工业烟气中CO2直接用于增施气肥的流动及扩散特性分析

工业烟气中的CO₂浓度较低,并且含有不同污染物,能否直接用作增施气肥存在一定的不确定性。为研究将工业烟气中CO₂直接用于农业生产中增施气肥的可行性,对工业烟气排放后的烟气特性、CO₂组成、污染特性进行了分析和评估。基于CFD数值模拟技术,对工业烟气在大棚内的CO₂扩散特性进行了模拟分析。研究结果表明,工业烟气中含有不同的污染物成分可能会对大棚内的环境空气质量产生影响,需经过合理评估并采取适当措施后方可满足农业生产的要求。基于燃煤电厂排放的烟气特点,在CO₂吸收速率为5×10?8 m3/s、烟气稀释倍数为100,控制进入大棚内的SO₂、NO₂、Hg、HF和PM等污染物浓度达到15 mg/m3、8 mg/m3、5 μg/m3、0.2 mg/m3和7.5 mg/m3时,可实现大棚内的污染物浓度达到环境空气质量标准的一级标准（GB 3095—2012）,并且CO₂浓度满足植物生长的浓度要求。不同入口布置方式对大棚内的CO₂浓度影响较大,采用两边和中间同时布点的方案可以较好实现CO₂浓度在大棚内的均匀性要求。因此,工业烟气中的CO₂直接用于农业生产具有可行性,但在实际应用中,应结合烟气中的CO₂浓度、植物的吸收速率、CO₂喷入位置、稀释倍数和污染物浓度进行综合评估,并应用于农业生产。      

实际气体效应对螺旋槽干气密封性能影响的数值分析

在干气密封的研究和设计过程中,一般将密封气体按理想气体处理.但在高压情况下,某些气体的实际效应明显偏离理想气体.以工业上常见的空气、CO₂(二氧化碳)、H₂(氢气)和N₂(氮气)为例,针对广泛使用的螺旋槽干气密封,利用CFD商业软件的三维数值模拟功能,考虑实际气体效应,并同时考虑了气体流经密封环端面时温度发生变化的情况,得到了实际气体效应对干气密封开启力和泄漏率等密封性能的影响规律.结果表明:在压力不超过4.6 MPa研究范围内,空气、N₂实际气体与理想气体的密封性能基本相同,而CO₂实际气体的开启力和泄漏率大于理想气体结果,H₂实际气体开启力和泄漏率则略微小于理想气体结果.实际气体效应对干气密封的泄漏率影响较大,对开启力的影响不大.     

基于高斯曲率最大化的蓝莓温室光照与CO2综合调控策略

针对目前温室光照、CO₂调控效益不高等问题,提出了一种基于高斯曲率最大化的蓝莓温室光照和CO₂综合调控策略。首先通过采集不同温度、光照强度、CO₂浓度嵌套下的蓝莓净光合速率,建立不同温度下包含光照强度、CO₂浓度的蓝莓净光合速率机理模型;接着根据不同温度下蓝莓光合速率机理模型的高斯曲率函数构造适应度函数,并采用粒子群算法进行最大值寻优,计算高斯曲率最大值所对应的光照强度和CO₂浓度,获得不同温度下光照强度、CO₂浓度高斯曲率最大点;最后基于多项式拟合,建立不同温度下光照、CO₂综合调控策略。通过与最大净光合速率饱和点的调控对比发现,平均光照强度下降60.73%,CO₂浓度下降25.00%,而平均净光合速率仅下降14.29%。与实际蓝莓净光合速率对比发现,采用本文提出的光照、CO₂综合调控策略,蓝莓净光合速率较实际值平均提高1.87倍以上。说明本文提出的光照、CO₂综合调...     

以负碳排放为目标的生物质灰矿化CO2路径研究

将生物质能源开发利用与碳捕获、利用与封存结合,可实现CO₂负排放,是能源领域降低CO₂排放的重要技术之一。生物质直接燃烧后产生的生物质灰理论上可吸收并永久封存CO₂,但其能否实现负碳排放还需进行深入研究。基于此,分别在自然状态（空气氛围）、中等CO₂初始分压（101.3 kPa）和高CO₂初始分压（300～1 400 kPa）条件下开展了生物质灰矿化CO₂试验,测试了生物质灰的CO₂矿化量,并评估了3种矿化路径的负碳排放量。结果表明,从空气中吸收CO₂时,生物质灰的CO₂矿化性能最差,40 d内的最高CO₂矿化量仅为60.66 g/kg。在中等CO₂分压101.3 kPa条件下,可最高实现121.68 g/kg的矿化量,而初始分压1 400 kPa下的CO₂矿化量可达216.85 g/kg。综合考虑矿化过程的能源消耗和生物质灰...     

