中国长翅目6 新种(长翅目:蝎蛉科)

记述我国长翅目6 新种:吉林蝎蛉Panorpa jilinensis sp .nov ., 高山蝎蛉Panorpa alticola sp .nov ., 盈江新蝎蛉Neopanorpa yingjiangensis sp .nov ., 曲瓣新蝎蛉Neopanorpa curva sp .nov ., 狭瓣新蝎蛉Neopanorpa tenuis sp .nov .和钩曲新蝎蛉Neopanorpa uncata sp .nov .。模式标本保存于浙江自然博物馆。图6 参5     

库蠓属6亚属翅形变化分析与亲缘关系

利用几何形态学方法对库蠓6亚属的翅形进行比较分析,以期进行亚属鉴定与亲缘关系探讨。采用地标点法对6亚属20种63头雄性库蠓标本的翅进行标点,通过计算质心值、普氏叠加、主成分分析、典型变量分析、聚类分析等对其翅形进行比较和系统发育分析。质心值结果显示,6亚属库蠓翅的大小为二囊亚属>三囊亚属>带纹亚属>库蠓亚属>单囊亚属>屋室亚属,但差异不显著(P=1.961>0.05),说明翅的大小不能作为区分亚属的依据。主成分分析显示,主成分1(73.648%)和主成分2(12.372%)占总变异量的86.020%,可以解释库蠓属6亚属翅的主要差异;网格图表明差异的部位主要集中于径中横脉、翅基部、径1室、径2室和中4室内。典型变量分析显示,6亚属库蠓翅的形状变化差异显著(P<0.05),其中单囊亚属和三囊亚属的翅形差异最大,带纹亚属和屋室亚属的翅形差异最小,表明通过翅形差异能准确地将库蠓各亚属种类进行归属。聚类分析显示,6亚属库蠓中带纹亚属与屋室亚属的亲缘关系最近,三囊亚属与库蠓亚属的亲缘关系次之,单囊亚属与三囊亚属的亲缘关系最远,此结果与典型变量分析结果一致...     

Cuticular protein gene LmACP8 is involved in wing morphogenesis in the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria

Cuticular proteins(CPs) are major components of the insect cuticle-associated organs such as integument and wings, although the importance of CPs for wing development and function in hemimetabolous insects remains understudied. In the present study, a wing cuticular protein LmACP8 was identified from Locusta migratoria, which belongs to the RR-2 subfamily of cuticular protein RR consensus(CPR) chitin-binding proteins. LmACP8 was mainly expressed in the wing pads and showed high expression levels before ecdysis of third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar nymphs, with its encoded protein located in the procuticle of wing pads and adult wings. Depletion of LmACP8 by RNA interference markedly reduced the amount of its protein, which consequently caused abnormal wing morphogenesis in the transition from nymph to adult of L. migratoria. We further demonstrated that the abnormal morphogenesis was caused by severe damage of the endocuticle in the wings. LmACP8 was suppressed by 20-hydroxyecdysone(20 E) in vivo, however, its expression was significantly up-regulated after knocking down the hormone receptor gene LmHR39. Thus, the LmACP8 that is negatively regulated by the LmHR39-mediated 20 E signaling pathway is involved in wing development during the nymph to adult transition.     

中国青灰蝶属Antigius Sibataniet Ito二新亚种描述

描述了产自浙江和广东的青灰蝶属Antigius Sibatani et Ito两新亚种,即陈青灰蝶浙江亚种A.cheni zhengjian-gensis ssp.n.和巴青灰蝶南岭亚种A.butlelri nanlingensis ssp.n.前者以后翅正面欠发达的白斑以及翅反面较宽的中室端带易于和指名亚种相区别;后者后翅正面白斑较小,两翅反面后中带较宽,中室中带和中室端带明显比后中带窄而易于与指名亚种相区别.     

