日粮因素对反刍动物瘤胃消化代谢影响的研究现状

本文对反刍动物的瘤胃发酵作了总结,其中重点阐述了通过日粮组成对瘤胃消化代谢产物的影响,以便最大限度地发挥瘤胃发酵的有益方面,提高饲料的利用效率和生产性能。     

日粮因素对反刍动物瘤胃消化代谢影响的研究现状

本文对反刍动物的瘤胃发酵作了总结,其中重点阐述了通过日粮组成对瘤胃消化代谢产物的影响,以便最大限度地发挥瘤胃发酵的有益方面,提高饲料的利用效率争生产性能。     

杀灭瘤胃纤毛虫对饲喂粗料日粮湖羊纤维素消化代谢的影响

系列Ⅰ应用两头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠“Ｔ”型瘘管的湖羊，舍饲青干草；系列Ⅱ两头湖羊除装有上述两瘘管外还装有回肠瘘管，舍饲青草。研究杀灭瘤胃纤毛虫对纤维素消化代谢的影响。结果表明：杀灭瘤胃纤毛虫后，瘤胃内ＮＨ３·Ｎ浓度显著下降（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＭＣＰ显著上升（Ⅰ：Ｐ＜０．０５，Ⅱ：Ｐ＜０．０１）；复胃中氮的表现消化率显著下降，进入十二指肠的ＮＡＮ量显著增加，且肠道中氮的表现消化率极显著上升；复胃中纤维素的消化率增加；复胃与大肠的微生物消化之间存在代偿作用。     

发酵木薯渣替代部分玉米对湖羊消化代谢的影响

本研究旨在研究发酵木薯渣替代不同比例玉米对湖羊能量和蛋白质消化代谢的影响。试验选取9只健康、体重接近的4月龄湖羊公羔,随机分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复1只羊。分别利用发酵木薯渣替代0%(对照组)、20%(A组)和40%(B组)玉米日粮进行饲喂,并做消化代谢试验,预饲期10 d,正式饲喂期5 d,测定各营养物质的消化代谢参数。结果 A组和对照组的NH3-N含量显著高于B组(P0.05),A组和B组的乙酸、丁酸含量以及干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)消化率显著低于对照组(P0.05),A组与对照组的酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)消化率要显著高于B组(P0.05),而各组日粮的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)消化率之间无显著差异(P0.05),A组和B组的氮保留率以及日粮能量消化率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。说明发酵木薯渣替代不同比例玉米的日粮会影响湖羊的消化代谢,用发酵木薯渣日粮替代20%玉米日粮的利用率接近对照组日粮。     

日粮碳水化合物结构对瘤胃发酵及消化代谢影响的研究进展

碳水化合物是反刍动物营养的一个重要组成部分,不同结构的碳水化合物在瘤胃内发酵的速度和程度并不一致,从而影响日粮中营养物质的消化吸收。作者综述了不同比例的结构性碳水化合物(structural carbohydrates,SC)和非结构性碳水化合物(non-structural carbohydrate,NSC)对动物采食量、消化率和瘤胃发酵的影响。     

高精日粮条件下硫胺素对山羊瘤胃消化代谢的影响

选择4头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的徐淮白山羊羯羊作为试验动物,以可溶性淀粉、小麦淀粉、粉碎的滤纸纤维、木聚糖和果胶作为底物,底物精粗比为80∶20,硫胺素在瘤胃培养液底物中的浓度设为0、80、160、240、320mg/kg五个水平,利用人工瘤胃体外培养法,研究硫胺素对瘤胃消化代谢的影响。结果表明:高精料日粮条件下,随着硫胺素添加量的增加,培养液的pH值呈上升趋势,NH3-N的平均浓度呈下降趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05)。不影响瘤胃发酵类型,但有降低原虫蛋白,增加细菌蛋白的趋势。     

