Ultrastructure of Leukocytes in Acutely Inflamed Dermis and Muscle of Channel Catfish at Different Temperatures

Abstract

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were acclimated for 35 d at 21°C, 15°C, and 9°C. Fish were injected 3 mm beneath the skin surface with 15 μL of turpentine, and inflamed skin and muscle samples were excised after 48 and 72 h for ultrastructural examination. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages were present in the inflamed tissues at all times and temperatures; eosinophils and basophils were not found. Neutrophils were identified by their oval-to-elongate granules with a striated or crystalline core, heavy deposits of glycogen, longitudinal cristae of the mitochondria, and eccentrically located nuclei. Macrophages were distinguished by their numerous pseudopodia, vacuoles, lysosomes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Lymphocytes were distinguished by their chromatin-dense nucleus, numerous free ribosomes, and small volume of cytoplasm. Neutrophils were the most common inflammatory cell present, and there were no apparent differences in relative abundance within the inflammatory foci of fish acclimated to the three temperatures. Compared with neutrophils in peripheral blood, neutrophils in inflamed tissues had comparatively rare, swollen mitochondria, and cytoplasmic tubules were not observed. A few neutrophils had vacuoles, phagosomes, or pseudopodia. Lymphocytes in inflamed foci did not contain a Golgi apparatus, granules, vacuoles, or vesicles and had less cytoplasm than did lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Macrophages were the rarest type of inflammatory cell within inflamed areas and differed from peripheral blood monocytes in that macrophages contained numerous lysosomes and vacuoles. No structural differences were associated with particular temperatures for any type of leukocyte.     

山羊miRNA研究进展

miRNA作为一类内源性的,小型非编码RNA,通过其种子序列与靶基因互作,以序列特异性方式调控靶基因的表达,参与多种生理、生化和病理的过程.本文综述了近年来miRNA在山羊泌乳生理、肌肉生长和发育、毛囊皮肤发育和繁殖生理等方面的研究,为相关研究提供参考.     

山羊血淋巴结的解剖学观察

对山羊血淋巴结的输入和输出管道进行了追踪解剖学观察，发现所观察到的山羊血淋巴结位于淋巴循环的径路上，过滤的是含有红细胞的淋巴液而不是血液，所观察到的山羊血淋巴结就是淋巴结。     

Demonstration of Generalized Infection with Caprine Herpesvirus 1 Diagnosed in an Aborted Caprine Fetus by PCR

Veterinary Research Communications -     

羊和猪胎盘肽的提取

利用超滤法从羊和猪的胎盘中提取胎盘肽,用改良的加脲Tricine-SDS-PAGE电泳法对其进行初步定性鉴定。成功分离显示出了羊的胎盘肽,其分子质量小于5 ku,与人胎盘肽的分子质量范围完全符合。猪的6 ku的蛋白带很明显,但低于5 ku的蛋白带不是很明显。     

山羊传染性胸膜肺炎病原的分离鉴定

从内蒙古地区山羊病料中分离出疑似山羊传染性胸膜肺炎的病原,经染色镜检、生化鉴定、血清学等方法初步鉴定为山羊支原体山羊肺炎亚种.参照已知山羊支原体ADI基因设计的引物进行PCR扩增,通过电泳分析得到与文献报道相一致的大小为316 bp的条带,最终确定为山羊支原体山羊肺炎亚种.     

Caprine aflatoxicosis: experimental disease and clinical pathologic changes

Groups of 8 male crossbreed domestic goats were given 3 dosage levels of aflatoxin B1 [(AFB1) mg/kg of body weight/day] orally: 0.1 for 34 days; 0.2 for 18 days; or 0.4 for 10 days. Clinical condition, feed consumption, and selected blood values were determined. Clinical signs of toxicosis included decreased feed consumption, slight-to-moderate loss of body weight, mucopurulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, coughing, lethargy, icterus, diarrhea (4 goats), and subnormal body temperature 24 to 48 hours before death. Clinicopathologic changes included increases in total RBC count, PCV, hemoglobin concentration, serum bilirubin concentration, and serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase, isocitric dehydrogenase, and ornithine carbamyl transferase. Goats given the 2 smaller dosage levels of AFB1 had slight increases of serum total protein (TP) concentration compared with control goats, but goats given the larger dosage levels of AFB1 initially had a slight decrease in TP. Aflatoxin had little effect on total WBC count. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities in goats given the 2 larger dosage levels of AFB1 were similar to those of control goats, but goats given the smallest dosage level of AFB1 had increased serum ALT activities. Aflatoxin did not produce consistent dose-related changes in serum alkaline phosphatase activities. Seemingly, goats are susceptible to aflatoxin. Onset of clinical signs was dose-related. Onset and magnitude of increases in PCV, hemoglobin concentration, serum bilirubin concentration, and activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, ornithine carbamyl transferase, and isocitric dehydrogenase were dose-related. Changes in TP and activities of serum ALT and alkaline phosphatase were neither dose-related nor were they potentially useful indicators of toxicosis.     

