铅污染对3个水稻品种种子活力的影响

 以3个水稻品种（嘉育293、嘉育948、协优963）的种子为材料，研究了不同浓度的铅溶液对水稻种子的发芽及幼苗生长的影响，并在存在质量性状（品种）的情况下，采用质量型与数量型正交多项式结合的方法对水稻种子活力指标进行回归预测分析。结果表明，不同品种的水稻种子对铅毒害的敏感程度不同。在100～700 mg/L浓度条件下，铅对水稻幼苗根长和茎长存在显著的抑制作用，且其抑制程度随着浓度的提高而增加，但对根干质量和茎干质量却无显著的抑制作用，表明不同生理性状对铅的敏感程度不同。得到的回归预测方程能有效预测不同铅浓度对水稻种子活力的影响。     

Morphological and physiological traits of seeds and seedlings in two rice cultivars with contrasting early vigor

Early vigor is important for crop establishment in rice. This study was conducted to determine the seed and seedling traits in relation to early vigor in rice. Laboratory tests and pot experiments were carried out in 2013 and 2014. Morphological and physiological traits of seeds and seedlings were compared between two contrasting rice cultivars, Yuxiangyouzhan with superior early vigor and Huanghuazhan with general early vigor. For seed traits, Yuxiangyouzhan had lower seed hull weight but higher seed amylose content, seed amylase activity, and plumule–radicle ratio than Huanghuazhan, and consequently, Yuxiangyouzhan had about 10% higher germination percentage and velocity and 37% longer plumule than Huanghuazhan. For seedling traits, leaf area, specific leaf weight, leaf chlorophyll and soluble protein contents, leaf net photosynthetic rate, and shoot–root ratio were higher in Yuxiangyouzhan than in Huanghuazhan, and as a result, seedling shoot biomass was 23–32% higher in Yuxiangyouzhan than in Huanghuazhan. These results indicate that Yuxiangyouzhan has both superior seed and seedling vigor. The former is attributed to the low mechanical strength of seed hull, high conversion efficiency of seed reserve, and high mobilization of seed reserve to plumule, while the latter is due to large leaf area, high leaf photosynthetic capacity, and high partitioning of dry matter to shoot. This study enriches the physiological understanding of superior early vigor in rice.     

干旱胁迫对不同抗旱性小麦种子萌发及幼苗根芽生物量分配的影响

为探讨冬小麦种子萌发期抗旱性与幼苗生物量分配的关系,以小麦抗旱型品种长旱58和干旱敏感型品种漯麦18为材料,采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫的方法,测定和分析了干旱胁迫后小麦种子发芽率、幼苗根冠比、叶绿素含量等16个指标的变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫后,长旱58种子发芽率无明显变化,漯麦18种子发芽率显著下降。干旱胁迫下长旱58种子发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和干物质转移量显著大于漯麦18,平均发芽时间显著小于漯麦18,长旱58幼苗根、芽的长度和干重及总干重均显著高于漯麦18。干旱胁迫显著增加漯麦18幼苗根冠比,对长旱58萌发第五和第七天的幼苗根冠比无显著影响。干旱胁迫显著降低漯麦18幼苗叶绿素含量,对长旱58无显著影响。由于小麦萌发期幼苗干物质累积取决于种子中营养物质的转移和呼吸消耗,因此推测种子营养物质的快速转移和低呼吸消耗有助于提高小麦萌发期的抗旱能力,促进干旱胁迫下种子萌发和幼苗生长。     

不同氮素利用效率小麦苗期的根系形态数量性状分析

为在苗期可通过根系形态数量性状对氮高效小麦品种进行鉴别,利用营养液培养法,在正常氮(5mmol·L~(-1))和高氮(45mmol·L~(-1))处理下,研究了黄淮平原区18个主栽小麦品种苗期氮素利用效率与根系形态数量性状的关系;通过干物重和氮积累量与根系形态指标相结合的方式对供试小麦品种植株氮效率进行了综合评价,并划分不同氮效率类型。结果发现,在两种氮处理下,供试小麦品种的根干重、茎叶干重、单株干重、根氮含量、茎叶氮含量、单株氮含量、单株总根长、根总表面积、根总体积、根尖数的变异系数均大于15%,可作为氮效率评价指标。小麦的单株总根长、根总表面积、根总体积、根尖数与植株氮积累量呈显著正相关,可以作为育种早期筛选高氮效率材料的指标。不同氮效率类型的单株总根长、根总表面积、根总体积、根尖数均表现为氮高效型氮中效型氮低效型。通过逐步回归分析,建立了小麦幼苗植株氮积累量和根系形态数量性状的预测模型,拟合精度在91.91%以上。小麦不同氮效率类型间的单株总根长、根总表面积、单株根尖数的差异均达显著水平,生产上可根据小麦苗期根系的主要形态数量性状判断其氮效率高低。     