蚤蝇翅的形态变化

[目的]研究蚤蝇翅的形态及其变化规律。[方法]通过形态观察及文献对比的方法分析了蚤蝇翅在不同生活环境下的形态变化特点。[结果]不同的生活环境能够改变蚤蝇翅的外部形态。同性别异型翅的产生通常与蚤蝇所处的环境有关,在不同的环境中饲养蚤蝇可以产生2种不同类型的翅。蚤蝇翅的性二型现象的产生是蚤蝇为更好的适应环境的结果。[结论]同性别翅的变化与取食、生存环境有关;雌雄异型翅不但是其对生活环境的适应,同时还是一种独特的进化方式。     

果蝇小翅·残翅基因作用探究

[目的]探究果蝇小翅与残翅基因间的作用关系。[方法]利用果蝇2种不同翅型的突变体进行杂交,找出小翅、残翅基因同时存在个体,观察其翅的表型,同时对翅的分离比进行推测,研究果蝇小翅与残翅基因间的作用关系。[结果]正反交果蝇的表现型不相同。果蝇的小翅品系和残翅品系的正交组合的杂交后代F1雌、雄全部为长翅,而反交组合的雌蝇为长翅,雄蝇为小翅。F2的翅型有长翅、小翅、残翅3种,小翅、残翅基因同时存在的个体表型为残翅,并且翅型分离比均为长翅：小翅：残翅=3：3：2。[结论]残翅基因对小翅基因具有遮盖作用。     

A tephritid fly mimics the territorial displays of its jumping spider predators

The tephritid fly Zonosemata vittigera (Coquillett) has a leg-like pattern on its wings and a wing-waving display that together mimic the agonistic territorial displays of jumping spiders (Salticidae). Zonosemata flies initiate this display when stalked by jumping spiders, causing the spiders to display back and retreat. Wing transplant experiments showed that both the wing pattern and wing-waving displays are necessary for effective mimicry: Zonosemata flies with transplanted house fly wings and house flies with transplanted Zonosemata wings were attacked by jumping spiders. Similar experiments showed that this mimicry does not protect Zonosemata against nonsalticid predators. This is a novel form of sign stimulus mimicry that may occur more generally.     

蚁蛉科脉序名称研究(脉翅目:蚁蛉科)

基于比较形态学的研究，对蚁蛉前后翅脉序主干同源性进行了论证，提出了一套新的蚁蛉脉序命名系统。同源性论证依据5个方面：1)现生蚁蛉脉序与蚁蛉总科化石资料的比较分析；2)蚁蛉脉序与假想模式脉序的比较分析；3)蚁蛉与外群昆虫脉序的比较分析；4)对蚁蛉科前后翅特征的对比分析；5)对已有蚁蛉脉序名称系统的比较分析。这套新的蚁蛉脉序命名系统可以使蚁蛉的形态描述化繁为简、特征理解化难为易。     

秦巴山区油菜蚜虫优势种及有翅蚜消长规律研究初报

通过对油菜蚜虫优势种及其有翅蚜消长规律调查,结果表明:秦巴山区蚜虫为桃蚜和萝卜蚜混合发生,优势种为桃蚜,主要以无翅成若蚜在油菜等十字花科植物上越冬,其生活史属非全周期型。3月下旬为有翅蚜始见期,5月上旬为迁飞高峰期。做好4月上旬防蚜工作,是控制蚜虫传播病毒病的关键。     

The aerodynamics of free-flight maneuvers in Drosophila

Using three-dimensional infrared high-speed video, we captured the wing and body kinematics of free-flying fruit flies as they performed rapid flight maneuvers. We then "replayed" the wing kinematics on a dynamically scaled robotic model to measure the aerodynamic forces produced by the wings. The results show that a fly generates rapid turns with surprisingly subtle modifications in wing motion, which nonetheless generate sufficient torque for the fly to rotate its body through each turn. The magnitude and time course of the torque and body motion during rapid turns indicate that inertia, not friction, dominates the flight dynamics of insects.     

低能离子注入诱变选育盐霉素高产菌株

[目的]研究N+离子注入对白色链霉菌的诱变效应,同时筛选高产盐霉素的变异菌株。[方法]利用不同剂量的氮离子对白色链霉菌S-11-04菌株进行诱变处理,研究低能氮离子注入对其存活率、菌落形状及产盐霉素能力的影响。[结果]低能氮离子注入对白色链霉菌的诱变效应显著,试验得到了13株盐霉素产量较高的突变菌株,其中N3-6菌株经连续传代4次,遗传稳定性较好,其摇瓶发酵水平较对照提高了41%,发酵生产后平均发酵水平提高了20.5%。[结论]离子注入诱变是获得高产盐霉素突变菌株的有效方法。     

Athens variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

A variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), characterized by slower than normal electrophoretic migration and associated with mild deficiency of G6PD in the red cells, was detected in two unrelated Greek males. Electrophoretic, chromatographic, and enzymologic study indicated that the new mutant is structurally different from normal G6PD (B+) and from the Mediterranean variant associated with red-cell enzyme deficiency (B-). Convincing electrophoretic separation of the new variant from the normal B+ and the Mediterranean B- enzymes was achieved only by detailed electrophoretic study in different buffer systems and conditions.     