山羊源产单核细胞李斯特菌的分离与鉴定

从贵州省盘县某养羊场病例组织样本中分离出1株疑似产单核细胞李斯特菌(Lm)。通过革兰染色、生化鉴定、PCR扩增hly基因、克隆、测序、序列分析及药敏试验等方法对可疑菌株进行分析鉴定。结果显示,该分离菌的培养特性、菌落形态、菌体形状特征、生理生化特征均与文献报道的产单核细胞李斯特菌相同,并从该分离菌株基因组中扩增到大小约850bp的Lm的特异性DNA片段,其序列与GenBank中其他Lm地方株核苷酸同源性在39.1%~99.7%之间,其中与从发病动物分离到的加拿大、瑞士参考株同源性最高,均达到99.7%,与其他途径分离到的参考菌株同源性都很低,分子水平上进一步证实分离菌株为产单核细胞李斯特菌,且从不同途径分离的地方株hly基因差异大。研究结果为本病临床防控与治疗提供理论依据。     

Experimental Infection of Sheep and Goats with Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus

Sir, — The isolation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) from the carpal joint of a yearling goat with chronic interstitial pneumonia is reported in this issue of the Journal.⁽³⁾ We wish to report on the experimental infection of sheep and goats with this isolate of CAEV. Two 20-month-old Romney lambs (483, 485) and two 2-month-old feral goat kids (43, 45) were inoculated with CAEV suspension (10^4.0 median tissue culture infective doses [TCID₅₀ml]). Each animal was inoculated with 1.0 ml of virus suspension by each of the following routes: intravenous, intracerebral into the right cerebral hemisphere and intra-articularly into the right radio-carpal joint.⁽⁴⁾ An additional control lamb (490) and goat kid (44) were inoculated in identical fashion with cell culture fluid from uninfected goat synovial membrane cells.     

Globule Leukocytes and bovine Parasitic Bronchitis

Globule leucocytes (GL) occur in the respiratory tract of cattle from foetuses to adult animals. Large numbers of this cell have been found in the lungs of cows both in normal lung and in the lungs of cows from various outbreaks of respiratory diseases, but the significance was not known. In the rat and in cattle, the occurrence of GL in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts has been associated with parasitic infections. The relationship between the respiratory tract GL and Dictyocaulus viviparus infections in cattle was studied in three groups of parasite free calves experimentally infected with D. viviparus. Group 1 animals received single challenge infections. Group 2 had three subgroups (2a, 2b, 2c) which were either vaccinated and challenged (2a), given a single challenge (2b) or used as vaccinated controls (2c). Group 3 with four subroups (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) were either used as environmental controls (3a), vaccinated and repeatedly challenged (3b), given normal larvae of D. viviparus and repeatedly challenged (3 c) or as a trickled group 3 d. Although GL were found in infected calves, it was not possible to demonstrate a clear cut correlation between their presence or density and the method of exposure.     

山羊海藻百伯史坦菌分离鉴定与药敏试验

为了对陕西省某羊场羊群发生呼吸道疾病进行确诊,取病死羊肺脏进行细菌培养、分离、纯化、生化试验、16S rRNA测序、动物致病性试验以及药敏试验.结果表明,分离株的培养特性与生化试验结果与山羊海藻百伯史坦菌符合;16S rRNA比对结果显示分离细菌与山羊海藻百伯史坦菌同源性为98％;致病性试验表明山羊海藻百伯史坦菌对小鼠...     

Investigations of Outbreaks of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Eritrea

Mycoplasmas were isolated from freeze-dried lung samples from goats from the western lowlands of Eritrea suspected of being affected by contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. The goats belonged to two herds in which mortality and morbidity rates were high. Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae was identified in most samples by the polymerase chain reaction and by conventional serological tests. The latex agglutination test detected more positive serum samples in both herds than did the complement fixation test. Following cloning, the isolates of M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae were analysed biochemically and shown to be metabolically similar. They oxidized glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, pyruvate and L-lactate with high affinity and mannose, glucosamine and 2-oxobutyrate with low affinity; they were unable to utilize maltose, trehalose, fructose or ethanol. Major improvements were seen in the growth yield of the Eritrean strains with the addition of pyruvate to the medium. Thus, it may be that organic acids are important energy sources for these strains and may be used in addition to or in place of glucose. In contrast to most other strains of the M. mycoides cluster, the Eritrean strains produced large amounts of hydrogen peroxide during the oxidation of NADH by lysed cells. This characteristic had previously been reported for strain M. F38, the type strain of M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, although strain F38 did not metabolize sugars. Hydrogen peroxide has long been considered a pathogenicity factor in mycoplasma infections. This is the first isolation of M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae from Eritrea.     