普通小麦与其近缘种及人工合成材料根系主要性状的比较

为了解普通小麦与其近缘种和人工合成材料(八倍体小偃麦、小黑麦)根系性状的差异,时普通小麦、黑麦、野生一粒小麦、拟斯卑尔脱小麦、提莫菲维小麦、八倍体小偃麦、小黑麦和硬粒小麦根系主要性状进行比较分析.结果表明,近缘种、人工合成材料单株次生根数、根体积、根干重和根冠比在生育后期均显著大于普通小麦,根系活力和生育前期的根中可溶性糖含量也均显著高于普通小麦.近缘种和人工合成材料根中全氮含量整体上低于普通小麦.相关分析表明,根系一些主要性状与籽粒全氮含量相关显著或极显著.综合来看,近缘种、人工合成材料具有发根力强、根系活力高等优势,在小麦改良中具有重要利用价值.     

空心莲子草水浸液对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应

用浓度为0(对照),0.05,0.1,0.2,0.4 g/mL的空心莲子草宿根和根状茎的浸提液和浓度为0(对照),0.01,O.05,0.1,0.2g/mL该草的宿根和根状茎粉碎液处理水稻种子和幼苗.结果显示:与对照相比,随着水浸液浓度增加,水稻种子发芽势、发芽率、苗高、根长、鲜重、叶绿素含量和根系脱氢酶活性等均呈下降的变化趋势,而丙二醛含量呈上升的变化趋势.表明空心莲子草地下部水浸液对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长均有抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越强;就同一浓度浸提液和粉碎液而言,粉碎液处理对它们的抑制作用大于浸提液的.     

盐胁迫对野生稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以3个野生稻品种(系)和常规稻品种吉粳301(CK)为试验材料,研究了不同NaCl浓度对野生稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫对野生稻和常规粳稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响不同,NaCl浓度≤0.3%时,盐胁迫对3个野生稻种子发芽及幼苗生长没有影响,但促进吉粳301种子发芽及幼苗生长;NaCl浓度≥0.5%时,随着NaCl浓度的增大,3个野生稻种子发芽率逐渐降低,幼苗的根长、苗长、根冠比逐渐变小;NaCl浓度与3个野生稻种子发芽率有一定的负相关性;NaCl对野生稻幼苗根的抑制作用强于对苗的作用;不同野生稻品种对NaCl溶液的耐受能力不同,从大到小依次为MY-3、延引红、HY-1。     

小麦苗期抗旱相关形态指标的灰色关联度分析

为了系统研究小麦苗期形态指标与抗旱性的关系并筛选有效的抗旱性指标,使用PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,采用灰色关联度分析法分析了28份小麦品种苗期干旱胁迫下的苗高、最长根长、根数、地上部鲜重、地上部干重、根鲜重、根干重、叶片数、根冠比等9个形态指标与抗旱系数的关联程度,并以所得加权抗旱系数对各品种进行聚类分析.结果显示,各形态指标与抗旱系数的关联度依次为:叶片数(0.817)>苗高(0.766)>地上部干重(0.746)>地上部鲜重(0.729)>根数(0.699)>根干重(0.688)>根鲜重(0.681)>根冠比(0.645)>最长根长(0.399).研究还表明,9个形态指标可分为叶片相关因子、地上部生物量因子和根部生物量因子三大类,地上部生物量因子的关联度大于根部生物量因子;不能只通过差异显著度检验来判断某一指标是否可以用作抗旱性鉴定;聚类结果能较好地反映各小麦品种的地域分布.因此,进行小麦品种苗期抗旱性鉴定时,应加强对地上部形态指标的选择和鉴定,以提高选择效率.     

