惠州西湖生态恢复中营养盐和浮游生物监测

惠州西湖是典型的热带浅水富营养化湖泊,于2004年底建立示范区,进行了鱼类调控和水生植被修复。2005年1～10月的调查结果表明:示范区总磷、悬浮物、叶绿素a的含量分别比未修复的平湖低64.0%、80.0%、63.5%,水体透明度提高了3倍以上;示范区浮游植物优势种趋向贫-中营养种类,以硅藻为主,平均密度和生物量比未修复的平湖分别低98%和93%;示范区浮游动物种类增加,丰度显著减少,优势种趋向清水态种类,大型种类增多。说明生态修复改善富营养化水质取得了良好的效果。     

长荡湖水生植被动态及其渔业效应的研究

本文根据1983年—1984年调查研究结果分析整理而成。文中论述了长荡湖现有水生植被的种类组成,群落结构,生态分布,沉水植物的生物量及其利用。经过分析比较,发现近30年来,长荡湖水生植被经历了旺盛—衰竭—恢复—旺盛的演替过程,揭示了引起植被变化的各种因素。随着水生植被的动态变化,长荡湖的鱼类种群结构,渔获对象及捕捞工具都相应发生了变化。植被的盛衰同浮游植物和浮游动物、底栖生物的消长丰歉有着密切的关系.本文最后指出了长荡湖水植被的演替趋势和潜在危机,强调了合理利用和定向改造水生植被的重要性,并对今后如何发展我国湖泊渔业提出了建议。     

Principal component analysis of interactions between fish species and the ecological conditions in fish ponds: I. Phytoplankton*

Abstract. Interactions between fish species and their effect on the ecological conditions in the fish pond were studied in ten ponds of 0.1 ha each. The ponds were stocked with bottom-feeding fish: common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and male hybrid tilapia Oreochromis niioticus (L.) x O. aureus (Steindachner). and a filter-feeder: silver carp, Hypophthalmichtys molitrix (Valenciennes), in various combinations. This paper deals with the effect of different assemblages of these fishes on the phytoplankton populations in the ponds. A Principal Component Analysis of the data showed that only 20% of the phytoplanktonic variability is accounted for by the fish combination present in the pond (treatment). The first principal component (PCI) groups the species of phytoplankton which responded to treatment. This component is formed by small size species; Scenedesmus spp., small Chlorophytes (mainly Chlorella), Selenastrum minutum, Ankistrodesmus setigerus, Merismopedia minima and Diatoms of the order Pennales. The presence of silver carp led to an increase in total phytoplankton numbers, concurrently with a decrease in their dominant size. This was due to the predominance in the water of the small size species of the PCI group, which could not be retained by the gill filtering apparatus of the fish. Reduction in zooplankton abundance by silver carp also contributed to this situation. The presence of bottom-feeding fish resulted in a decrease in total phytoplankton numbers, and in the importance of the small-size species of the PCI group, and hence in the dominance of larger algae. The interactions between these two trophic types of fish and algae size are discussed.     

池养花鲢摄食的天然生物食料

本文研究池塘养殖的花鲢在各发育、生长时期摄食浮游植物、浮游动物的规律。花鲢终生所摄食的浮游植物种类是基本相同的,摄食的浮游动物种类在不同发育生长期有所不同。养鱼池中浮游植物与浮游动物的数量,对花鲢摄食强度的影响有同样重要的作用。但是,浮游动物的热能高,在质量上显得比浮游植物重要。所谓“不能消化”的浮游植物种类,起着维持养鱼池生态平衡作用。影响花鲢产量的因素是水体中能提供营养的悬浮有机体和有机物的数量。     

The influence of ontogeny and prey abundance on feeding ecology of age-0 Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in southeastern Lake Michigan