白背飞虱海藻糖合成酶基因调控几丁质合成的功能

【背景】 海藻糖合成酶（trehalose-6-phosphate synthase,TPS）在海藻糖合成中起着重要作用,其能够介导海藻糖代谢调控几丁质合成及昆虫发育。【目的】 本研究通过抑制白背飞虱（Sogatella furcifera）TPS的表达,检测RNAi沉默SfTPS效果,观察白背飞虱蜕皮状况,测定几丁质含量及几丁质合成酶（chitin synthase,CHS）基因的定量表达,探究SfTPS在白背飞虱几丁质合成中的潜在调控作用。【方法】 利用注射法RNAi技术,以实验室饲养多年的白背飞虱种群为试验材料,体外合成两个SfTPS（SfTPS1和SfTPS2）与GFP的双链RNA（dsRNA）后,分别注射到白背飞虱体内抑制TPS。首先,在dsRNA注射后48 h采用Trizol法提取白背飞虱的总RNA,反转录并合成第一链DNA后,采用实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）技术检测TPS表达沉默情况,以确定RNAi的效果;其次,测定dsRNA注射后48 h和72 h白背飞虱整体几丁质含量并对翅发育畸形虫体进行拍照;最后,采用qRT-PCR技术检测白背飞虱SfCHS在mRNA水平上的相对表达量变化,分析SfTPS1和SfTPS2在几丁质合成调控中的作用。【结果】 与注射dsGFP相比较,dsSfTPS1和dsSfTPS2的RNA注射后,能够促进SfCHS表达量上升,几丁质含量增加,白背飞虱成虫翅出现畸形。qRT-PCR结果显示,单个SfTPS dsRNA注射后本基因的表达能够被极显著抑制,与注射dsGFP相比,不足对照组表达量的30%,且单个SfTPS的dsRNA注射后,另外一个SfTPS表达同样显著下降;dsSfTPS1和dsSfTPS2注射后,白背飞虱成虫翅均为长翅,出现一定比例的翅卷曲等畸形情况,其后48 h和72 h产生一定的死亡率;几丁质含量检测发现,SfTPS1和SfTPS2的dsRNA注射后72 h,几丁质含量显著上升。与注射dsGFP对照组相比较,SfCHS1与SfCHS1a表达量在dsSfTPS1注射后72 h极显著上升,在dsSfTPS2注射后48 h和72 h时极显著上升,且dsSfTPS1和dsSfTPS2注射后SfCHS1b的表达极显著增加。【结论】 SfTPS能够通过调控白背飞虱几丁质合成酶基因的表达来控制几丁质的合成,研究结果有助于评价SfTPS在白背飞虱等昆虫中的调控作用并作为潜在控害靶标,为进一步开展和筛选有效的海藻糖合成酶抑制剂控制白背飞虱等害虫提供理论依据。     

Essential role of Fkbp6 in male fertility and homologous chromosome pairing in meiosis

Meiosis is a critical stage of gametogenesis in which alignment and synapsis of chromosomal pairs occur, allowing for the recombination of maternal and paternal genomes. Here we show that FK506 binding protein (Fkbp6) localizes to meiotic chromosome cores and regions of homologous chromosome synapsis. Targeted inactivation of Fkbp6 in mice results in aspermic males and the absence of normal pachytene spermatocytes. Moreover, we identified the deletion of Fkbp6 exon 8 as the causative mutation in spontaneously male sterile as/as mutant rats. Loss of Fkbp6 results in abnormal pairing and misalignments between homologous chromosomes, nonhomologous partner switches, and autosynapsis of X chromosome cores in meiotic spermatocytes. Fertility and meiosis are normal in Fkbp6 mutant females. Thus, Fkbp6 is a component of the synaptonemal complex essential for sex-specific fertility and for the fidelity of homologous chromosome pairing in meiosis.     