Seed Treatment with Uniconazole Powder Improves Soybean Seedling Growth under Shading by Corn in Relay Strip Intercropping System

The relay strip intercropping system of wheat-corn-soybean is widely used in southwest China. However, it is hard to obtain a stable production of soybean with this system, since soybean plants grow under shading by corn; the stems are thinner and susceptible to lodging. We examined the effects of seed treatment with uniconazole powder (0, 2, 4 and 8 mg kg-¹ seed) on the growth of soybean seedlings under relay strip intercropping, some morphological characteristics and yield. The seedling height, first internode length, cotyledonary node height and leaf area per plant were decreased, while the stem diameter, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, root volume, leaf greenness and root to shoot dry weight ratio were increased by uniconazole treatment. The root vigor and root active absorption area were also increased significantly by uniconazole treatment. Moreover, 2 and 4 mg kg-¹ uniconazole powder treatment increased shoot dry weight, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and seed yield significantly. Thus, the results suggested that seed treatment with uniconazole powder at a suitable concentration can improve soybean seedling growth, resist the lodging and also increase the seed yield under shading by corn in relay strip intercropping system.     

Effect of cultivar maturity period on the growth and yield of potato plants grown from microtubers and conventional seed tubers

Potato plants of early cultivars grown from microtubers have been reported to have a much lower growth vigor and produce lower yields than microtubers of late cultivars. This study intended to clarify the field performance of plants grown from directly planted microtubers of cultivars with different maturity periods, with a special attention to early cultivars. The experiments were conducted at Hokkaido University, Japan, over four years. Microtubers and conventional seed tubers of the early cultivar Kitaakari, late cultivars Konafubuki and Norin 1, and very late breeding line IWA-1 were planted, and the plant growth and tuber yields were analyzed. The microtuber plants of Kitaakari had a lower initial increase in leaf area index than conventional seed tuber plants, but at the maximum shoot growth had the same leaf area index. This pattern was also observed in the other cultivars. Tuber initiation and tuber bulking occurred on average five days later in microtuber plants than in conventional seed tuber plants of cultivar Kitaakari. At maximum shoot growth, microtuber plants had on average 65% of tuber dry weight of conventional seed tuber plants, with small variation among cultivars. Irrespective of maturity period, microtuber plants showed a higher tuber increase after maximum shoot growth, achieving around 86% of tuber dry weight of conventional seed tuber plants at harvest. From the results of this study we conclude that microtuber plants of early and late cultivars have a similar yield potential relative to conventional seed tuber plants, and microtubers of both early and late cultivars might be used as an alternative seed tuber source for potato production, if necessary.     

不同镉浓度处理下水稻植株镉含量变化及其镉调控相关基因表达分析

以地上部镉含量不同的籼稻和粳稻品种各6个为材料,采用水培试验,设置6个镉浓度,研究了不同浓度镉处理对不同水稻品种植株生长、镉含量和相关重金属转运蛋白基因表达水平的影响。结果表明,镉胁迫对水稻生长有抑制作用,表现为苗高、地上部干物质量和叶绿素含量下降。在不同镉浓度处理下,植株根部和地上部的镉含量存在显著的基因型差异,植株中镉从根部向地上部的转运可能是水稻品种间以及籼粳亚种间地上部镉含量差异的主要原因,根部镉的吸收量影响较小。在0.50到2.00mg/kg的高镉处理梯度间,部分水稻品种地上部出现镉积累饱和现象(镉含量增加较少,部分水稻品种地上部镉含量甚至显著降低);在此镉浓度处理下,OsNRMAP1、OsIRT2和OsNAS2的表达水平显著上调,这可能与植株对镉的吸收调节作用相关。     

氮高效水稻品种苗期耐低磷种质的筛选与鉴定

以先前通过田间试验筛选出来的36个氮高效水稻品种为供试材料,在苗期进行了耐低磷筛选,并对获得的3个耐低磷和2个低磷敏感品种响应磷素胁迫的生理机制进行了初步研究。结果表明:1)正常供磷和低磷条件下,所有调查性状的相对值(低磷/正常供磷)中,相对根系干质量、相对地上部干质量、相对根冠比和相对分蘖数均具有较大的品种间变异(变异系数分别为16.9%、10.9%、11.4%、16.3%)。相关分析表明,它们呈显著或极显著正相关。因此,这4个性状可以作为水稻苗期耐低磷筛选的评价指标。2)在低磷条件下,筛选出的3个耐低磷品种比2个低磷敏感品种的根系生长旺盛且活力强,P吸收动力学参数中Km、Cmin小,而Vmax大,酸性磷酸酶(APase)活性升幅大,磷效率在两者之间也存在显著差异。同时,不同耐低磷品种适应低磷胁迫的调节机制也有所不同。表明筛选氮磷双高效的水稻品种是可行的,同时也为后续基因定位和遗传机制的研究提供了材料和生理学依据。     