羊和猪胎盘肽的制备及其生物活性的初步研究

利用超滤法从羊和猪胎盘中提取出了胎盘肽,采用改良的加脲Tricine-SDS-PAGE电泳法测定羊胎盘肽的分子量为4,386Da;利用紫外光扫描得其最大吸收峰分别为225.4 nm和209.6 nm;并通过建立体外抑制兔淋巴细胞模型,利用MTT比色法测定所提取胎盘肽的免疫调节作用,结果显示:羊和猪胎盘肽均可使顺铂抑制的兔外周血T淋巴细胞的转化率显著提高,其中羊胎盘肽以1:102、1:103和1:104三组效果最为明显(P<0.01);而猪胎盘肽以1:102、1:103两组效果最为明显(P<0.01)。     

不同浓度氟对山羊成骨细胞周期和凋亡的影响

为了探讨氟化物对反刍动物成骨细胞的细胞周期和凋亡的影响,本研究以初生山羊股骨骨膜为材料分离成骨细胞,接种于含15?S的DMEM培养液,于37℃、5%CO2的培养箱中培养。通过形态观察(Hoechst33342/PI双重染色)、DNA ladder电泳、透射电镜、流式细胞仪等方法检测氟对成骨细胞的调控作用。结果表明,高氟(1.0×10-3及2.5×10-3mol/L)使成骨细胞G0/G1期减少,S期细胞增多,抑制成骨细胞周期由合成DNA的S期向G2M期转化,使细胞停滞在S期。1.0×10-5~2.5×10-3mol/L氟可使DNA断裂,诱导成骨细胞凋亡,其中1.0×10-4mol/L氟所致早期和晚期凋亡率最高,分别为3.33%和2.92%。本试验证实氟可诱导成骨细胞凋亡。     

In vitro Studies of Group E Streptococci in Swine Leukocytes I. Phagocytic and Bactericidal Properties of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes from Swine

Serum from both immune and nonimmune ten-week-old swine contained factors which promoted phagocytosis of group E Streptococci (GES). The factors in nonimmune serum, which were heat labile at 70°C for ten minutes, were less efficient than the factors present in immune serum.

Bactericidal activity of the polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes against GES was observed with serum from both immune and nonimmune ten-week-old swine, as well as with serum from normal sows and piglets. However, the bactericidal activity of PMN leukocytes in serum from either normal sows or immune ten-week-old swine was greater than the bactericidal activity of PMN leukocytes in either piglet serum or serum from nonimmune ten-week-old swine. When the serum was either heated to 70°C for ten minutes or treated with 2-mercaptoethanol, bactericidal activity of PMN leukocytes against GES was only observed in the presence of immune serum.

     

Caprine herpesvirus-1-specific IgG subclasses in naturally and experimentally infected goats

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed to detect caprine herpervirus-1 (CpHV-1)-specific IgG1 and IgG2 in sera from 43 naturally infected goats. The analysis of the IgG subclasses showed a dual pattern of distribution in seropositive goats with a major group of animals (36 out of 43) exhibiting significantly higher levels of IgG2 over IgG1 and a minor group (7 out of 43) possessing equal levels of IgG1 and IgG2. Four goats were experimentally infected with a virulent CpHV-1 Ba.1 strain by the intranasal or the intravaginal route and the kinetics of appearance of CpHV-1-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 in the serum were studied. Two weeks following infection, both IgG1 and IgG2 levels increased although convalescent sera (i.e., collected 5–8 weeks post-infection) showed a clear prevalence of the IgG2 subclass. To determine the contribution of the different IgG subclasses to herpesvirus immunity, serum neutralization (SN) assays were performed in both naturally and experimentally infected goats. The kinetics of SN showed that neutralization activity was mainly associated to the IgG1 subclass and this was also confirmed in naturally infected goats. The results are discussed from the standpoint that the profile of the IgG subclasses is instrumental to study immune responses to CpHV-1 and that vaccination strategies may benefit from this information.