地威胁着奶牛健康,影响着奶牛生产性能的发挥。本试验选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦牛80头探讨日粮添加4种剂量（0、10、15、20g）的霉菌毒素吸附剂对奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌数量和原料奶中黄曲霉毒素残留量的影响。与对照组（添加霉菌毒素吸附剂0g）相比,试验组奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌的外排量明显降低,但各实验组之间差异不显著,仅有数值上的变化。同时,随着霉菌毒素吸附剂含量的增加,原料奶中体细胞数呈现下降的趋势。与试验前相比,原料奶中黄曲霉毒素含量显著降低（P〈0.05）,且随着添加剂量的增加其黄曲霉毒素残留量更少,但添加20g与15g间无明显变化。因此,本研究表明,随着日粮中霉菌毒素吸附剂添加量的增加,可有效降低原料奶中黄曲霉毒素的残留量,进而提高原料奶质量。     

Effect of monensin and vitamin E on milk production and composition of lactating dairy cows

Feeding unsaturated oils to lactating dairy cows impair ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) and increase ruminal outflow of BH intermediates such as trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA that are considered to be potent inhibitors of milk fat synthesis. Supplementing lactating dairy cow’s rations containing plant origin oils with monensin and/or vitamin E may minimise the formation of trans‐10 isomers in the rumen, thereby preventing milk fat depression. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of monensin and vitamin E supplementation in the diets of lactating dairy cows containing whole cottonseed, as the main source of FA on feed intake, milk production and composition, milk fatty acid profile, efficiency of nitrogen (N) utilisation, efficiency of net energy (NE) utilisation and nutrients digestibilities. Four multiparous Holstein lactating dairy cows (86 ± 41 days in milk) were assigned to a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 21 days with a 14 days of treatment adaptation and a 7 days of data collection. The control diet was a total mixed ration (TMR) consisted of 430 g/kg forage and 570 g/kg of a concentrate mixture on dry matter (DM) basis. Cows were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments including control diet (C), control diet supplemented with 150 mg of vitamin E/kg of DM (E), control diet supplemented with 24 mg of monensin/kg of DM (M) and control diet supplemented with 150 mg of vitamin E and 24 mg of monensin/kg of DM (EM). Dry matter intake (DMI) ranged from 19.1 to 19.5 kg/d and was similar among the dietary treatments. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E or monensin had no effect on milk production, milk fat, protein and lactose concentrations, efficiency of utilisation of nitrogen and net energy for lactation (NE_L). Digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) was not affected by the dietary treatments. Digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was higher in cows fed with the M and EM diets in relation to those fed the C and E diets. The concentrations of C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, trans‐10‐16:1, cis‐9‐16:1, 17:0, 18:0, trans‐11‐18:1, cis‐9‐18:1, cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA, and 18:3n‐3 FA in milk fat were not affected by the dietary supplementations. While feeding the M diet tended to decrease milk fat concentration of C16:0, the milk fat concentration of C18:2n‐6 FA tended to be increased. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E or monensin had no effect on milk fat concentrations of saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, short chain and long chain FA, but feeding the M diet numerically decreased milk fat concentration of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA). The results showed that vitamin E and/or monensin supplementations did not improve milk fat content and did not minimise the formation of trans‐10 FA isomers in the rumen when whole cottonseed was included in the diet as the main source of fatty acids.