膨化艾草秸秆对湖羊消化代谢的影响

试验旨在研究膨化艾草秸秆对湖羊消化代谢的影响。选用3月龄、体重（25.27±0.57）kg的健康湖羊72只,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复4只（公母各半）。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,艾草秸秆组用16%艾草秸秆替代基础饲粮中16%干花生秧饲粮、膨化艾草秸秆组用40%膨化艾草秸秆替代基础饲粮中16%干花生秧饲粮和24%膨化玉米粉。预试期15 d,正试期56 d,在第42天每组选取6只体重相近的公湖羊进行消化代谢试验,预试期7 d,正试期4 d。结果表明：艾草秸秆组和膨化艾草秸秆组平均日增重和干物质采食量高于对照组（P<0.05）;与艾草秸秆组相比,膨化艾草秸秆组脂肪表观消化率只提高了14.43%(P<0.05);与对照组相比,艾草秸秆组和膨化艾草秸秆组的有机物表观消化率分别下降了5.30%(P<0.05)、5.95%(P<0.05),酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率分别下降了16.75%(P>0.05)、19.51%(P<0.05),粗蛋白质的表观消化率分别提高了6.13%(P<0.05)、6.47%(P<0.05),3组干物质和中性洗涤纤维表观消化率...     

不同过瘤胃淀粉日粮对泌乳奶牛消化代谢的影响

以3头体况良好,安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳前期奶牛为试验动物,在日粮精粗比为55∶45的前提条件下,采用3×3完全拉丁方试验设计,研究了3种不同过瘤胃淀粉日粮对泌乳奶牛消化代谢的影响。研究结果表明:3组不同日粮对营养物质的采食、排泄以及消化利用有着一定的规律性。3组不同日粮之间的采食量和消化率无明显差异(P>0.05);低过瘤胃淀粉日粮组的粪NDF排出量明显高于其他2组(P<0.05),其他2组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),粪中其他营养物质的排出量3组之间没有差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,其他2组均使尿氮排出量降低,其中高过瘤胃淀粉日粮组达到了显著水平(P<0.05),并且高过瘤胃淀粉日粮的氮沉积量和可消化氮转化为沉积氮的效率也明显高于其他2组(P<0.05),其他2组之间差异不显著。     

基础日粮中添加尿素或铵盐对湖羊氮代谢的影响

<正>引言 反刍动物氮代谢的特点之一是在利用饲料蛋白质的同时,也能利用非蛋白氮(NPN)合成微生物蛋白供机体利用。尿素是常用的NPN化合物。许多研究证明,日粮中尿素氮占总氮量的25～35％时,反刍家畜仍有良好的生产性能。脂肪酸铵盐是近年来受到重视的另一类NPN化合物,因为它们不仅可以补充氮源,而且还能为微生物的蛋白质合成提供能量和碳架。本研究在由精料和稻草组成的低蛋白基础日粮中添加等氮量的尿素和混合挥发性脂肪酸铵盐(肥皂工厂的一种含氮废液),比较它们对湖羊氮代谢的影响。     

日粮甜菜碱和过瘤胃脂肪对育肥湖羊生长性能和消化参数的影响

选取48只3月龄湖羊公羔,随机分为6个处理组、每个处理组8个重复,每个重复1只羊,试验过渡期10d、预试期7d、试验期50d。采用2×3双因素试验,即两个RPF添加浓度(0和2.4%),3个Bet水平(0、4和8g·d-1)。旨在研究添加甜菜碱(betaine,Bet)和过瘤胃脂肪(rumen protected fat,RPF)对育肥湖羊生长性能、血液参数和瘤胃发酵参数的影响。结果表明,1)添加2.4%的RPF能显著降低湖羊日增重、采食量和末体重(P0.05),显著提高血浆中胆固醇(TCH)和甘油三酯(TG)含量(P0.05),对血浆中的葡萄糖(Glu)含量无显著影响(P0.05);日粮添加Bet对育肥湖羊生长性能和血液指标无显著影响(P0.05)。二者交互对育肥湖羊生长性能和血液指标无显著作用(P0.05)。2)添加2.4%的RPF能显著降低饲料中中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)消化率(P0.05),对干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)和粗蛋白(CP)消化率无显著影响(P0.05),对瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸浓度及比例无显著影响(P0.05);日粮添加Bet对养分消化率和瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸浓度及比例无显著影响(P0.05)。二者互作对瘤胃发酵和养分消化率无显著影响(P0.05)。综上可知,在本研究条件下,甜菜碱对湖羊无调控作用,RPF主要通过降低湖羊采食量及纤维消化率影响生产性能。实际生产中,若以羊肉产量为目标不宜添加2.4%RPF。     

Effects of protein and energy supplementation of wheat straw-based diets on site of nutrient digestion and nitrogen metabolism of lambs.

