天然杀线虫先导化合物Waltherione A类似物的合成及杀线虫活性

为了找出天然杀线虫先导生物碱Waltherione A的关键药效基团并简化其结构,以2,3-二甲氧基苯甲醛和3,4-二甲氧基苯甲醛为原料,经过分子内傅克烷基化反应形成苯并七元氧桥环,并用不同的取代基与桥环相连,合成了12个Waltherione A类似物,其中8个化合物未见文献报道,所有目标化合物的结构均通过核磁共振氢...     

20-(S)-喜树碱7-C-取代衍生物的合成及杀松材线虫活性研究

为研究喜树碱(CPT)类化合物的杀线虫活性,以喜树碱为原料,经烷基化、氧化、酯化等步骤合成了13个7-C-取代的20-(S)-喜树碱衍生物,其中化合物 14 未见文献报道,所有衍生物的结构经红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)和液-质联用(LC-MS)等分析手段进行了表征。采用浸渍法测定了化合物对松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus的毒杀活性。结果表明:与母体化合物喜树碱相比,7-C-取代的20-(S)-喜树碱衍生物具有更强的杀线虫活性,其中化合物7-苄基喜树碱、7-甲酰基喜树碱、7-苯甲酰氧甲基喜树碱在24 h的致死中浓度(LC50值)分别为2.28、2.21和1.37 mg/L,明显高于母体化合物喜树碱的LC50值12.18 mg /L。     

双杂环基甲酮类化合物的设计、合成及杀线虫活性

植物寄生线虫可直接或间接地危害全球各类作物,造成严重的经济损失。本文设计并合成了27个未见文献报道的双杂环基甲酮类化合物,并测定了化合物在离体条件下对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的致死率及其在在沙土与基质土壤中对由南方根结线虫造成的植物根结的抑制率(活体测试)。离体测试结果表明,除化合物D1和E3在40 mg/L下72 h时对南方根结线虫的致死率分别为70.03%和71.26%外,大部分目标化合物对其无致死活性。活体测试结果表明：40 mg/L时化合物B1、B2、B5、C4、D2、E6和E9在沙土中对植物根结的抑制率均在90%以上,其中D2在5 mg/L时抑制率最高,达87.61%,且高于先导化合物B1;而在基质土壤中,化合物B5的抑制活性最强,在40 mg/L时抑制率为77.67%。初步的构效关系分析表明,不带取代基的(5-(2-噻吩基)-2-噻唑基)-2-噻吩甲酮(D2)化合物具有更好的杀线虫活性。     

氟吡菌酰胺对南方根结线虫的作用效果

为明确琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类(SDHI)杀线剂氟吡菌酰胺对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的作用效果,在室内盆栽条件下研究不同剂量、不同施药时期该药剂对线虫侵入、根结和雌虫数量以及产卵量的影响。结果显示:在黄瓜幼苗移栽前进行土壤处理,氟吡菌酰胺施用剂量为31.25μg/株时,每株2龄幼虫侵染数量和根结数量分别为11.3条和6.4个,相比对照处理显著减少;在接种南方根结线虫后0～11 d,以施药量为125μg/株的氟吡菌酰胺进行灌根时,可大幅减少根结数量,每株根结数量减少至12.8～22.5个,同时,施药后根系内未见成熟雌虫产生;在接种后15 d,以施药量为250μg/株的氟吡菌酰胺进行灌根时,可大幅减少根内成熟雌虫数量,每株雌虫数量减少至16.9条;接种后20 d施药,施药量为500μg/株时可大幅减少根部产生的根结线虫卵块数量,每株卵块数量减少至18.9个。表明氟吡菌酰胺能抑制土壤内线虫对黄瓜根系的侵染并抑制根内线虫发育,但随着施药时间的推迟,防治已侵入根系的线虫需增加施药剂量,在生产上使用氟吡菌酰胺防治根结线虫病应在作物移栽前或线虫侵染早期施药效果更好。     