A shift towards oligotrophic conditions in Lake Michigan has led to concern that altered trophic pathways are leading to lower early life survival and recruitment for Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). This study evaluated ontogenetic shifts in age-0 Lake Whitefish diets and evaluated how feeding ecology and the amount of food eaten varied with prey abundance and composition at a site in southeastern Lake Michigan during 2014–2017. Although prey densities varied among years, cyclopoid copepods were overall the most abundant prey available. In turn, cyclopoids were the predominant prey item in diets each year, particularly for the smallest larval Lake Whitefish. However, there was a tendency for the importance of cyclopoids to decline somewhat in each diet index as fish grew and other prey such as calanoid copepods, Bosminidae, Daphniidae and/or chironomids increased in importance. High zooplankton abundance, especially high cyclopoid abundance, available to the small size groups of Lake Whitefish (<21 mm) in 2014 was associated with high food mass/fish, high number of zooplankton eaten/fish, and low incidence of empty stomachs compared with 2015–2017. As fish grew, the impact of food abundance on prey consumption diminished somewhat, indicating that the relationship between fish feeding ecology and the prey environment can change quickly with fish size during the early life period.     

渤海鱼类群落结构的年际变化

基于2010年和2012–2014年每年8月渤海渔业资源底拖网调查数据,根据优势种、单位个体重、相对资源量、Jaccard种类组成相似性系数和群落结构数量生物量曲线等指标,研究渤海鱼类群落结构的年际变化,结果显示:(1)2010年和2012–2013年,总鱼类和底层鱼类种类数一直呈下降趋势,2014年有所恢复;2010年和2012–2014年暖温种种类数基本上呈下降趋势;(2)底层鱼类优势种由小个体的虾虎鱼(Gobiini sp.)代替大个体的小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis),中上层鱼类优势种则由植食性为主的黄鲫(Setipinna taty)和斑(Konosirus punctatus)转向浮游动物食性的鳀(Engraulis japonicus);(3)2010年和2012–2014年渤海底层鱼类和总鱼类年间站位相对资源量两两间都不存在显著性差异(P0.05),2013年与2014年间总鱼类及2014年与2010年底层鱼类年间站位相对资源量方差无显著性差异(P0.05),其他年份两两间都为方差不齐(P0.05),底层鱼类和总鱼类站位相对资源量年际存在极端异常值;(4)2010年和2012–2014年单位数量鱼体的个体重逐年下降,渤海鱼类这几年严重趋向小型化;(5)5种组内相似、组间相异贡献率高的鱼类种类,其年度相对资源量和分布变化较大;根据生物量与数量优势度曲线及W统计值判断,2010年渤海鱼类群落结构比较稳定,2012年相对稳定,2013年和2014年处于干扰状态,特别是2013年的鱼类群落结构处于比较严重的干扰状态。综上所述,渤海鱼类群落结构在2010年和2012–2014年发生了较大改变,处于受干扰不稳定状态。     

Shifting trophic architecture of marine fisheries in New Zealand: Implications for guiding effective ecosystem‐based management

New Zealand has led the world in restoration of marine fisheries since the introduction of the Quota Management System in 1986, but challenges remain in minimizing the ecosystem‐level effects of industrialized fishing. We analysed existing long‐term fisheries data sets from 1931 to 2015 in New Zealand to resolve trends in important ecological properties of major exploited fish communities. Increases in community dissimilarities of catch composition in 1931 and 1972, followed by increasing total landings, highlight major expansions of fishing grounds and exploited species during these periods. Mirroring global patterns, the remarkable rise in fishing power, demand and generation of new markets in New Zealand have all contributed to this expansion. Marine Trophic Indices (MTIs) of landings have decreased together with total catch after the year 2000, reflecting smaller catches with a higher composition of lower trophic‐level species in recent years. Differences in relative abundance of species estimated between fisheries‐dependent and fisheries‐independent data were observed, where high‐value species displayed better agreement in relative abundance between data sets. Despite being under a Quota Management System, temporal development of MTI values relative to the timing of industrial expansion of fisheries was remarkably similar to those observed in the North Sea and Brazil, with a single expansion and decline. MTI values presented better long‐term stability in the US fisheries analysed. Analysis of long‐term data and the development of well‐resolved ecological baselines will be the first step towards applying EBM to New Zealand fisheries, in keeping with global trends in fisheries management.     