A 4 x 4 Latin square metabolism trial with 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was conducted with lambs to determine effects of energy and CP supplementation of wheat straw-based (WS) diets on apparent N digestion, retention, and flow to the abomasum. Four wether lambs (average weight, 32 kg) fitted with ruminal and abomasal cannulas were fed 70 vs 42% WS (remainder of the diet was concentrate) and 9.5 vs 12.5% CP. Ruminal and total tract DM and OM digestion was 41 and 33% greater (P less than .03) for high-energy than for low-energy diets. Apparent N digestibility was greater (P less than .05) for 12.5% CP than for 9.5% CP diets (69.2 vs 62.0%, respectively) and also greater (P less than .03) for high-energy than for low-energy diets (67.4 vs 63.7%, respectively). High-energy diets resulted in a 23% greater (P less than .03) N retention (percentage of N intake) than did low-energy diets; 12.5% CP diets resulted in a 9% greater N retention (P less than .10) than did 9.5% CP diets. Nitrogen retention (percentage of N digested) was 15% higher (P less than .03) for high-energy than for low-energy diets. Protein level had no effect (P greater than .10). Nitrogen retention (grams/day) was 5.65, 6.97, 5.28, and 7.43 for low-energy, high-energy, low-protein, and high-protein diets, respectively; there were responses to energy level (P less than .03) and protein level (P less than .05). Total N flow (grams/day) to the abomasum did not differ (P greater than .10) due to treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

添加酵母培养物对绵羊全颗粒饲粮中氮消化代谢的影响

试验选用3只健康,并装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的杂种羯绵羊,采用3×3无重复拉丁方试验设计。研究以玉米秸、小麦秸和苜蓿草为粗料的全颗粒饲粮中添加不同水平酵母培养物(YC)对绵羊饲粮中氮的消化与代谢的影响。试验用饲粮为基础饲粮+0%YC、基础饲粮+1.5%YC和基础饲粮+3%YC,基础饲粮粗精比为67∶33。试验分3期,每期16d,全期48d。试验结果表明:全饲粮颗粒料中添加YC,对粗蛋白质表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著提高了氮的存留率(P=0.022);添加YC,对瘤胃液总氮、氨氮、尿素氮及蛋白氮浓度无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

Effects of choline on blood metabolites associated with lipid metabolism and digestion by steers fed corn-based diets

Ruminally cannulated steers (281 +/- 18 kg) were used to evaluate effects of choline on digestion and metabolism. Four steers were implanted with 24 mg of estradiol and 120 mg of trenbolone acetate, and four steers were not implanted. Cattle were assigned to concurrent 4 x 4 Latin squares. Dietary treatments were a 2 x 2 factorial: 0 or 4% tallow (DM basis) in corn-based diets, and 0 or 5 g/d supplemental choline administered abomasally. Blood collected before and 6 h after the initial choline infusion was used to assess acute responses to choline. Digestibility and blood metabolites were measured after adaptation to choline, as well as after an abomasal dose of 100 g of lipid. Digestibilities of dietary DM (P = 0.29) and of dietary total fatty acids (P = 0.42) were not affected by choline. Apparent digestibilities of C18:0 and C18:1 fatty acids were greater (P < 0.05) when diets contained 4% tallow. Digestibilities of fatty acids in the lipid dose were less than those in the diet, and no biologically important differences in fatty acid disappearance resulted from the treatments. No significant acute responses to choline were detected. After adaptation to choline, no important differences in plasma metabolites occurred in response to choline infusion. Plasma urea was less (P < 0.05) for implanted cattle, reflecting increased deposition of protein. Plasma cholesterol was greater (P < 0.05) for steers fed 4% tallow. Changes in plasma triglycerides in response to an abomasal lipid dose were less (P < 0.05) for steers fed 4% tallow, probably due to greater triglyceride concentrations at the time of lipid dosing. In summary, few responses to abomasally infused choline were observed in either digestion or plasma metabolites.     

