用AFLP分子标记技术鉴别甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum L.)品种

本研究采用AFLP技术,从64对引物中筛选出5对带型分布均匀、多态性丰富且分辨能力强的引物,对两个在生产上广泛推广应用的甘蔗品种的AFLP指纹图谱进行分析,计算了两品种间的遗传相似性和遗传距离.结果表明,5对引物在2个甘蔗品种间均存在显著的差异,其中多态性位点占总扩增位点的10.2%,区分率达100%.研究结果对生产上应用AFLP技术鉴定甘蔗品种的真伪性提供了依据.本文对甘蔗AFLP分析体系的关键技术以及银染技术的安全性和可靠性进行了讨论.     

用AFLP分子标记技术鉴别甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum L.)品种

本研究采用AFLP技术,从64对引物中筛选出5对带型分布均匀、多态性丰富且分辨能力强的引物,对两个在生产上广泛推广应用的甘蔗品种的AFLP指纹图谱进行分析,计算了两品种间的遗传相似性和遗传距离.结果表明,5对引物在2个甘蔗品种间均存在显著的差异,其中多态性位点占总扩增位点的10.2%,区分率达100%.研究结果对生产上应用AFLP技术鉴定甘蔗品种的真伪性提供了依据.本文对甘蔗AFLP分析体系的关键技术以及银染技术的安全性和可靠性进行了讨论.     

羊耳蒜遗传多样性研究中AFLP反应体系的建立与初步应用

为研究羊耳蒜种质资源遗传多样性,建立并初步应用羊耳蒜AFLP反应体系。以羊耳蒜幼嫩叶片为材料,采用常规SDS法提取基因组DNA,通过优化AFLP反应体系中的几个关键因素,建立适合羊耳蒜的AFLP银染反应体系,并利用筛选出的引物组合对羊耳蒜的遗传多样性进行初步研究。经EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ酶组合37℃酶切3 h后可将500 ng基因组DNA完全切开;酶切产物和接头经16℃连接过夜后,用带有1个选择性碱基的预扩引物和带有3个选择性碱基的选扩引物分别进行扩增,扩增产物经变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离,银染,能够得到清晰的扩增图谱。3对引物组合对8个羊耳蒜种群共185个体的扩增共得到221条条带,其中多态性条带195条,多态性条带百分率为88.24%。本研究结果表明建立的AFLP反应体系可用于羊耳蒜种质资源遗传多样性研究。     

甘蔗（Saccharum officinarum L.）品种遗传差异的AFLP分子标记分析

采用AFLP技术,从64对引物中筛选出5对带型分布均匀、多态性丰富且分辨能力强的引物,对两个在生产上广泛推广应用的甘蔗品种的AFLP指纹图谱进行分析,计算了两品种间的遗传相似性和遗传距离。结果表明,5对引物在2个甘蔗品种间均存在显著的差异,其中多态性位点占总扩增位点的10.2%,区分率达100%。这对应用AFLP技术鉴定甘蔗     

基于松树EST序列的马尾松SSR引物开发

本文用生物信息学方法对松树359 521条EST进行处理,得到无冗余EST序列56 776条,其中有2 315个SSR分布于2 057条EST中,出现频率是4.08%,平均距离是22.06 kb.检测到二、三碱基重复SSR总数为1 631个,四碱基至六碱基重复SSR共117个.在所得二碱基以上重复SSR中,多态潜能高的有488个,占27.92%;多态潜能次高的有1 260个,占72.08%.选择整体长度不小于24个碱基的SSR位点用于开发马尾松SSR引物,设计出135对备选引物,最终有51对引物在马尾松中得到扩增,有效扩增率为37.78%;其中39对有多态性,多态率为28.89%.在51对可扩增引物所对应的SSR类型中,P型占74.51%,I型占3.92%,C型占21.57%.     

