黄缘闭壳龟头骨、椎骨及附肢骨骼系统研究

为揭示黄缘闭壳龟(Cuora flavomarginata)的骨骼形态特征,使用X射线透视法对黄缘闭壳龟进行拍照及相关研究。研究发现,黄缘闭壳龟的头骨窄而细长,与身体占比小,颅长为背甲长的27.09%～30.93%,颅宽为背甲宽的21.40%～27.66%,颅长为颅宽的1.35～1.72倍;脊椎骨由4枚颈椎、7枚躯椎、2或3枚荐椎和21或22枚尾椎组成,第1～7躯椎两侧连接着肋骨,肋骨宽度大小与躯椎的宽度一致,最后两枚躯椎所连接的肋骨宽度较窄;前肢骨比后肢骨长且粗壮,后肢扁平,骨骼较短小,通过胸盾和腹盾之间的铰链结构,黄缘闭壳龟的头、尾和四肢可完全缩入壳内,其腹甲前端(喉盾和肱盾)和后端(股盾和肛盾)分别与背甲闭合,将肉体完全封闭保护。通过骨骼系统特征得出,黄缘闭壳龟具有与生活习性相匹配的骨骼结构;X射线透视法可以清晰地观察黄缘闭壳龟骨骼结构,但由于物种特性,受背腹甲的影响,躯椎、荐椎和尾椎骨清晰度略低。黄缘闭壳龟骨骼的研究丰富了龟类的基础研究,可以为其分类及演化提供参考,并为在无损伤前提下研究珍惜或名贵物种提供了思路。[中国渔业质量与标准,2022,12(3):24-29]     

中华鲟

名称中华鲟(Acipellser sinensis Gray)。属鲟形目、鲟科、鲟属。地方名鲟鱼、鳇鱼、鲟鳇鱼。古名 鳣(《尔雅》)、鳣鲔(《诗经》)。形态特征体长,近呈棱形,背部微隆,腹面平直。吻扁平而尖,略向上翘。头部骨片裸露。口下位成一横裂,吻腹有须二对,等长,平行横列。眼小侧上位。鳃孔大,鳃耙排列稀疏,成体一般为13—24枚。全体具有五行骨板状的硬鳞,背部正中一行较大,在背鳍前有13—44块,背鳍后有二块,体侧及腹侧各二行,体侧有硬鳞33—37块,腹侧11—13块,另在臀鳍前后各有1—2块,身体其它部分均裸露无鳞,幼体皮肤光滑,成体粗糙。背鳍接近     

总论

951509 印度洋的鲔渔业=洋渔业[著,日]/樱井俊文//世界渔业管理(上卷).—1994,海渔协(资)(136)—271～294鲔类是高度洄游性鱼种,其资源受众多国家利用,单靠一国实施管理难以奏效。为此涉及鲔类的资源管理,按海洋法上规定由各关系国协调设置的国际机构来承担此任务。在印度洋,过去是由 FAO 属下的印度洋渔业委员会(IOFC)中的鲔类管理小组具体负责鲔类的渔业管理。至1982年改由新设立的     

尖吻鲈仔鱼骨骼发育观察

掌握尖翅燕鱼 (Platax teira) 仔稚鱼脊柱及附肢骨骼系统的发育时序特征,可为其苗种繁育、环境适应及分类鉴定提供理论依据。采用软骨-硬骨双染色法对尖翅燕鱼仔稚鱼 [0~30日龄 (dah)] 脊柱、胸鳍、腹鳍、背鳍、臀鳍以及尾鳍进行染色观察与分析。结果表明,尖翅燕鱼有24枚脊椎骨,尾部骨骼由5枚尾下骨和2枚尾上骨构成,附肢支鳍骨的发育顺序为胸鳍、腹鳍、尾鳍、臀鳍和背鳍。尖翅燕鱼在初孵仔鱼已具备胸鳍支鳍骨原基和脊索,4 dah仔鱼胸鳍和腹鳍最先发育;7 dah仔鱼髓弓、脉弓开始出现;13 dah仔鱼骨骼形态和数量基本稳定;26 dah左右稚鱼开始骨化,脊柱和脊椎最先完成骨化;30 dah进入幼鱼阶段,其外表形态已经固定,与成鱼无异,典型特征为头部、躯干部和尾部各有3条黑色条带,身体呈雪白银色,受到外界刺激时体色瞬间变为黑色。尖翅燕鱼脊柱及附肢骨的发育顺序与其他海水鱼基本一致,但骨骼发育时间节点和数量有所不同。     