Effects of restricted and ad libitum intake of diets containing wheat middlings on site and extent of digestion in steers

A 5 x 5 Latin square design was used to determine the effects of restricted and ad libitum intake of diets containing wheat middlings on the site and extent of digestion compared to ad libitum intake of a corn-based diet and ad libitum intake of chopped alfalfa hay. Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated Angus steers (519 +/- 41.5 kg BW) were used to compare five dietary treatments. The five treatments were as follows: ad libitum access to a corn-based finishing diet (control), the control diet with 25 percentage units of the corn and soybean meal replaced with wheat middlings offered ad libitum (WM), the WM diet restricted to 75% of predicted ad libitum intake (RWM), the RWM diet with wheat middlings replaced with ammoniated wheat middlings (RNWM), and ad libitum access to a chopped alfalfa hay diet. Although RWM steers were fed to consume 75% of ad libitum intake, RWM steers consumed 15.5% less DM than WM. Steers fed ad libitum hay consumed 28.6, 31.7, and 37.2% less (P < 0.01) DM, OM, and nitrogen than RWM steers. No differences in apparent or true ruminal digestibility were observed among steers fed the control vs WM, WM vs RWM, RWM vs RNWM, or RWM vs hay diets. However, the steers fed the hay diet had 32.5, 33.4, and 36.9% lower (P < 0.01) apparent total tract digestibilities of DM, OM, and N than those fed the RWM diet. Average ruminal pH was lower (P < 0.01) for control steers than those fed the WM diet and for those fed RWM compared to the hay diet. The acetate:propionate ratio was higher for cattle fed hay vs the RWM diet. Microbial DM and OM flow to the small intestine was higher (P < 0.02) for steers fed the RWM diet than those fed the hay diet. In addition, bacterial N flow to the small intestine was higher (P < 0.01) for cattle receiving the RWM diet than the hay diet. Feeding diets containing 25 percentage units of wheat middlings at 75% ad libitum intake had no effect on ruminal digestibility.     

Effects of oat hulls and wood shavings on digestion in broilers and layers fed diets based on whole or ground wheat

1. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of inclusion of oat hulls in diets based on whole or ground wheat for broilers. Effects of wood shavings on layers were investigated in a further experiment. 2. Inclusion of oat hulls in wheat-based broiler diets did not affect weight gain. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE), corrected for insoluble fibre contents, was improved by oat hull inclusion. 3. Gizzard size increased with inclusion of oat hulls, whole wheat, wood shavings and grit. 4. Starch digestibility was significantly increased by inclusion of oat hulls for broilers, and by wood shavings for layers. 5. Wood shavings and whole wheat did not affect bile acid concentration of gizzard contents. However, the total amount of bile acids in gizzard increased with access to wood shavings due to an increase in the weight of gizzard contents, indicating an increased gastroduodenal reflux. 6. Fibre concentration was considerably higher in the gizzard contents than in the feed. 7. Duodenal particle size decreased with access to grit. No effect of hulls or whole wheat inclusion was found, indicating that all particles are ground to a certain critical size before leaving the gizzard.     

Effect of wheat and corn variety on fiber digestion in beef steers fed high-grain diets.