超临界CO2萃取稻米油工艺研究

稻米油是一种营养价值较高的植物油,含有丰富的亚油酸,经常食用可降低人体中胆固醇含量,有利于心血管病的防治。本文以米糠为原料,探讨了采用超临界CO₂萃取技术萃取稻米油的可行性。通过单因素和正交试验确定了超临界CO₂萃取稻米油的最佳工艺条件:萃取压力35MPa、萃取温度45℃、萃取时间90min和CO₂流量35L/h。试验证明超临界CO₂萃取稻米油在工艺上可行。     

基于各评价指标的某SUV 6座汽车热舒适性的研究

以某SUV6座纯电动汽车为研究对象,用仿真软件对整车温降及舒适性进行研究,引入人体模型,采用PMV-PPD和相对湿度RH对乘客舱内热环境的舒适性情况进行分析和评价。仿真结果显示,车舱内冷空气流速、乘客体表温度分布在舒适的范围内。通过分析评价指标的分布情况,可以清晰地了解乘客舱舒适性分布情况,具有比实验更节约成本、缩短时效的优势,为产品优化提供了有力的支持。     

CO2气肥在温室大棚辣椒栽培中的应用

CO₂是作物生长必不可少的主要原料之一,对温室大棚辣椒栽培中增施CO₂气肥,研究其对辣椒的长势、产量及抗病性的影响。结果表明增施CO₂气肥对辣椒生长、产量、品质及抗病性具有明显的促进作用,在其它栽培措施相同的条件下,向温室大棚中增施CO₂气肥,使温室内空气中CO₂含量晴天保持在500～700 ppm左右,阴雨天保持在400 ppm左右,可使辣椒产量增加25%左右。     

动物骨热解过程中产物特性变化规律研究

热解法是屠宰废弃骨合理处理与利用的有效手段,且动物骨原料差异对其热解特性与产物特性具有显著影响。以牛、猪骨为研究对象,基于热重、红外光谱和质谱（TG-FTIR-MS）及扫描电镜-能谱（SEM-EDX）等方法,研究了动物骨的热解过程及产物变化规律。结果表明：主要热解阶段为350～600℃,产生了CO₂、NH₃等无机气体和CH₄等有机气体。炭化阶段后CO释放,在骨炭中生成了金属羰基。热解温度升高,骨炭的碱性及灰分含量提高,900℃时灰分质量分数超过90%。由于猪骨含有较多的脂肪,脂肪酸裂解生成大量短链烃。而牛骨灰分更多,炭产率可达60%。500℃牛骨炭比表面积为172 m²/g,孔隙特征更利于物理吸附作用。     

基于CANape的电动汽车二氧化碳热泵泄漏量研究

以某款电动汽车二氧化碳热泵空调系统为研究对象,对整车二氧化碳热泵系统数据进行采集和处理,判别二氧化碳的泄漏量。搭建了基于CANape的整车数据采集系统,对整车在环境模拟舱中进行预处理。基于Coolpack制冷仿真计算软件对采集数据进行计算处理,获得二氧化碳泄露量。结果表明,通过搭建整车二氧化碳热泵空调数据采集系统以及利用专业的计算软件,能精确计算出整车热泵空调二氧化碳泄漏量,该款电动汽车在正常使用情况夏每月CO2泄漏量稳定在2 g左右,符合某款电动汽车的内部开发设计标准。该项研究为空调系统的设计和优化提供参考。     

某电动汽车整车热负荷仿真模型的建立及分析

热负荷是电动汽车能源利用率的一项技术指标。这项指标的意义在于为电动汽车匹配合理的空调系统,并衡量其实现夏季车内降温的效果。影响电动汽车整车热负荷指标的因素有很多,包括车底传入、前窗玻璃传入以及透射情况等。文章通过建立整车热负荷仿真模型,分析电动汽车如何通过整车设计,提高空调利用率,减少热能传入,实现汽车能源利用率的提升。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。