生命编码“新单词”被发现

高等生物的DNA中，有腺嘌呤（A）、鸟嘌呤（G）、胸腺嘧啶（T）和胞嘧啶（c）4种常见的碱基形式。而我国科学家最新研究表明，除A、G、T、C四大碱基及两种与C相关的碱基修饰形式外，还存在第7种碱基。中科院上海生命科学研究院生物化学与细胞生物学研究所徐国良研究组近日在《科学》杂志发表论文，     

棉花区试品种的AFLP指纹图谱分析

为了探索AFLP分子标记在构建国家区试棉花品种指纹图谱上的优势,以2009年和2010年参加国家黄河流域棉花区试的B组常规棉、C组杂交棉共31份品种为材料,运用筛选确定的2对AFLP核心引物对这些品种进行分子标记分析,共获得44个多态性片段,其中多态性位点占总扩增位点的28.39%,利用44个多态性片段初步构建了这些品种的AFLP指纹图谱。聚类结果显示,在相似系数为0.92时,31份区试品种完全区分开;常规棉之间、杂交棉之间大多不同程度的优先聚集在一起。     

利用AFLP标记构建4种薯蓣属植物的指纹图谱

本研究采用12对引物对4种薯蓣属(Dioscorea)植物,小花盾叶薯蓣(D.sinopatviflora C.T.Ting.)、盾叶薯蓣(D.zingibiernsis C.H Wright.)、黄独(D.bulbifera L.)和山药(D.polystachya Turczaninow)共22份材料进行AFLP多态性分析并构建指纹图谱。4种薯蓣属植物的22份材料种间及种内多态率分别为100%、84.06%、99.08%、72.87%和98.79%,表明4种薯蓣属植物种间、种内均存在较大差异。各样品间的遗传相似系数经UPGMA聚类分析,当遗传相似系数为0.76时分为两个大支,即小花盾叶薯蓣与盾叶薯蓣聚为一个大支;黄独与山药聚为一个大支。利用918个AFLP标记片段组合构建供试材料的指纹图谱数据库,为追踪薯蓣属植物血缘在野生种及栽培株系种的传递情况及这些植物材料在育种中的进一步利用提供科学依据。     

紫花槭秋季叶色表达转录组初步分析

为了丰富紫花槭转录组数据,进一步开展紫花槭秋季叶片呈色机制研究.本研究以紫花槭秋季转色期三个阶段(前期,中期,后期)叶片为材料,采用高通量测序技术进行转录组初步分析.转录组数据共获得50501条Unigene,有35316条Unigene在数据库中得到注释,其中NR数据库中注释到的Unigene数量最多,共35024条,占69.4％.在注释到的物种中,紫花槭比对的Unigene与甜橙(Citrus sinensis)相似度最高,共有4290条,占12.25％.紫花槭转录组中的Unigene根据GO功能可分为生物学过程、细胞组分和分子功能3大类,共有25375条,其中生物学过程的基因最多,主要聚集于代谢过程和细胞过程等.基于Unigene库的基因结构分析,其中SSR分析共获得12711个SSR标记,占Unigene总数的36％.SSR位点共包含150种重复基元,单碱基重复所占比例最高(7184个,61.86％),四碱基重复、五碱基重复和六碱基重复所占比例较低.Unigene库中共有328239个SNP位点,发生频率为1/190 bp,SNP位点分为转换和颠换两种类型的碱基替换方式,其中碱基转换位点213787个(65.13％),碱基颠换位点114452个(34.87％),碱基转换类型发生频率高于颠换类型.6种单碱基变异中,2种转换类型A/G、C/T的发生频率分别为33.03％和32.10％;4种颠换类型中A/T发生频率最高,为11.52％;C/G发生频率最低,为5.79％.紫花槭转录组秋季叶色表达的转录组分析,可为紫花槭叶色基因调控、定向分子育种和培育彩叶新品种提供研究提供基础的数据信息.     

马铃薯品种遗传多样性的AFLP分析

利用AFLP分子标记技术对19份克新系列马铃薯品种进行了遗传多样性分析,用30对引物组合进行了初筛,选出7对有多态性的引物组合进行了详细研究。每对AFLP引物组合扩增出54~90条带,共获得495条带,其中多态性条带为302条。AFLP分析表明19个材料的遗传距离介于0.2091~0.7679之间,平均值为0.4811。聚类分析将19份材料划分为4类,其中第2类包括14个品种,占总数73.86%,表明多数品种亲缘关系较近,但有少数品种亲缘关系较远,说明克新系列马铃薯的遗传基础有所拓宽。研究表明：AFLP指纹分析技术具有很高的分辨率,适于进行马铃薯遗传多样性研究     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.