人工鱼礁对中小型浮游动物昼夜变化的影响

浮游动物有明显的昼夜垂直移动现象,这种生态习性会导致摄食浮游动物的某些鱼类昼夜垂直移动。为分析人工鱼礁对中小型浮游动物昼夜变化的影响,于2018年11月在防城港人工鱼礁区及附近海域进行了1个昼夜的中小型浮游动物采样,获取了14份样品。结果显示:(1)礁区和非礁区浮游动物种类组成相似度高、更替率低,且主要优势种相同,属于同一生态类型;(2)在人工鱼礁流场效应的作用下,礁区浮游动物的数量和多样性高于非礁区;(3)非礁区浮游动物数量的昼夜变化明显,呈明显的正弦曲线,以16:00数量最高,8:00最低,其垂直运动规律明显,可分为4:00～20:00的运动期和20:00～次日4:00的稳定期;(4)在礁体上方流速较快的水平层的阻隔作用下,礁区浮游动物数量始终处于波动状态,没有明显的昼夜垂直变化规律,在礁区上层保持较高的数量,可提升集鱼效果、促进生产力转换;(5)聚类分析和排序表明,礁区浮游动物为一个群落类型。而非礁区中小型浮游动物可分2个群落类型,一个是白天随浮游植物而上浮的以植食性种类为主要特征种的群落类型,另一个是晚上植食性种类下沉后以肉食性种类为主要特征种的群落类型。     

长江鱼类体长变化及其对资源变动的指征作用

本研究通过文献调研和野外调查相结合的方式,对20世纪80年代以来部分代表性长江鱼类体长值变化进行了定量分析,并探究了其变化对资源变动的指征作用。研究结果表明:(1)对宜昌江段7种典型鱼类近10～40年体长变化的分析发现,其种群体长特征值变化与生物学特性密切相关,资源本底值高、食性广泛、性成熟年龄低且繁殖力强的鱼类在禁渔政策实施后体长增加较快,反之则增加缓慢或不明显;(2)对宜昌江段、金沙江、赤水河和洞庭湖4处水域近20～40年鱼类群落体长特征值的分析表明,其变动大致可分为下降、波动上升和明显上升3个阶段,与鱼类保护政策实施进程有较好的对应性;(3)宜昌江段铜鱼和优势种鱼类群落的平均体长与单位捕捞努力量渔获量呈正相关关系(相关系数分别为0.66和0.88),表明鱼类体长特征值与资源丰度密切相关;(4)基于Logistic曲线对宜昌江段鱼类群落体长特征值的分析预测表明, 2030年该值将达1.22,与20世纪80年代鱼类群落体长特征值接近,据此预测该江段鱼类资源在2030年可恢复到20世纪80年代水平。本研究发现天然水域鱼类体长特征值变动与种群、群落健康状况密切相关,对资源丰度及其变动有较...     

流沙湾浮游植物群落特征季节变化及其与养殖活动的关系

流沙湾是中国海水珍珠“南珠”的主产区和广东省重要的贝类养殖区。为评估湾内养殖活动的环境效应,于2015~2016年对流沙湾海区进行了夏(8月)、秋(11月)、冬(2月)、春(5月) 4个季节的浮游植物和海水理化因子调查。共检出浮游植物171种,包括硅藻门43属122种、甲藻门 10属44种、蓝藻门2属2种、金藻门2属2种和裸藻门1属1种。流沙湾内湾浮游植物细胞丰度为(0.05~79.04)×104个/L,夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,且夏季丰度远大于其他三季,内湾和外湾差异不显著。春季须状角毛藻(Chaetoceros crinitus)、红海束毛藻(Trichodesmium erythraeum)和明壁圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus debilis)为主要优势种,夏季优势种主要为中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum),秋季优势种主要为拟弯角毛藻(Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus)、奇异棍形藻(Bacillaria paradoxa)、洛氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus),冬季主要优势种为威氏圆筛藻(Coscinodisus wailesii)、柔弱根管藻(Rhizosolenia delicatula)、岛脆杆藻(Fragilaria islandica)。其中,奇异棍形藻为春、秋、冬季的优势种,红海束毛藻为春、夏、秋季的优势种。冗余分析表明,流沙湾浮游植物优势种在春季与水温和氨氮密切相关,夏季受透明度显著影响,而在秋、冬季受亚硝酸氮含量影响显著。流沙湾不同养殖区的浮游植物多态性和丰度有明显季节差异。与2012年相比,流沙湾外湾的养殖覆盖率提高了近50%,内湾的珍珠贝养殖减少了近90%,养殖品种、规模和分布格局都发生了明显变化,目前流沙湾的浮游植物群落特征正是对其变化的一种响应。夏季鱼类网箱养殖提高了水域营养盐水平并降低了浮游植物多样性。大规模的扇贝养殖则导致了扇贝养殖区浮游植物丰度的降低。     