20%氟吡菌酰胺·氟烯线砜灌根剂的配方研究

研制了一种以氟吡菌酰胺、氟烯线砜为原药,10%有效成分含量的灌根剂。试验通过对不同润湿分散剂、乳化剂、增稠剂、防冻剂、消泡剂等的筛选,得到最佳配方：氟吡菌酰胺10%、氟烯线砜10%、DS-528 3%、DS-606 2%、黄原胶0.2%、硅酸镁铝2%、聚乙烯醇1%、丙二醇5%、消泡剂0.5%,水补足至100%。试验结果表明,该配方产品悬浮率>90%,热储[(54±2)℃]分解率<5%,产品其他各项指标均符合悬浮剂要求。此制剂用于灌根可以为防治根结线虫提供一种新的思路与方法。     

毒杀南方根结线虫的木霉种类鉴定及活性研究

木霉是国际上研究与应用非常普遍的生防真菌之一,具有重要的科研价值和广阔的应用前景。本研究采用形态学鉴定、ITS和β-tubulin序列分析法对4株具有杀线虫活性的木霉菌株进行种类鉴定,结果显示FT311和FT312为绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride),FT1937和FT85为哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)。利用贝氏皿浸没法测定,4株木霉发酵滤液均能显著降低南方根结线虫卵的孵化和2龄幼虫(J2)的活性,其中FT1937和FT85对卵孵化抑制率和J2致死率均达到85%~92%,而FT311能够达到80%~85%,但FT312毒性较低,仅达40%~60%;2株哈茨木霉的活性好于2株绿色木霉;同时观察到发酵液对线虫卵和幼虫体壁有消解作用、抑制和延迟卵孵化,并使幼虫体内空泡化。本研究为根结线虫病害的生防防治提供了更多的木霉资源信息。     

5-(4-氨基苯基/苄基)-2,4-咪唑啉二酮芳基磺酰胺的合成及其生物活性

以5-(4-氨基苯基/苄基)-2,4-咪唑啉二酮为原料,在三乙胺或吡啶作傅酸剂的条件下与取代磺酰氯反应,得到44个新的5-(4-氨基苯基/苄基)-2,4-咪唑啉二酮芳基磺酰胺类化合物,其结构均经1H NM R、HR-M S和元素分析确证。初步生物活性测试结果表明,部分化合物对供试植物病原菌和稗草Echinochloa crusgalli显现出一定的抑制活性,其中化合物4p和4u在50μg/m L下对油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia scleotiorum的抑制率分别为76.0%和75.2%,化合物3j在100μg/m L下对稗草生长的抑制率为50%。     

3'-烷基- α -三联噻吩的合成及其杀线虫活性

以3-溴噻吩为原料,以Kumada偶联反应和Suzuki偶联反应为关键步骤合成了9个3'-烷基- α -三联噻吩类化合物 8~16,其中5个为新化合物,其结构经1H NMR、MS和元素分析的表征和确证。采用光照法首次测定了9个合成化合物对全齿复活线虫Panagrellus redivivus的杀伤率。结果表明:除化合物13外,其余目标化合物在50 μg/mL、照度为2 000 lx、光照时间为72 h条件下对全齿复活线虫的杀伤率均在85%以上。     

1-甲基-3-二氟甲基吡唑酰胺类化合物的合成及抑菌活性

以1-甲基-3-二氟甲基吡唑-4-甲酸为原料,经过1-甲基-3-二氟甲基吡唑-4-甲酰氯与相应的氨基苯并杂环类、芳胺类化合物反应,得到了14个未见文献报道的吡唑-4-甲酰胺类化合物(6a~6g、7a~7g),其结构均通过1H NMR、MS和IR表征。抑菌活性测试结果表明,在100 mg/L下,目标化合物对供试植物病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中7a~7g的抑菌活性较高,部分对苹果炭疽病菌的抑制率在90%以上。     