小头鲔幼鱼陆基循环水养殖日周期性运动规律研究

为实现小头鲔(Euthynnus affinis)陆基循环水养殖,优化养殖设施和完善养殖技术参数,开展了陆基循环水驯化养殖条件下,小头鲔口径与全长的关系、非摄食期间幼鱼运动速度、摄食期间幼鱼运动速度、幼鱼摄食深度与时间的关系及非摄食期间幼鱼水层分布等一系列研究。结果显示:小头鲔幼鱼45°和90°口径均随着全长的增长而增大,呈线性关系;在非摄食状态下,小头鲔幼鱼主要做巡航游泳运动;摄食阶段,初始发现食物时,小头鲔幼鱼做爆发性游泳运动,游泳速度与摄食游泳速度和摄食后游泳速度差异显著(P<0.05);捕食时和捕食后,小头鲔主要做巡航游泳运动,两者间差异不显著(P>0.05)。在摄食状态下,小头鲔幼鱼的游泳深度会随食物的深浅变化而变化;而在非摄食状态下,小头鲔幼鱼的游泳深度变化与时间有一定的关系。本研究为小头鲔陆基养殖、繁育等提供基础数据,也为后续开展南海金枪鱼陆基驯化养殖及人工繁育提供参考。     

渔业动态

世界四个主要金枪鱼延绳钓渔业团体在日本东京召开第3次协议会为了远洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业的持续发展,经营稳定,加强金枪鱼延绳钓渔业者之间的相互合作,世界四个主要金枪鱼延绳钓渔业团体的日本鲣鲔渔业协同组合联合会(简称为日鲣渔协),韩国远洋产业协会,中国渔业协会远洋分会,台湾区远洋鲔渔船鱼类输出业同业公会(简称为台湾同业     

世界四个主要金枪鱼延绳钓渔业团体在日本东京召开第3次协议会

为了远洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业的持续发展,经营稳定,加强金枪鱼延绳钓渔业者之间的相互合作,世界四个主要金枪鱼延绳钓渔业团体的日本鲣鲔渔业协同组合联合会（简称为日鲣渔协）,韩国远洋产业协会,中国渔业协会远洋分会,台湾区远洋鲔渔船鱼类输出业同业公会（简称为台湾同业公会）,于6月27日在日本东京召开第3次协议会（第2次协议会于2007年11月30日在东京召开）。     

不同发育期虹鳟脊椎骨的显微结构及钙、磷元素含量分析

为揭示虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)脊椎骨的形态结构、元素组成等特征在生长发育过程中的变化情况,本研究分别采集4个发育期(分别为幼鱼Ⅰ期、幼鱼Ⅱ期、成鱼Ⅰ期和成鱼Ⅱ期,平均体质量分别为4、35、644和2 129 g)的虹鳟脊椎骨样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)检测其第1~6节脊椎骨中钙、磷元素含量,并运用显微CT (Micro-CT)技术对其第4~6节脊椎骨进行扫描与三维重建。结果显示,虹鳟第1~6节脊椎骨的钙、磷元素含量在不同发育期均呈先升高后降低的趋势,脊椎骨中钙、磷元素含量在幼鱼Ⅱ期最高;脊椎骨钙/磷摩尔质量比在生长发育过程中显著增加。第4~6节脊椎骨的显微结构扫描结果显示,脊椎骨的骨小梁数量(trabecular number, Tb.N)随虹鳟的生长呈显著降低趋势;骨小梁厚度(trabecular thickness, Tb.Th)和骨小梁分离度(trabecular separation/spacing, Tb.Sp)在生长发育过程中显著增加;脊椎骨的骨体积分数(bone volume fraction, BV/TV)、组织矿物质密度(tissue mineral density, TMD)和骨矿物质密度(bone mineral density, BMD)等指标均在成鱼Ⅰ期中最低,其次为幼鱼Ⅱ期;脊椎骨中BV/TV及TMD在成鱼Ⅱ期中最高,而BMD在幼鱼Ⅰ期中最大。上述结果不仅为虹鳟发育生物学研究提供了基础数据,还可为鱼类年龄鉴定和分类鉴定等研究提供理论依据。     