易贡藏布江春季浮游生物群落结构特征研究

2017年4-5月对易贡藏布江的13个采样点进行了浮游生物调查。浮游植物计4门73种,各点密度变化范围为930-6840 个/L,生物量变化范围为2.124-13.21 xmg/L,易贡湖点密度及生物量最高,夏曲点密度及生物量最低;浮游动物计4门20种(属),各点密度变化范围为12-109.3个/L,生物量变化范围为1.08-12.56 xmg /L,易贡湖点密度及生物量最高,夏曲点密度最低,八盖曲点生物量最低。结果表明：易贡藏布江干流浮游动物的密度随着浮游植物密度的变化而变化,浮游生物密度随着海拔的上升而降低,浮游生物密度与水温和pH具有极显著相关性。     

泸沽湖浮游生物多样性及垂直变化规律研究

2020年1月、5月、9月利用系统抽样法对泸沽湖浮游生物多样性、密度和生物量进行调查,并对浮游生物密度垂直变化规律进行研究,为泸沽湖渔业管理、珍稀濒危鱼类的生境恢复及水生生态环境保护提供科学依据.调查共鉴定浮游生物243种,其中浮游植物7门10纲23目41科85属148种,小转板藻(Mougeotia parvula)...     

Diel interactions between sprat and mackerel in a marine lough and their effects upon acoustic measurements of fish abundance

We have investigated how diel changes in fish behaviour may affect acoustic estimates of fish abundance in a marine system. Studies in Lough Hyne (Ireland), a marine lake with only a narrow and shallow connection to the sea, showed the presence of large numbers of sprat (Sprattus sprattus), mackerel (Scomber scombrus), and zooplankton. Fish species were identified from regular rod and line fishing. Zooplankton were identified from net hauls. Acoustic measures of zooplankton were low with little diel variation. The sprat formed dense schools during the day and dispersed into the water column at night. The acoustic estimate of sprat abundance at night, obtained by means of a standard hydroacoustic technique and protocol, was more than double the estimated biomass during the day. We have considered whether the lower fish estimate during daytime resulted from acoustic shadowing due to aggregation of the fish into dense schools. However, no decrease in echo energy was evident from the top to the bottom of the schools, and there was no reduction in the seabed echo beneath the schools. Acoustic shadowing was therefore not responsible for the diel differences in the estimates of abundance. Instead, we suggest that the target strength of individual sprat diminished during the day as a result of attacks from predatory mackerel. We observed echoes from gas released by the sprat as they gathered into dense plumes close to the seabed. Compression of the gas remaining within the swim bladder as the fish were moving deeper would also reduce swim bladder volume. Finally, negative buoyancy due to reduced swim bladder volume may in addition have forced the fish to change tilt angle to compensate for sinking. All these effects will reduce the target strengths of individual fish and lead to underestimation of fish abundance based on daytime surveys.     

海河流域下游天津段浮游生物调查研究

为了研究海河下游天津段浮游生物的分布特征,在海河下游七个区域共设置28个调查站位,于2013年5月、7月、9月对各站位表层水体的浮游动植物丰度、生物量进行采样调查和分析。调查期间共发现浮游植物117种,浮游动物20种,浮游植物的平均丰度为8.145×104cells/L,主要优势种为蓝纤维藻(Dactylococcopsis)、颤藻(Oscillatoria)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda(Turp.)de Bréb)、纤维藻(Ankistrodesmus),以蓝、绿藻为主;浮游动物的平均丰度为7.679×104 ind/L,主要优势种为近邻剑水蚤(Cyclops vicinus)、短尾秀体溞(Diaphanosoma brachyurum(Liévin,))、萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)。     