Six Salers steers, fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were used in a double 3x3 Latin square design to assess the depressive effect of the nature of wheat, flint corn, and dent corn on fiber digestion in animals fed high-concentrate diets, and to determine the mechanisms involved in these negative digestive effects. Diets were balanced to be equal in starch content (47.7+/-2.3%). The three cereals were characterized by ruminal starch digestibilities of 86.6, 60.8, and 34.8% for the wheat, dent corn, and flint corn, respectively. Ruminal digestion of NDF was lower with wheat- than with corn-based diets (49.4 vs. 55.2%; P<.001), and with dent corn than with flint corn (53 vs. 57.3%; P<.01). Degradability of hay in nylon bags was not affected by the grain source in the diet (P>.1). The mean retention time of forage particles in the rumen was similar between wheat and corn diets (P>.1), but it was lower for steers fed dent corn than for those fed flint corn (P<.05). Most fibrolytic activities of the solid-associated microorganisms were lower (P<.05) in animals fed wheat than in those fed corn. Differences in fibrolytic activities of the solid-associated microorganisms between the two corn genotypes were not statistically significant (P>.1), but activities of all fibrolytic enzymes were lower (P<.05) with the dent than with the flint corn diet. Protozoal number in ruminal fluid was lower in animals receiving wheat than in those fed corn (177 vs. 789x10(3)/mL; P<.001) and was related to the high ruminal acidity (P<.01) of the wheat diet. Large modifications in the rumen microbial ecosystem between the two corn genotypes were not visible in protozoal numbers or pH. Total-tract digestion of NDF was the same for wheat and for corn diets, averaging 55% for the three diets. A postruminal compensation of NDF digestion (14% of the total tract NDF digestion) seemed to occur with the wheat diet. The lack of any postruminal NDF digestion (0%) with the two corn diets may suggest negative digestive interactions in the hindgut similar to those in the rumen.     

玉米的不同加工处理对绵羊消化代谢的影响

以 4头内蒙古半细毛羯羊为试验动物 ,采用 4× 4拉丁方试验设计 ,在 1.3M饲养水平上研究测定了玉米的不同加工处理 (制粒、烘烤、蒸气处理 )对绵羊消化代谢的影响。结果表明 ,饲喂含不同加工处理玉米的日粮对绵羊养分消化率均无显著影响 (P >0 0 5 )。制粒处理、烘烤处理、蒸气处理都有促进氮沉积的趋势 ,但与对照组相比差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。     

不同蛋白质来源的日粮对瘤胃发酵特性及蛋白质消化的影响

以4只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的白山羊作为采集瘤胃液的供体,用体外法研究了4种不同蛋白质来源（玉米-豆粕型、玉米-豆粕-棉粕型、玉米-豆粕-菜粕型、玉米-棉粕-菜粕型）的日粮对不同培养时间的发酵底物的干物质和蛋白质消化率、产气量、瘤胃pH值和NH3-N质量浓度的影响。结果表明：经24 h人工瘤胃培养后,干物质和蛋白质的消化率由高到低顺序依次为：玉米-豆粕型>玉米-豆粕-棉粕型>玉米-豆粕-菜粕型>玉米-棉粕-菜粕型。发酵底物产气量由高到低依次为：玉米-豆粕-菜粕型>玉米-豆粕-棉粕型>玉米-豆粕型>玉米-棉粕-菜粕型。瘤胃NH3-N质量浓度由高到低依次为：玉米-豆粕-棉粕型>玉米-豆粕-菜粕型>玉米-豆粕型>玉米-棉粕-菜粕型。 各组的瘤胃pH值基本一致,处于正常瘤胃生理范围。     

壳聚糖对仔猪营养物质消化代谢的影响

<正>关于壳聚糖对动物营养物质消化代谢影响的资料报道较少,且多数研究集中在较高剂量壳聚糖对动物脂肪代谢的影响方面。已有报道认为[1-5],日粮中     

日粮添加不同水平蛋氨酸硒对肉牛营养物质代谢的影响

选用4头安装永久瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔阉牛(体重为420kg、年龄2.5岁),采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆作为基础日粮,研究1.3倍维持需要水平下,日粮添加不同水平蛋氨酸硒(0、0.3、0.6、0.9mg/kg,以干物质为基础)对营养物质代谢的影响。结果表明:0.3和0.6mg/kg组日粮OM、CP、EE、NFE、NDF、ADF表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.6和0.9mg/kg组DN、RN和RN/DN显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组与对照组相比Se、Ca、P、Cu、Fe、Mn的存留率显著提高,Zn、Mo和S的存留率无显著差异;0.6mg/kg组血清TG、GLU、ALB、TP、ALT、AST、SOD、GSH-px、GSH均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组血清Se、Cu含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。