小头鲔幼鱼陆基循环水养殖日周期性运动规律研究

为实现小头鲔(Euthynnus affinis)陆基循环水养殖,优化养殖设施和完善养殖技术参数,开展了陆基循环水驯化养殖条件下,小头鲔口径与全长的关系、非摄食期间幼鱼运动速度、摄食期间幼鱼运动速度、幼鱼摄食深度与时间的关系及非摄食期间幼鱼水层分布等一系列研究。结果显示:小头鲔幼鱼45°和90°口径均随着全长的增长而增大,呈线性关系;在非摄食状态下,小头鲔幼鱼主要做巡航游泳运动;摄食阶段,初始发现食物时,小头鲔幼鱼做爆发性游泳运动,游泳速度与摄食游泳速度和摄食后游泳速度差异显著(P<0.05);捕食时和捕食后,小头鲔主要做巡航游泳运动,两者间差异不显著(P>0.05)。在摄食状态下,小头鲔幼鱼的游泳深度会随食物的深浅变化而变化;而在非摄食状态下,小头鲔幼鱼的游泳深度变化与时间有一定的关系。本研究为小头鲔陆基养殖、繁育等提供基础数据,也为后续开展南海金枪鱼陆基驯化养殖及人工繁育提供参考。     

北部湾口眼镜鱼年龄与生长

2010年5月至2011年4月, 对北部湾口海域作业的灯光围网和拖网渔船渔获物中的眼镜鱼进行逐月(除6、7月)采样, 通过生物学测定(1 025尾)及292枚(雌性: 148枚, 雄性: 144枚)脊椎骨的年龄鉴定, 对眼镜鱼年龄和生长进行研究。结果表明, 眼镜鱼脊椎骨上的年轮由宽窄相间的明带和暗带组成, 边缘增长率 (marginal growth increment, MGI)计算结果显示年轮形成时间主要在8—10月, 同期性腺成熟指数 (gonadosomatic index, GSI)也最高, 表明年轮形成时间与繁殖期时间同步, 即1年1个年轮。北部湾口眼镜鱼GSI高峰期(8—10月)与中上层水温高峰趋势相符, 表明眼镜鱼的产卵高峰期与中上层水温关系密切。北部湾口灯光围网和拖网渔获物中眼镜鱼的年龄组成为雌性0+~5+龄6个年龄组、雄性0+~4+龄5个年龄组。雌雄个体间生长差异不显著, 叉长与体质量的关系为W=6.00×10?5L2.8415(n=1025, r2=0.94, P>0.05), 年龄生长方程为Lt=334.85[1?e?0.17(t+0.92)]。北部湾口眼镜鱼在3+龄之前生长迅速, 之后生长逐渐减缓。     

美洲鲥仔稚鱼脊柱及附肢骨骼系统的早期发育

使用软骨-硬骨双染色技术,描述了美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)仔稚鱼(1~51日龄)脊柱、胸鳍、尾鳍、背鳍等附肢骨骼的形态发育特征。结果显示,脊柱的发育开始于10日龄仔鱼尾部的髓弓、脉弓和尾下骨的出现,16日龄髓弓和脉弓延伸形成髓棘和脉棘,19日龄脊柱出现分节的硬骨环,23日龄所有椎体形成。各附鳍支鳍骨发育顺序先后依次为胸鳍、尾鳍、背鳍、臀鳍和腹鳍。胸鳍在2日龄时出现乌喙骨,13日龄形成软骨质的胸鳍支鳍骨,19日龄仔鱼肩带和上匙骨开始骨化;尾鳍的尾下骨最早出现在5日龄,12日龄尾鳍形成2枚尾上骨、1枚尾杆骨和6枚尾下骨,19日龄仔鱼尾椎和尾鳍率先开始骨化,直至23日龄尾鳍骨骼系统钙化完全。最终背鳍和臀鳍分别形成18和22根鳍条。美洲鲥骨骼发育研究对其早期发育功能趋向、环境优化及分类鉴定有重要作用。     