Potential effects of global climate change on fisheries in the Trasimeno Lake (Italy), with special reference to the goldfish Carassius auratus invasion and the endemic southern pike Esox cisalpinus decline

Global climate changes have led to a gradual warming of the planet, resulting in decreased precipitation and rising temperatures in Mediterranean inland waters. In Trasimeno Lake, the largest shallow lake in Italy, some non‐native fish species have probably benefited from these changes as they are thermophilic and characterised by wider habitat preferences. Fish data collected by gillnets and fyke nets between 1956 and 2016, and by electrofishing in 1993 and 2014, were used to analyse changes over time in the fish community in relation to environmental conditions. An explosion in goldfish Carassius auratus (L.), following its introduction in 1988, coupled with water level fluctuations and reduced transparency, contributed to the reduction in commercial fish catch in the lake, and to the decline of the endemic southern pike Esox cisalpinus Bianco & Delmastro, already threatened by reduced spawning habitat and interspecific competition with other non‐native predatory fishes.     

Morphological changes and habitat shifts with growth of endangered floodplain fish: Possible adaptations to fluctuating environments

Adaptations that maximise food intake are dependent on food and/or habitat types. However, there have been few studies on the ability of floodplain primary freshwater fish to rapidly change their morphology, especially the internal one, to maximise utilisation efficiency of food resources in response to environmental fluctuations during their life history. We investigated morphological changes of an Acheilognathinae species (Acheilognathus longipinnis) that inhabits creeks in Japan to determine whether body shape variation correlated with environmental characteristics, including water depth, current velocity, vegetation cover and food availability. When shifting from floodwater-level to low-water-level season, the current velocity of the study area increased as the water level decreased, causing a significant increase in periphyton and a significant decline in zooplankton and phytoplankton. Concurrently, during the short period when A. longipinnis grow from the juvenile to the premature stage, changes in internal morphology, that is intestinal elongation, and changes in external morphology such as an increase of body depth were observed. In contrast, intestinal length significantly decreased in the adult stage. Our findings suggest that morphological changes between floodwater-level and low-water-level seasons associated with juvenile to premature development are an adaptation to changes in food availability due to environmental fluctuations. Additionally, the shortening of the intestine from the premature to the adult stage may be an adaptive strategy for reproduction.     

Comparing the management effectiveness of a marine park and a multiple‐use collaborative fisheries management area in East Africa

• 1. The coral reefs across the international border between Kenya and Tanzania, where historical differences in government policy and socio‐economic conditions created two different management systems, were examined: a large permanent closed area and a collaborative fisheries management project that used gear management and small voluntarily and temporary closed areas, respectively. The diversity and ecology of the reefs in these two management systems were compared spanning a seven‐year period to evaluate the effectiveness of the management and to assess the ecological response to a large‐scale water‐temperature anomaly in 1998.
• 2. Comparisons of rates of predation on sea urchins and of herbivory, using a seagrass assay, were made along with measures of benthic cover and fish abundance and diversity.
• 3. The collaborative fisheries management system was successful in increasing fish stocks, reducing erect algae, and maintaining ecological diversity and stability across the thermal anomaly. This management system, however, was not successful in protecting the expected full biodiversity of fish, predation rates on sea urchins, or the sensitive, branching coral species. Management of the fishery also increased fish stocks in the adjacent, large, permanently closed area, compared to Kenyan parks without this management.
• 4. The large, permanently closed area in the other system maintained high diversity, high predation rates on sea urchins and high herbivory rates, which maintained erect algae abundance and diversity at low levels. The temperature anomaly was destructive to a number of the dominant delicate branching coral species, but overall coral cover and diversity were maintained, although dominance switched from branching Porites spp. to Seriatopora spp. over this period. The large closed area system protected the undisturbed ecology of these reefs and associated ecological processes, and the full diversity of fish and coral, including sensitive species such as branching corals and slow‐growing fish.
• 5. Collaborative fisheries and large permanent closed area management have different attributes that, when combined, should achieve the multiple purposes of sustainable fisheries, ecosystem functions and protection of fishing‐sensitive species.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

