双价苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因载体构建及其在大肠杆菌中表达杀虫活性

研究和利用不同苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)杀虫蛋白之间的增效作用是构建高效遗传工程虫剂，预防和延缓害虫抗性的重要途径。BtCry1Ab,Cry1Ac和Cry2Aa蛋白对重要的鳞翅目农业害虫具有主毒力，质粒pHT-BSK含有能在大肠杆菌（Echerichia coli)－枯草芽孢杆菌（B.subtilis)有效表达的生物安全性标记基因卡那霉素抗性基因。将含Btcry1A,cry1Ac和cry2Aa全长基因的Bam HI/PstI,Bam H I/Xho I和Sma I(Bam H I)HindⅢDNA片段与pHT-BSK的应酶切产物连接，获得了单价cry/km^r组合的重组质粒pBlue-1Ab-km^r,pBlue-1Ab和pHT-2Aa;cry1Ab,cry1Ac DNA片段与pHT-2Aa相应酶切产物相连接获得了Bt双价基因／km^r组合重组质粒pBlue-crylAb-km^r-2Aa和pBlue-cry1Ac-km^4-2Aa，重组质粒中所有cry基因与km^r均形成特异的Bam H I片段。限制酶切电泳分析和特异PCR扩增证实了重组质粒的准确连接。含有重组质粒的大肠杆菌显示了对小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella）和玉米暝（Ostrinia furnacalis)的杀虫活性，对小菜蛾双价基因毒力高于单价基因，但对玉米螟它们之间没有明显差异。研究为进一步阐明Bt cry 2Aa与cry1Ab和cry 1Ac之间在不同微生物细胞中的共表达及其表达产物之间的相互作用和构建双价基因杀虫工程菌株创造了条件。     

用合成多肽为半抗原制备Bt Cry1Ab的单克隆抗体

由于Bt Cry1Aa、Cry1Ab和Cry1Ac晶体蛋白之间具有很高的同源性(82%~90%),采用常规的单抗制备方法很难制取特异性强的Bt Cry1Ab单抗,为了制备抗Bt Cry1Ab蛋白的特异性单克隆抗体(MAB),本研究从NCBI获得了Bt Cry1Ab蛋白的氨基酸序列,根据ANTHEPORT和DNAStar软件对其抗原性、亲水性和表位性分析结果选定BtCry1Ab特异性肽段进行人工合成,并将其偶联于匙孔血蓝蛋白(KLH)免疫动物,应用细胞融合技术制备了抗该肽段的杂交瘤细胞22株。通过ELISA试验从中筛选出与Bt Cry1Ab天然蛋白产生特异性反应的单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株一株(3A10)。经检测,其分泌的抗体亚类为IgG1型;轻链属κ型;杂交瘤细胞株染色体数目为89~108条;用其制作的腹水对Bt Cry1Ab合成肽的反应效价为1∶1×107;对Bt Cry1Ab天然蛋白的反应效价为1∶1×104;纯化后的抗体对Bt Cry1Ab合成肽的效价为1∶1×108;对Bt Cry1Ab天然蛋白的效价为1∶2×104。抗体的相对亲和力为0.5μg/mL,对Bt Cry1Ab蛋白的最低可检测值为10ng/mL。ELISA结果显示,3A10杂交瘤细胞株所分泌的MAB能特异性识别合成肽和Bt Cry1Ab蛋白,而对同源的Cry1Ac和Cry1Aa蛋白无交叉反应;本研究所制备的Bt Cry1Ab单克隆抗体能够对常规棉和抗虫棉(Gossypium hirsutumL.)进行有效的区分,并且能特异性的识别其中的Bt Cry1Ab蛋白。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌cry1Aa14基因的分离、克隆及其表达

Bt25是中国自行分离的对小菜蛾(Plutella xylotella)具有高毒力的苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis),经PCR-RFLP鉴定含有cry1Aa基因。以全长基因PCR产物的粘端定向克隆的方法,设计1对特异引物,以Bt25质粒DNA为模板扩增cry1Aa全长基因。序列测定结果表明,该基因编码区为3552bp,编码1183个氨基酸,分子量为133．7kD,pI4．755。该基因序列已在GenBank注册,登记号为AY197341,并获得正式命名cry1Aa14。在氨基酸序列918～1180间,和已知的11种cry1Aa存在22-23个氨基酸的差异(其中1094～1097的4个氨基酸无对应序列),而这段区域和Cry1Ab氨基酸序列的对应区域无差异。cry1Aa14全长基因插入Bt表达载体,获得了重组表达质粒pBYB1,转化Bt无晶体突变株HD73cry-,经过抗性筛选、DNA酶切分析和PCR检测,证实转化成功。SDS-PAGE分析表明,该基因在上述受体中能正常表达133kD蛋白。杀虫生物测定结果表明,cry1Aa14表达产物对小菜蛾幼虫具有显著的毒杀作用,与cry1Aa12进行比较,毒力无明显差异。这种单基因菌株的发现及其基因的获得,为害虫抗性研究和高效工程菌的构建提供了重要实验材料。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌cry2Aa基因的克隆、表达与活性