斑马鱼: 新型骨骼研究模式生物

为探明军曹鱼仔稚鱼早期脊柱及附肢骨骼的发育特征,本研究采用软骨-硬骨双染色技术,分别利用阿利新兰、茜素红对软骨、硬骨以及1~33日龄军曹鱼仔稚鱼全骨骼进行染色,系统观察并描述其脊柱和附肢骨骼的发育特征。结果显示,军曹鱼脊柱开始发育的标志为7日龄仔鱼中脉弓和神经弓的出现;13日龄稚鱼椎骨、神经弓和脉弓开始骨化;背肋、腹肋分别于17、20日龄开始骨化;29日龄稚鱼脊柱骨化完成。附肢骨骼骨化起始顺序依次为胸鳍、尾鳍、腹鳍、背鳍和臀鳍。胸鳍匙骨于4日龄出现,肩胛骨孔于12日龄出现,同时上匙骨开始骨化;乌喙骨与肩胛骨于20日龄开始骨化;第1尾下骨于5日龄出现,15日龄稚鱼尾杆骨、侧尾下骨和尾鳍鳍条开始骨化,18日龄稚鱼尾下骨开始骨化;腹鳍支鳍骨于17日龄延伸至匙骨,同时腹鳍开始骨化;臀鳍和背鳍于17日龄由前向后开始骨化。研究表明,军曹鱼在13日龄进入稚鱼期,早期发育阶段的骨骼发育特征与其功能性适应密切相关。本研究结果对研究军曹鱼早期骨骼发育与功能适应、优化养殖条件有重要作用。     

基于microCT扫描技术的鲤骨骼和显微结构分析

了解活体鲤（Cyprinuscarpio）骨结构、形态、连接、空间分布以及骨骼矿物质组成对鲤的选育、行为学研究以及肉品加工有重要的意义。X射线显微CT技术（microCT）对样品没有破坏,可实现活体检测,并能获取活体任意形态的结构参数。因此,文章通过这项技术来研究活体鲤的骨骼状况。结果显示,脊椎骨与头、尾相连,胸鳍位于头骨后,背鳍、腹鳍和尾鳍与整个脊椎骨并不相连。骨体积分数和骨小梁厚度在腹鳍较高,头尾较低;骨表面积体积比、骨小梁数量和骨小梁间隔在头部较高,腹鳍较低;骨矿物质含量、骨矿物质密度和组织矿物质含量在背鳍最高;骨体积分数在腹鳍最高,胸鳍、背鳍和尾鳍次之,头尾较低。骨小梁厚度、矿物质含量等在背鳍、腹鳍部位较高,这可能与鲤的运动有关,而头骨表面积体积比、骨小梁数量和骨小梁间隔较高可能与头部的复杂结构密切相关。     

Effect of Light Intensity on Color Performance of False Clownfish,Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier

Color performance of false clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier, was examined under three levels of light intensity (20–50 , 600–850 , and 2700–3500 lx) for 5 wk. The experiment was conducted in nine rectangular glass aquaria (25 × 25 × 20 cm) with three replicates. Each aquarium was stocked with 36 fish, and 3 fish were randomly sampled from each aquarium every other week. Digital images were taken weekly on each individual fish after it was anesthetized in MS‐222. The color performance in hue, saturation, and brightness was quantified using image analysis. In addition to the whole‐body analysis, each fish image was divided into ventral and dorsal parts to assess the body position‐dependent effect. Furthermore, color differences between dorsal fin, anal fin, ventral fin, and caudal fin were also quantified. The whole body was brighter at low light than at medium or at high light intensity. Irrespective of light intensity, the dorsal side was more orange but less bright than the ventral side. Brighter light strengthened overall orange color on fish fins. The dorsal fin and ventral fins appeared more orange than the anal and caudal fins regardless of light intensity and exposure duration. Similar to body color, low light also led to brighter fins, especially for caudal and dorsal fins. Our results indicate that ambient light could regulate fish color performance but could not change the pigment dominance by β‐carotene. Light intensity is unlikely to change the contrast between dorsal and ventral sides, but dim light tends to make fish body brighter, and bright light strengthens orange color on fins.     