铬胁迫对水稻幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

用不同浓度的重铬酸钾溶液处理水稻幼苗,研究了重金属铬对水稻幼苗生长及生理特性的影响.结果表明,随着铬胁迫浓度的提高,水稻幼苗的株高、单株鲜重、主根长等生长指标及叶绿素含量、SOD活性、POD活性、根系活力等生理指标均逐渐降低,而MDA含量逐渐升高.在各项指标中,水稻幼苗主根长和根系活力受到显著抑制时的重铬酸钾浓度为10mg/L,低于株高、单株鲜重、叶绿素含量、SOD活性、POD活性受到显著影响的浓度(50mg/L),说明水稻根系生长对Cr6+胁迫较地上部分更敏感.     

Effects of the Combined Application of Ethephon and Gibberellin on Growth of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings

Abstract

Improvement of early seedling growth, such as seedling emergence and vigor is one of the most important agronomic traits in direct seeding rice cultivation. The effects of two plant growth regulators (PGRs), gibberellic acid (GA₃) and ethephon (ET), on seedling growth under flooded soil conditions at different temperatures and water depths were investigated. The PGRs were applied during the seed soaking process. A single treatment with GA₃ or ET increased seedling growth. However, combined application of GA₃ and ET was more effective than that of GA₃ or ET alone in many cases at both growing temperatures (15 and 20ºC). The growth of different organs in the rice seedlings, such as the coleoptiles, first leaves, and second leaves was also increased by PGR treatment. The nitrogen concentration of the shoot and the ratio of shoot dry weight to shoot length did not differ significantly among the treatments. The results of our study show that rice seedling growth in direct seeding cultivation may be improved by treatment with GA₃ and ET in combination.     

Characterization of the morphological and physiological traits of rice cultivars with adaptation to unflooded condition during early vegetative growth

This study aimed to characterize the physiological and morphological traits that are associated with adaptation to unflooded soil conditions in rice. Four indica rice cultivars (Puluik Arang, Badari Dhan, Shwe Nang Gyi, and Ratul), which were previously identified as highly or less adaptable to unflooded soil conditions, were grown under flooded and unflooded (soil water potential; －0.10 MPa) soil conditions. Water uptake was measured every day for three weeks, and then the leaf water potential, the stomatal conductance, the dry matter weight, shoot and root morphological traits were measured. Puluik Arang and Badari Dhan exhibited greater leaf area expansion and higher maintenance of root development under the unflooded condition than that by other cultivars. The leaf water potential and stomatal conductance of fully expanded highest leaf in Puluik Arang and Badari Dhan were not affected by unflooded soil regime. Leaf area and root morphological traits were significantly correlated with water uptake regardless of soil moisture regimes. These results suggested that Puluik Arang and Badari Dhan exhibited great water uptake capacity through physiological and morphological adaptation of shoot and root traits to unflooded condition, resulting in great biomass productivity under the condition.     

水分管理对免耕抛秧水稻根系生长及产量的影响

研究了水分管理对免耕水稻根系生长和产量的影响。结果表明,干湿交替灌溉对根系的伸长、生长、生理及分布具有较大影响,水稻各生育期干湿交替灌溉处理水稻单株根干质量、单株生物量、根半径、根表面积、总根数、根系活力、超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于淹水淹灌。干湿交替灌溉处理实收产量显著高于淹水淹灌,增产主要因子是有效穗数、每穗粒数和结实率。灌浆盛期干湿交替灌溉处理单株生物量、根半径、根表面积、总根数、超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于湿润淹灌,水稻产量差异则不显著。     