吡啶衍生物研究(IX):N-(1-甲氧羰基)乙基-N-[5-(2-氯吡啶-4-基)-1,3,4-噻二唑-2-基]酰胺的合成及除草活性

为了进一步研究前期发现的除草先导化合物2-仲丁氨基-5-(2-氯吡啶-4-基)-1，3，4-噻二唑(BCPT)的结构-活性关系并提高其除草活性，设计并合成了一系列N-(1-甲氧羰基)乙基-N-[5-(2-氯吡啶-4-基)-1，3，4-噻二唑-2-基]酰胺类化合物。其苗后除草活性测定结果表明，所有化合物的活性都远低于BCPT本身。说明BCPT可能具有与传统酰胺类除草剂不同的作用机制。     

A nematicidal metabolite from Verticillium chlamydosporium

A bioassay‐directed fractionation of cultures of the fungus, Verticillium chlamydosporium, demonstrated nematicidal activity, due mainly to phomalactone. Compared with aldicarb, the lethal activity against Meloidogyne incognita was less, but its activity in suppressing root invasion was similar. The extract also contained monorden. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

In-vitro and in-vivo nematicidal activities of the cyclic dodecapeptide omphalotin A

Omphalotin A, a cyclic dodecapeptide produced by submerged cultures of the basidiomycete Omphalotus olearius, exhibited in-vitro and in-vivo nematicidal activity. Meloidogyne incognita was the most sensitive nematode. At 2.0 mg litre⁻¹, 50% of the nematodes were dead after one hour. Heterodera schachtii, Radopholus similis and Pratylenchus penetrans were affected at higher concentrations. Incorporated into agar, the compound prevented infection of cucumber seedlings by M. incognita at concentrations of 1 mg litre⁻¹ and higher. In glasshouse tests, complete protection of cucumbers and lettuce was achieved between 2.5 and 10 mg litre⁻¹. No insecticidal activity was observed when Plutella xylostella, Phaedon cochleariae or Spodoptera frugiperda were fed material containing 4 g kg⁻¹ of omphalotin A. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

里西裸囊菌za-130的杀线活性及其影响因素

本文测定了里西裸囊菌Gymnoascus reessiiza-130菌株发酵滤液对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita2龄幼虫的毒杀活性,研究其对分散卵及卵囊孵化的影响及影响因素。结果表明,za-130菌株发酵滤液处理24h和浓缩5倍滤液处理2h后对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫致死率均达到100%;发酵滤液处理3d和10d对分散卵的孵化抑制率均高于87%,对卵囊的孵化抑制率均高于95%;这些均与1μl/ml 1.8%阿维菌素乳油和33μg/ml 10%福气多颗粒剂效果相当。发酵滤液中杀线活性物质具有一定的抗热性、耐pH（1.0~9.0）、抗紫外（照射低于6h）和日光灯照射的能力。     

苍耳杀线虫活性的初步研究

通过温室盆栽试验研究了苍耳叶5种溶剂提取物对番茄根结线虫(Meloidogyneincognita)的活性。结果表明,苍耳叶5种溶剂提取物均有一定的杀线虫活性,其中丙酮与甲醇提取物120mg干粉/mL的防治效果最佳,分别为75.54%和73.83%。不同溶剂对苍耳叶的提取率间存在明显差异,且这种差异与不同溶剂提取物杀线虫活性间的差异之间存在一定相关性。同时苍耳叶提取物对番茄生长具有一定的抑制作用。     

茶籽醇提物对松材线虫及根结线虫室内活性测定分析

为筛选具杀线虫活性的植物材料,测定了茶等5种植物95%乙醇粗提物对松材线虫（Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,PWN）等的离体活性,并对活性材料的粗粉进行了室外盆栽防效试验。结果表明,茶、银杏和喜树的果实部分95%乙醇粗提物在10.0mg/mL浓度处理线虫60h后,引起PWN校正死亡率分别为100.00%、88.40%、85.77%,呈极强杀线活性;茶籽粗提物对PWN的LC50值为0.0119mg/mL,表现出的最强毒力;另活性材料对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫（Meloidogyne incognita,J2）和水稻潜根线虫（Hischmanmella oryzae）有明显的选择活性。防效试验结果表明茶、喜树和银杏果实粗粉按1.5g/100g土混入盆栽土,与对照相比辣椒的根结病级数分别下降53.33%、46.67%、40.00%,对根结形成控制效果明显。     