Interspecific comparison of experimental and natural routes of Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus challenge and consequences for distribution of chalimus on salmonids and therapeutant screening

Although the gills have been reported as a site for settlement by sea lice attached stages in experimental challenges, the prevalence and abundance of infection on gills have not been reported in farmed fish and have been reported only rarely in wild salmonids. Disproportionate attachment to the gills may be significant in evaluation of new therapeutants and this study asks whether the efficacy data from studies of therapeutants based on experimental challenge can be extrapolated to the fish farm arena. The distribution of chalimus on gills, body and fins of farmed first sea year Atlantic salmon were examined in two Scottish sea lochs, each on two occasions (30 fish on each sampling date), fish from one farm with infection with Lepeophtheirus salmonis only and the other farm with exclusively Caligus elongatus. The dorsal fin was the primary attachment site of L. salmonis (50% and 33% in two samples respectively) with 29% and 32% on other fins and 20% and 29% on the body and head. Only one of 56 chalimus (1.8%) and four of 75 chalimus (5.3%) were attached to the gills. In contrast, the chalimus distribution of C. elongatus was predominantly on fins other than the dorsal, including the tail, 74% and 71%, on two sampling occasions, respectively, with only 4.2% and 3.6% of chalimus located on the dorsal fin. The pectoral fins were the most common location with 32%, followed by the tail 23%, pelvic fins 14% and only 3% on the anal fin. None of 287 and 111 chalimus in two samples, respectively, of C. elongatus was attached to the gills. The low abundance of lice on the gills indicated that non‐destructive sampling methods adequately represented lice infection. In three experimental challenges with L. salmonis, the gills were a major attachment location with 19.9–36.3% of chalimus, 9.9–26.9% on the body, 22–27% on the dorsal fin and 19–23% on the other fins. These differences with natural challenge in L. salmonis reported here and also in the literature suggest that the importance of the gills for chalimus location in the experimental model is atypical and an artefact of reduced host swimming speed in tanks that permits copepodids to attach to the gills. In natural infection, the flow over the gills is high and reduced flow is required for copepodid settlement. Greatest reductions (96%) in chalimus bath treated with cypermethrin occurred on the gills with no significant reductions in those located on the dorsal and other fins. It is possible that the efficacy of therapeutants may be higher in chalimus attached to the gills because of the higher concentration encountered of bath therapeutant and extrapolation of efficacy to farms may be misleading and progression to field testing is essential.     

中国南海银鲈科鱼类——新记录

2008年11月在广西北海市侨港镇码头采获银鲈科Gerreidae、银鲈属Gerres鱼类标本两尾,经鉴定为大棘银鲈Gerres macracanthus Bleeker,1854,系我国南海鱼类一新记录。其主要特征为：体长卵圆形,侧扁,体长为体高的2.2～2.3倍;体背腹缘均呈弧状隆起,体高以背鳍起点处最高。口小,能活动,伸出时略向下倾斜。体被薄圆鳞,易脱落;侧线鳞41～43枚。背鳍鳍棘部与鳍条部相连;背鳍IX-10,第2鳍棘延长呈丝状,压倒时末端伸达尾柄;臀鳍Ⅲ-7,以第3鳍棘最长;胸鳍长,末端可达臀鳍起点上方;尾鳍叉形。新鲜标本体背部银灰色,腹部银白色,体侧有7～10条青灰色横带;背鳍灰白色,第2鳍棘黑色;臀鳍、胸鳍和腹鳍淡黄色;尾鳍灰黄色,上、下叶内缘暗色,下叶外缘白色。     

Fin development in stream- and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon

