棉花多重 PCR 技术及其对杂交棉纯度鉴定的初步研究

选取在湘杂棉系列品种间表现出多态性稳定的部分SSR引物,基于其扩增片段大小的不同来组合引物,进行棉花多重PCR扩增.结果表明,在与单-PCR扩增相同反应条件下,仅根据扩增片段大小不同的原则,可使80%的两重PCR组合获得正常扩增.利用两重PCR组合正常扩增的引物进行三重、四重PCR反应时,均可获得正常扩增的产物,在此基...     

甜菜多重SSR-PCR体系的建立和优化

为了建立甜菜多重SSR-PCR体系,通过利用11对甜菜SSR核心引物,根据SSR扩增产物片段大小的不同,构建甜菜2~5重SSR-PCR反应体系。结果表明,在单一SSR-PCR的基础上,甜菜2~3重SSR-PCR的体系为：每增加一重SSR,仅仅增加相应引物的量以及减少去离子水的量。甜菜4~5重SSR-PCR,要在单一PCR的基础上增加0.5倍DNTPs的含量以及相应引物的量,同时根据个别引物扩增效率的不同,相应减少或者增加0.5倍个别引物的量,并成功的构建了16个4重PCR和9个5重PCR。多重PCR反应能够产生与单一PCR相同的多态性,但是却比单一PCR提高了2~5倍的效率,甜菜多重PCR体系的建立将大大加速甜菜品种纯度和真实性鉴定的速度,也将更快的促进甜菜分子生物学其他领域的发展。     

玉米InDel分子标记20重PCR检测体系的建立

为构建玉米多重PCR检测体系,提高分子标记检测效率,利用10份代表性玉米材料对238对InDel引物进行单重PCR评估,共得到192对扩增效率高、稳定性好的引物。根据软件评估结果、扩增质量、产物范围、染色体均匀分布原则从192对引物中优选出30对综合表现较好的引物形成扩增产物范围在80~200 bp和200~400 bp的两组核心引物组合,每套组合中有10对引物分布在不同染色体上。在核心引物组合的基础上综合考虑染色体分布、碱基片段范围、引物荧光颜色,逐一添加引物,最终形成两组玉米20重PCR体系,一组40重荧光标记毛细管电泳。     

玉米分子遗传框架图谱构建

以48-2×5003的166个F2单株为作图群体,利用135个RFLP探针和131对SSR引物对亲本48-2、5003之间的多态性进行了检测,筛选出109个RFLP多态性探针和81对SSR多态性引物用于F2群体分析,利用上述109个RFLP标记和81个SSR标记,构建了具190个RFLP、SSR标记199个标记位点的玉米分子遗传图谱,覆盖整个基因组2984.1 cM,标记间平均间     

花生栽培种SSR遗传图谱的构建

花生栽培种品种间分子多态性相对缺乏, 至今未构建出较完整的分子遗传图谱。本研究以粤油13和阜95-5为亲本, 通过杂交构建包含184个F6重组自交系的遗传作图群体。采用652对genomic-SSR引物和392对EST-SSR引物对亲本进行多态性检测, 从中筛选出121对多态性引物, 在亲本中共检测到123个多态性位点。利用作图群体对多态性SSR位点进行遗传连锁分析, 获得包含108个SSR标记(102个genomic-SSR标记和6个EST-SSR标记), 涉及20个连锁群, 总长568 cM, 平均图距为6.45 cM的花生栽培种遗传图谱。与前人构建的花生野生种(A. duranensis × A. stenosperma, AA genome)SSR遗传图谱比较, 初步确定本研究构建的遗传图谱中有11个连锁群与野生种遗传图谱的6个连锁群存在同源关系。     

SSR荧光标记和银染技术的比较分析

应用多重PCR简单重复序列（SSR）荧光标记分析技术和常规的SSR银染技术，对北方冬麦区451份材料（中国小麦初选核心种质的一部分）进行分析，用相同材料和引物，对这两种方法的检测效果进行评价。用24对引物扩增，银染法共检测出235个等位变异，每个位点检测到的等位变异为3～20，平均为9.8个，多态性信息指数PIC为0.22～0.93     

玉米SSR分子标记的荧光多重PCR体系的构建及优化

以10对SSR玉米核心荧光引物为研究对象,探讨了多重PCR组合的建立,通过对两重PCR组合的优化,找到了适于两重、三重及四重PCR优化的方法;通过正交设计,快速找到了适于六重PCR的扩增体系,并且应用六重PCR体系成功构建了1个七重PCR。     

基因组DNA混合池技术在SSR引物筛选中的可靠性分析

SSR-PCR产物的重测序是SSR标记技术开发和应用的必要步骤。本研究以6个桉树DNA样品为对照组,1个基因组DNA混合池为试验组进行基因组DNA混合池在SSR引物筛选中的可靠性性分析。通过SSR-PCR产物的重测序分析,6个桉树单一DNA样品与基因组DNA混合池的扩增序列比对结果分析显示,两种模板扩增结果差异不显著,即基因组DNA混合池可以替代多个单一DNA样品进行SSR引物的高效筛选。利用20对SSR引物在6种桉树DNA样品中的扩增序列进行多态性分析发现,同一位点不同桉树种间的扩增序列存在长度多态性和核苷酸多态性,从而证实了SSR序列的多态性和复杂性,为SSR标记技术在桉树遗传育种研究中的应用提供了理论依据。     

3种PCR程序扩增甜菜SSR及InDel标记的比较

本研究旨在扩增出条带清晰、非特异性条带少的SSR/InDel标记产物。选择来自6个国家的12份不同基因型甜菜品种,利用SSR及InDel两种标记方法,Touch-down PCR、梯度PCR及常规固定退火温度PCR三种反应程序扩增产物。通过比较扩增产物的多态性、稳定性、清晰度选择适合两种分子标记方法的PCR反应程序。结果表明:Touch-down PCR法可以通过一次反应即顺利扩增出带型清晰,无无效带,扩增效果稳定的样本产物。梯度PCR法扩增结果不稳定,有非特异性条带出现并且弥散现象严重。固定退火温度PCR扩增结果因引物不同而差异较大,同时伴有弥散现象。Touch-down PCR扩增产物特异性,稳定性均高于梯度PCR及固定退火温度PCR,且较梯度PCR法省略了摸索最适退火温度的过程。因此,推荐使用Touch-down PCR程序进行甜菜SSR与InDel分子标记法研究。     

花生F_1代真伪杂种鉴定方法分析

为了探索更加方便快捷的鉴定花生杂种子代的方法,本研究以花优7号和花优4号为亲本,根据其SNP位点的突变碱基G-T和SSR多态性位点,同时利用籽仁表型性状的观察、SSR多态性标记分析、四引物扩增突变体系PCR和Sanger测序基因峰值图分析等四种方法,进行F1代真伪杂种鉴定。结果表明,根据籽仁的表型性状来鉴别杂种F1的真伪,只能鉴别出部分杂种,有一定局限性;SSR多态性分子标记法需要多对引物并进行多次筛选,该方法比较简单,成熟,适用于大群体;ARMS-PCR方法则仅需2对引物;PCR扩增产物的鉴定只需要普通的琼脂糖凝胶电泳即可,省时省力,简便,但其对引物设计要求比较高;基因序列峰值图分析较耗时耗力耗财,适用于小群体。因此,运用后三种生物技术方法均能鉴别F1代真伪杂种,F1代真杂种的准确鉴定可以减少F2群体的规模,有助于进一步的遗传群体构建和新品种的培育。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.