拟老年低额溞和大型溞控制水华藻类的实验研究

本文以2种大型浮游动物和1种绿藻、2种铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,初步研究了浮游动物对藻类的摄食关系。实验结果表明当栅藻和无毒铜绿微囊藻CHAB109密度均为1.02×106cells/ml时,拟老年低额溞对二者的去除率分别为54.20%和6.45%,大型溞的则为49.77%和64.77%。同时,拟老年低额溞对栅藻和CHAB109混合藻液中的两种藻均有较好的去除效果,分别为60.65%和34.43%,高于对纯种藻的去除率。在遮光条件下浮游动物摄食量更大,对藻的去除效果更优。拟老年低额溞在锡箔遮光情况下,对初始藻细胞密度为3.023×105cells/ml的有毒微囊藻PCC7806去除率达到32.37%。7d日龄的浮游动物个体大,摄食量也大,有较好的去除效果,且随着添加浮游动物数量的增加,去除率也随着提高。高浓度的藻细胞对两种浮游动物存活率影响较低浓度大。浮游动物应用于藻类水华的控制,作用不容忽视,且若条件适宜,浮游动物也可较好的控制有毒蓝藻。当选用浮游动物控藻藻类水华时,需综合考量选用物种种类、大小、添加数量等因素。     

The development of fisheries at Bornholm,Denmark (Baltic Sea) during 1880s–1914

For centuries the abundance of fish in the Baltic Sea has had an important role in the economy of Bornholm, Denmark. This study examines the development of Bornholm fisheries between approximately 1880s and 1914 on the basis of the first officially recorded Danish fisheries data. Several species were caught, but prior to 1914 especially herring, salmon and cod were economically most important. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the catch composition changed fundamentally due to complex interactions between biological, technological and economical factors. During the late 19th century the catches of herring increased, while the catches of salmon and cod decreased. This development coincided with the introduction of new technologies and fishing practices, including motorization of fishing vessels and the exploitation of herring in previously unexploited areas (i.e., expansion of fishing areas). In addition, the salmon fishery diminished after the introduction of driftnets, which caught large numbers of small salmon. The high catches of small salmon, in combination with other factors, probably contributed to the decline in catches of larger salmon. Each of the fisheries for the three species required different types of vessels and gear, and when catches began to drop in the salmon fishery, Bornholm fishermen were faced with two options. They could either specialise in the growing herring fishery, thereby hoping to maintain their income level, or they could pursue a strategy of risk minimization, by acquiring an income outside the fishing industry, while continuing to work part-time in the salmon and cod fisheries. This dual tendency was intensified further as marine engines and new types of vessels were introduced, raising the costs of fishing.     

太湖湖鲚渔获量及年龄结构变化与环境间的相互关系

在太湖,随着鱼类总渔获量的不断增加和鱼类种类的不断减少,湖鲚(Coilia ectenestaihuensis Yen et Lin),一种小型浮游动物食性鱼类已成为绝对优势种.根据1952-2004年的统计数据和2003-2005年对湖鲚年龄结构和食物组成的调查,研究了湖鲚快速增加的原因以及与环境间的相互关系.结果如下:(1)在1952到2004年期间,湖鲚渔获量从1952年的640.5 t、占总渔获量的15.8%上升到2004年的21 221 t、占63.8%.尤其是1994年后湖鲚渔获量以每年1280.5 t的速度增加;(2)湖鲚种群年龄结构低龄个体呈现不断增加趋势.1979和1980年0 个体仅占33%和34%,而2003和2004年0 个体分别上升到99.04%和99.08%;(3)0 湖鲚主要摄食浮游动物.按照个数组成比例计算,枝角类平均占89.77%±13.69%、桡足类占7.84%±11.53%、轮虫仅占2.39%±4.95%.分析认为:江湖阻隔、过度捕捞、富营养化不断加重等人类活动以及太湖特有的鱼类生态学特点是导致湖鲚渔获量不断增加、年龄结构发生变化的根本原因.随着湖鲚数量的快速增加,在湖鲚生长期间太湖浮游动物现存量呈现相应下降趋势,这可能使太湖浮游植物更易暴发.