In vitro and in planta nematicidal activity of Fumaria parviflora (Fumariaceae) against the southern root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

Root and stem extracts of Fumaria parviflora showed strong nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita in in vitro and in planta experiments. Phytochemical screening of F. parviflora revealed the presence of seven classes of bioactive compounds (alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, steroids and phenols). Quantitative determination of the plant extracts showed the highest percentages of alkaloids (0·9 ± 0·04) and saponins (1·3 ± 0·07) in the roots and total phenolic contents in the stem (16·75 ± 0·07 μg dry g^?1). The n‐hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of roots and stems at concentrations of 3·12, 6·24, 12·5, 25·0 and 50·0 mg mL^?1, significantly inhibited hatching and increased mortality of second‐stage juveniles (J2s) compared with water controls. Percentage J2 mortality and hatch inhibition were directly related to exposure time. In pot trials with tomato cv. Rio Grande, root and stem extracts at concentrations of 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm, applied as soil drenches, significantly reduced the number of galls, galling index, eggs masses, eggs and reproduction factor compared with the water control. Regardless of concentration, all the extracts significantly increased the host plant growth parameters studied. The n‐hexane extracts from the roots and stem were the most active, followed by the methanol ones, at all concentrations. The in vitro and in planta results suggest that extracts from the roots and stem of F. parviflora may be potential novel nematicides.     

木霉D5菌株的鉴定及其杀线活性测定

通过形态学和分子生物学方法鉴定了1株杀线木霉D5菌株的种类,并评价了其孢子悬浮液和发酵液对禾谷孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae 2龄幼虫的毒杀活性。结果表明,木霉D5菌株为绿色木霉Trichoderma viride(ITS序列登录号：OL661629;TEF序列登录号：ON241311)。浓度为1.0×10⁷ cfu/mL的D5菌株孢子悬浮液和发酵液原液处理2龄幼虫72 h后,线虫死亡率分别为85.20%和86.57%。在温度为20～80℃范围内以及pH为2～10时,发酵液均具有较高杀线活性。     

Pesticidal properties of parthenin (from Parthenium hysterophorus) and related compounds

Eleven sesquiterpene lactone derivatives of parthenin ( 1 ), obtained from wild feverfew, Parthenium hysterophorus, were prepared by chemical and photochemical transformations. The compounds tested were a pyrazoline adduct ( 2 ) of parthenin, its cyclopropyl ( 3 ) and propenyl ( 4 ) derivatives, anhydroparthenin ( 5 ), a dihydro‐deoxygenated product ( 6 ), a formate ( 7 ) and its corresponding alcohol ( 8 ) and acetate ( 9 ), a rearranged product ( 10 ), lactone ( 11 ) and hemiacetal ( 12 ). All these derivatives, along with parthenin, were tried for their antifeedant action against sixth‐instar larvae of Spodoptera litura, for insecticidal activity against the adults of store grain pest Callosobruchus maculatus, for phytotoxic activity against Cassia tora, and for nematicidal activity against the juvenile stage‐II (J₂) of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Antifeedent bioassay revealed that parthenin is moderately antifeedant. Among the derivatives, the saturated lactone ( 11 ) was found to be about 2.25 times more active than parthenin. The pyrazoline adduct ( 2 ) was found to be the most effective as an insecticide, with LC₅₀ values after 24, 48 and 72 h of 96, 43 and 32 mg litre⁻¹, respectively, which are comparable with neem extract. Compound 4 was found to be the most effective inhibitor of germination and seedling growth of C tora, with ID₅₀ values for germination, plumule length and radicle length of 136, 326 and 172 compared with 364, 738 and 427 mg litre⁻¹, respectively, for parthenin. Compound 10 was found to be the most effective in terms of nematicidal activity. The LC₅₀ values for this compound were 273 and 104 mg litre⁻¹, respectively, after 48 and 72 h compared with 862 and 512 mg litre⁻¹ observed for parthenin after 48 and 72 h. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry