昆明山海崇蜜对中蜂和意蜂生命力的影响

用相似糖浓度的昆明山海棠蜜与藿香蜜分别饲喂中蜂和意蜂（Apis cerana cerana,Apis mellifera ligustica）,比较2种蜜蜂的致死率,结果表明在第6天时饲喂山海棠蜜的中蜂致死率高达100％,饲喂藿香蜜的意蜂致死率则为（35．08±0．91）％,且存活时间最长。无论是中蜂还是意蜂,     

蜜蜂饲喂理论与方法探索(2)

(接上期) 3.3饲喂浓度 3.3.1贮糖饲喂浓度依据上述原理和意蜂、中蜂的贮备用蜜浓度都高的特点,蜜蜂贮糖饲喂用的糖浆浓度,就应该越浓越好,只要还在蜜蜂尚能较快吸取的浓度范围内就行.一般可以采用浓度66%、74%,甚至是糖的饱和溶液.即分别为:取2份向砂糖,加入1份水;取3份白砂糖,加入1份水.     

蜜蜂低温采集活动的研究

闽南山区八叶五加花期,蜜蜂采集的最低气温中蜂6.5℃、意蜂9.5℃。根据试验推测:蜜蜂在,八叶五加花期采集的安全温度中蜂6.5℃、意蜂11℃;蜜蜂采集的最低极限温度中蜂4.5℃以下,意蜂8.0℃。气温低于14℃中蜂出勤率大大高于意蜂。利用中蜂低温采集特性,能充分地利用低温泌蜜型蜜源,在农业生产上可以有效地为低温开花的作物授粉。     

意蜂蜂蜜和中蜂蜂蜜的区别

我国现在饲养的蜜蜂主要有两大种群:一种是中华蜜蜂(简称中蜂、土蜂),另一种是引进的意大利蜜蜂(简称意蜂、西蜂)。中蜂是我国土生土长的蜜蜂,已经在中华大地上繁衍生活了近千年,多为黑色,个体较意蜂小,我们所说的土蜂蜜就是中蜂产的。笔者到云南省西双版纳搞蜜蜂育种,当地老百姓经常会问中蜂蜂蜜和意蜂蜂蜜有什么区别,现将我所知的和大家分享。     

中蜂与意蜂合群饲养及其工蜂监督

本实验以中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂为实验材料,通过特殊的方法对中华蜜蜂与意大利蜜蜂进行合群饲养,并对中意合群蜂中工蜂监督等行为特性进行了初步研究。结果表明:中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂可以同群饲养,并且可以培育出中意合群蜂和意中合群蜂两种特殊的蜂群;中意合群蜂中工蜂在24h内会清除将近一半的外源意蜂受精卵,但保留了将近90%的中意合群蜂受精卵,差异显著;中意合群蜂中工蜂对外源中蜂受精卵辨认效果差异不显著,对外源意蜂雌性幼虫的辨认效果差异也不显著。     

蜜蜂为白莲授粉增产试验研究

本试验是对利用中蜂和意蜂对莲花授粉增产的研究。试验结果表明,自然放蜂授粉比无蜂授粉可提升40%以上的结实率,蜜蜂强制授粉可提升50%以上的结实率。通过自然放蜂、网棚内强制蜜蜂授粉、网棚内无蜂授粉等分区试验对比,结果表明,蜜蜂对白莲增产达到23.83%;中蜂与意蜂的增产效果无明显差异。     

周文斌与他的“百发百中”盗蜂处理器

由于种性原因与生存竞争,盗蜂现象与蜜蜂的存在相伴相随.在中蜂、意蜂混养地区,盗蜂现象时有发生,也从未停止过.对于饲养中蜂的蜂农来说,最为突出的便是意盗中问题,着实令人头痛!     

自制蜂具贮存备用蜂王

蜜蜂群势的变动,会引起蜜蜂某些行为发生程度不同的改变。本文仅列举4例以作证明。例一:上世纪70年代和80年代,南方农村有些业余养蜂者,由于对外来蜂种缺乏全面的了解和正确的认识,常常将中蜂和意蜂同场饲养。由于对意蜂的饲养管理经验不足,导致意蜂度夏之后群势过于孱弱,难以在短时期内恢复。在迫不得已的情况之下,只好用中蜂的蛹脾去补强意蜂的群势,使其迅速复壮。采取该措施者大多数获得了成功:意蜂很乐意地接受了中蜂蛹脾,此后中意蜂同巢共处相安无敌视。消息传开后很多人都曾做过尝试,然而总有一些模仿者尝到了失败的苦涩,意蜂拒绝接受…     

中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂对糖浓度的反应

为了研究蜜蜂嗅觉反应,选取葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖,将浓度为1%,3%,5%,7%的糖对饿过2 h的蜜蜂进行不接触刺激,观察蜜蜂吻伸展的情况.结果表明:当糖浓度在1%～5%时,随着糖浓度增加,中蜂和意蜂吻伸展率都显著性增大;糖浓度为1%和3%时,中蜂显著偏好于蔗糖,但当浓度等于或高于5%时,中蜂吻伸展率在各类糖之间差异不显著.意蜂在糖浓度为1%时,蜜蜂偏好于蔗糖和果糖,但当浓度等于或高于3%时,则蜜蜂吻伸展率在各类糖之间差异不显著.     

《中蜂饲养原理与方法》的问与答(59)

<正>尊敬的龚凫羌、宁守容老师:你们好!辛苦了,你们无私奉献的精神令人敬佩。我是一位退休职工,已近70岁。我对蜜蜂很感兴趣,在自家门口用高窄式蜂箱,定地饲养了30群中蜂。我是《蜜蜂杂志》的长期订阅者,也邮购了《中蜂饲养原理与方法》(第二版)一书,从中学到很多东西,可谓受益匪浅。但尚有件难事长期困扰未得其解,那就是盗蜂。浙江兰溪市靠养意蜂谋生者不少,他们绝大多数时间在外追花夺蜜。但在每年九十月份,带着意蜂返     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.