To determine the effect of development and environment on fin growth, we measured fin lengths of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from two hatcheries (August, October and April–May), stream-reared fish (July and October) stocked as fry into two tributaries, and smolts from the main stem of the Connecticut River (May). For stream-reared parr, there was a linear relationship between the dorsal, caudal and anal fins with fork length, while the pectoral, pelvic and adipose fins exhibited a curvilinear relationship with fork length. Parr from a high gradient stream had larger caudal fins than fish from a low gradient stream, but other fins did not differ. Regression lines for the fins of stream-reared smolts were all linear when fin length was regressed against fork length. Stream-reared parr had larger pectoral, pelvic and anal fins than smolts of similar size while dorsal and caudal fin lengths did not differ. Regression equations formulated using the fins of stream-reared parr were used to calculate the percent difference (100×observed fin length/expected) in fin lengths between stream- and hatchery-reared parr. The pelvic, adipose, caudal and anal fins of hatchery-reared parr showed no signs of degeneration by the first sampling period 7 months after hatching, whereas degeneration in the pectoral (13–20%) and dorsal (15–18%) fins was evident at this time. By the end of the study, degeneration was present in every fin except the adipose, with the pectoral (35–65%) and dorsal (32–58%) fins exhibiting the greatest amount of fin loss. All fins of hatchery-reared parr became shorter with time. There were minor differences in fin degeneration among parr from the two hatcheries, but the overall pattern of decreasing fin size was similar, indicating a common cause of fin degeneration. Comparison of stream- and hatchery-reared fish is a valuable means of determining the impact of captive environments on fin growth.     

Osteological development and anomalies in larval stage of hatchery‐reared yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

Comprehensive knowledge of osteological development of fish not only provides means for understanding its functional development, but also allows early detection of skeletal anomalies. The present study was conducted to determine osteological development and occurrence of anomalies from the first to the 40th day after hatching (DAH) for yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, a commercially important species in China. Vertebral ontogeny started with formation of anterior neural arches at 3 DAH, and completed at 6 DAH. Vertebral centra started to develop at 4 DAH and ossification in all centra was visible at 15 DAH. Caudal fin appeared at 2 DAH and ossification was visible at 26 DAH. The onset of dorsal and anal fins appeared at 4 DAH and their ossifications were visible at 20 DAH. Pectoral fins were present before first feeding and formed entirely at 9 DAH, and their ossifications were visible at 21 DAH. Pelvic fins appeared at 9 DAH, and formed completely at 21 DAH. The ossification of pelvic fins was not finished until the end of the experiment (40 DAH). 24 types of skeletal anomalies were observed. About 20% of individuals showed at least one anomaly. Haemal vertebrae anomalies occurred at the highest frequency, followed by pre‐haemal, caudal vertebrae and anal fin anomalies, and caudal fin had the lowest anomalies frequency. For the first time, our study determined osteological development and anomalies incidence in larval yellow catfish, which help further investigations into rearing conditions leading to appearance of these anomalies to prevent their incidence.     

鳜仔稚鱼骨骼系统骨化发育

采用软骨―硬骨双染色技术,描述了鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)仔稚鱼(1～35日龄)头骨、脊柱、附肢骨骼的骨化发育特征。结果显示:(1)头骨前鳃盖骨于14日龄最先骨化, 15日龄上下颌骨骨化,且上下颌骨相对长度呈现连续变化过程。17日龄后,颌齿、关节骨、舌颌骨骨化;19日龄,隅骨、间鳃盖骨、鳃盖骨、鳃条骨、额骨骨化。20日龄后,方骨、下鳃盖骨、辅上颌骨等骨化; 35日龄,头骨骨化基本完成。(2)脊柱于15日龄由前向后骨化, 20日龄背肋与腹肋由基部向末端骨化, 29日龄骨化完成。脉弓与脉棘、髓弓与髓棘均由前向后、由基部向末端骨化,脉棘与髓棘骨化时间晚于相应的椎体。(3)附肢骨骼骨化顺序依次为胸鳍、背鳍、臀鳍、腹鳍、尾鳍。胸鳍匙骨于16日龄骨化,乌喙骨与肩胛骨于25日龄骨化;背鳍、臀鳍分别于18日龄、20日龄骨化,骨化方式相似;腹鳍于23日龄骨化,骨化方式与胸鳍相反;尾杆骨、尾下骨于25日龄骨化,附肢骨骼于35日龄基本骨化完成。结果表明,鳜骨骼骨化发育与其早期运动、摄食与御敌等行为密切相关。