Smart engineering in the mid-carboniferous: how well could palaeozoic dragonflies Fly?

The wings of archaic Odonatoidea from the mid-Carboniferous of Argentina show features analogous to "smart" mechanisms in modern dragonflies that are associated with the agile, versatile flight necessary to catch prey in flight. These mechanisms act automatically in flight to depress the trailing edge and to facilitate wing twisting, in response to aerodynamic loading. The presence of similar features suggests that the earliest known odonatoids were already becoming adapted for high-performance flight in association with a predatory habit.     

Surface-skimming stoneflies: a possible intermediate stage in insect flight evolution

Insect wings appear to have evolved from gills used by aquatic forms for ventilation and swimming, yet the nature of intermediate stages remains a mystery. Here a form of nonflying aerodynamic locomotion used by aquatic insects is described, called surface skimming, in which thrust is provided by wing flapping while continuous contact with the water removes the need for total aerodynamic weight support. Stoneflies surface skim with wing areas and muscle power output severely reduced, which indicates that surface skimming could have been an effective form of locomotion for ancestral aquatic insects with small protowings and low muscle power output.     

大麦多节分枝天然突变体的形态及遗传分析

对1987年发现的来自栽培大麦的多节分枝天然突变体进行了研究。结果表明：大麦多节分枝天然突变体是由一对隐性基因控制的。其表型独特,与原品种“鉴36”在叶片宽度、叶片数、茎秆节数、分蘖力和每秆穗数等性状上有很大的差异。特别突出的是突变体上部和下部节位具有分枝习性,每秆长出1-6个穗,并且下部节上出现气生根。还研究了突变体对杂交后代的几个主要经济性状的影响,初步认为它作为高产育种亲本有其特殊的价值。此外,对类似的突变,控制突变性状的基因,以及该突变体在大麦育种中的应用前景进行了讨论。     

5种松毛虫翅面鳞片超微结构观察与比较

利用扫描电子显微镜观察马尾松毛虫、油松毛虫、落叶松毛虫、赤松毛虫和思茅松毛虫的翅面鳞片超微结构,发现这5种松毛虫的鳞片分为基鳞与覆鳞2种类型,都属于镂空型鳞片,且为二型双层鳞片。对5种松毛虫的翅面鳞片的长度、宽度、脊间距、最宽处纵脊数进行了测量与比较,形态表征统计分析结果显示:1）鳞片的长宽与翅长不存在显著相关性;2）5种松毛虫的翅面鳞片不存在雌雄间差异,前后翅及翅正反面鳞片均无显著差异;3）种间鳞片宽度、脊间距无显著差异,而长度、最宽处纵脊数均存在显著差异。对翅面鳞片的形态表征进行系统聚类分析,结果显示,同一种松毛虫的不同地理种群之间鳞片大小相似性较高,即同种松毛虫的不同地理种群通常聚为一类。翅面鳞片的超微形态特征不宜单独用于种的鉴定,但可为亲缘关系的研究提供一定的参考。      

T-DNA插入产生的水稻小粒突变体的遗传分析(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study is to understand the genetic characteristics of a grain shape mutant and its possible role in genetic improvement of grain yield in rice. [Method] On the basis of the collection of T-DNA tag lines, the progeny of homozygous plants carrying T-DNA insertion were screened for mutants with mutated phenotypes. The genetic analysis of the mutant and test for the linkage between the mutated phenotype and the T-DNA insertion were carried out to determine its genetic characteristics. [Result] In the present study, a grain shape mutant induced by T-DNA insertion in rice was identified, which showed small grain. Genetic analysis of the mutant showed that the two types of phenotype, normal and small grain in the segregating populations derived from the T-DNA heterozygotes, fit the ratio of 3∶1. Test for Basta resistance showed that all the mutants were resistant while the normal plants segregated for resistant and susceptible by the ratio of 2∶1. The results indicated that the mutant phenotype cosegregated with Bar gene. The small grain mutant caused by T-DNA insertion was confirmed by PCR amplification aiming at T-DNA. [Conclusion] The grain shape mutant is useful for isolation of the tagged gene and genetic improvement in rice.