小麦品种抗旱性与深根性和深层根系活性的关系

为明确小麦根系垂直生长与抗旱能力的关系,以不同抗旱类型品种洛旱6号、西农979和郑麦366为材料,在柱栽条件下研究了不同生育时期最大根深、根干重垂直分布、根系活性垂直变化等性状。结果表明,本试验条件下,小麦根深在挑旗期达最大值,越冬至挑旗期间根系生长速度快。挑旗期和抽穗期不同抗旱类型品种间根深差异显著,其中抗旱性强的品种最大根深较大;与抗旱性弱的品种相比,抗旱性强的品种总根干重和深层根干重小,根系生理活性强。籽粒灌浆期表现为抗旱性越强,深层根系生理活性越强。据此认为,抗旱性强的小麦品种未必具有较大的根干重或深层根干重,但其根系下扎深且深层根系生理活性较强,尤其是生育后期的根系生理活性强。     

EM包衣对玉米苗期防治丝黑穗病效果研究

采用砂培试验研究了有效微生物菌群(EM)包衣处理对玉米种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响及对不同温湿度处理的EM包衣和未包衣的玉米种子在大田生产环境下的发病率进行比较。结果表明：EM包衣能明显提高玉米种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数,减少了玉米种子在土壤中的感病率。在有病菌存在的条件下,包衣处理的玉米幼苗的苗高、根长、叶面积、苗干重均明显高于未包衣的玉米幼苗,促进了幼苗根系生长和地上部分的生长。在病菌环境下,经EM包衣处理的玉米种子,其抗坏血酸含量、可溶性总糖含量及丙二醛含量均低于未包衣的玉米种子;而超氧化物歧化酶活性明显高于未包衣的玉米种子。说明EM包衣处理可增强玉米种子的抗病性,提高对玉米丝黑穗病的防治效果。     

Lodging Resistance Related to Root Traits for Mechanized Wet-Seeding of Two Super Rice Cultivars

Mechanical hill wet-seeded rice machine is beneficial for establishing and growing uniform rows of seedlings.However,there is limited knowledge regarding the effects of the establishment of furrows on growth,lodging and yield,and their relationships with root traits.In this study,field experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013 using two super rice varieties(hybrid rice Peizataifeng and inbred rice Yuxiangyouzhan)under three furrow establishment treatments(T1,both water and seed furrows were established by the machine;T2,only seed furrows were established by the machine;and T3,neither water nor seed furrows were established by the machine).Lodging index,lodging-related traits,grain yield,above-ground dry weight and root traits were measured.The results showed that the lodging index was significantly affected by the treatments with furrows(T1 and T2).The strongest lodging resistance was detected in the mechanical hill wet-seeded rice with furrow treatment(T1)in both 2012 and 2013.Lodging resistance was strongly related to the breaking resistance.No significant difference was found in grain yield or dry weight of the mechanical hill wet-seeded rice.Therefore,the mechanical hill wet-seeded rice with furrow treatment increased rice lodging resistance,which was related to root traits.     

棉花秸秆浸提液对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感效应

为了解棉花秸秆对小麦生长发育的化感效应,按每克秸秆粉碎物10 mL水的比例浸提制备母液(浓度记为10％),以小麦品种扬麦13为材料,研究不同浓度棉花秸秆浸提液对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,浓度低于7.0％的棉花秸秆浸提液延迟了小麦种子发芽时间,但不影响发芽率;浓度高于7.0％的浸提液不仅延迟了发芽时间,而且降低了发芽率.浸提液对小麦幼苗地上部和根系生长的影响差异较大.浓度低于1.0％的浸提液对根系生长影响较小,高于此浓度水平则抑制根系伸长和根表面积增大,增加根系膜脂过氧化程度,降低根系活力,抑制根系吸收水分和养分及其向地上部的运输能力;4.0％的浸提液促进了小麦幼苗地上部对氮、磷、钾和水分的吸收,当浸提液浓度继续升高,促进作用逐渐减弱,直至表现为抑制作用.浸提液中总酚酸含量较高,10.0％的浸提液中总酚酸含量达到124.0 mg· L-1,且总酚酸含量与种子萌发相关指标(发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数)、整株鲜重、根冠比、根系含水量、总根长、根表面积和根系活力均呈显著负相关,与根系氮、磷、钾含量、根平均直径和丙二醛含量呈显著正相关.由此推测,棉花秸秆的化感效应可能与浸提液中总酚酸含量有关,影响小麦种子萌发和幼苗对水分及养分的吸收与运输是其化感效应的主要表现.