B-8-G和Ly30是我国自行分离的对多种重要农业害虫具有高毒力的苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis）菌株,经PCR-RFLP鉴定均含有cry2Aa基因.根据cry2Aa全长基因序列设计特异引物,以B-8-G总DNA为模板扩增其中的cry2Aa全长基因,与大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）表达载体pET-21b相连接,获得含有cry2Aa全长基因的重组质粒pET2Aa,该基因在大肠杆菌BL21菌株能够正常表达65 kD蛋白.通过构建Ly30总DNA文库方法从中筛选获得cry2Aa基因,将其连接至Bt-E.coli穿梭表达载体pHT315上,转化Bt无晶体突变株HD-73中,该基因能正常表达65 kD蛋白,并形成立方体状晶体.这两种基因序列已被国际Bt基因命名委员会分别正式命名为cry2Aa9和cry2Aa10.杀虫生物活性测定结果表明cry2Aa基因表达产物对黄胫小车蝗（Oedaleusinfernlis）、尖音库蚊（Culex pipiens）、黑翅伊蚊（Aedes melanopterus）、水稻二化螟（Chilo suppressalis）和小菜蛾（Plutellaxylostella）幼虫均具有显著的毒杀作用.首次报道cry2Aa10基因表达蛋白对蝗虫、库蚊具有杀虫活性.这些基因的获得,将为高效工程菌和抗虫转基因植物的研制提供了新的基因资源.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Aa和Cry3A结构域编码区的融合

苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)毒素蛋白由3个不连续的结构域（domains)组成，其中结构域I为膜跨越区，与膜孔道形成有关，结构域Ⅱ，Ⅲ与受体结合有关。利用基因重组技术以鳞翅目昆虫具专一活性的毒素蛋白Cry1Aa与专一性有关的结构域编码区与对鞘翅目昆虫具专一活性的毒素蛋白Cry3A编码基因融合，构建成融合表达载体，为进一步构建Bt工程菌和Bt转基因植物奠定基础。     

人工合成的GFM cry11B基因在大肠杆菌中表达、纯化及抗体制备

摘要: 用限制性内切酶酶切的方法把人工合成的GFM cry11B基因编码区克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-3中，构建成重组表达质粒pGC。在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli )中表达了GST-GFMCry11B融合蛋白，表达量约占菌体总蛋白的21%，其表达产物主要以包涵体的形式存在。对包涵体蛋白进行可溶性处理，用Glutathione Sephrose 4B纯化出GST-Cry11B融合蛋白。Thrombin酶切后得到Cry11B蛋白，将其作为抗原免疫家兔获得了滴度（ELISA）为1∶8000的抗血清，并具有较强的特异性。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌cry1Ia基因的克隆、表达与活性研究

根据cry1Ia类基因的全长序列设计引物,以苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)菌株Btc008的总DNA为模板扩增出片段长为2.1kb的cry1Ia的全长基因,插入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)表达载体pET-21b,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌株,诱导表达出81kD的蛋白。该蛋白由719个氨基酸组成,推导的分子量为81.2kD。该蛋白的氨基酸序列不同于已知的12种Cry1Ia蛋白,是一种新的Cry1Ia蛋白,该基因已被国际基因命名委员会正式命名为cry1Ia8。杀虫活性测定结果表明:Cry1Ia8对亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)和小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)有很强的杀虫活性,LC50分别为0.268μg/g和2.227μg/mL,其杀虫效果与Cry1Ab和Cry1Ac相当。对大豆食心虫(Leguminivora glycinivorella)也有较好的活性,但对鞘翅目叶甲科害虫榆兰叶甲(Pyrrhalta aenescens)没有活性。该基因的获得将为我国抗虫转基因作物和工程菌的研制提供新的基因来源,为筛选延缓昆虫抗性产生的基因组合提供了重要依据。     

新型cry7Ab基因的鉴定克隆、表达与杀虫活性

本文应用PCR-RFLP法鉴定出Bt菌株HQ40中含有cry7Ab基因,并根据cry7A全长基因序列设计特异性引物,成功克隆了该基因。该基因核苷酸序列已经在国际基因库GeneBank中登记,其登录号为EU380678,并由Bt δ-内毒素基因国际命名委员会正式命名为cry7Ab4。通过穿梭载体pSTK 将该基因导入Bt 无晶体突变株中,获得工程菌HD7Ab4。SDS-PAGE分析表明cry7Ab4 基因在其中能正常表达,并形成菱形晶体。提取工程菌HD7Ab4和野生菌HQ40晶体蛋白,并在体外用胰蛋白酶酶解活化。分别对直翅目、鳞翅目和鞘翅目的害虫进行了杀虫活性测定。生测结果表明：Cry7Ab4蛋白trypsin酶解液对鞘翅目的大猿叶甲显示了一定的杀虫活性,其野生菌蛋白及表达蛋白酶解液LC50分别为231.59µg/ml及293.79µg/ml。表达产物虽不能使鳞翅目的小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾和亚洲玉米螟死亡,但对它们的生长发育有明显的体重抑制作用。另外对马铃薯甲虫以及榆蓝叶甲也有体重抑制作用,而对直翅目的东亚飞蝗无毒。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌Cry1Ab毒素domainⅡ内3个loop对其毒性作用的影响

苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)Cry毒素domainⅡβ-折叠顶端的3个loop在靶标昆虫中肠受体识别中有重要作用,这3个loop在影响Cry毒性中起到的重要性有所不同。本研究利用能够与Cry毒素非靶标的豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon pisum)中肠氨肽酶N(amino peptidase N,APN)受体结合的短肽GBP3.1对Cry1Ab蛋白domainⅡ内3个loop分别进行替换,通过检测loop替换后3株改造蛋白对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫的毒性变化来分析3个loop在Cry1Ab毒性功能中的重要性差异。生物测定结果显示,与野生型Cry1Ab的LC50=0.88μg/m L相比,loop 1、2和3分别被替换后的Cry1Ab的LC50为12.17、32.25和23.00μg/m L。由此可见,loop 2在Cry1Ab杀虫活性中起到的作用最大,loop 3次之,loop 1对Cry1Ab毒素的毒性作用影响最小。该结论与Cry1A蛋白的三维空间结构分析相吻合,并为进一步了解Bt Cry1A毒素作用机制及其三维结构中功能域的研究提供了依据。     

鸡白介素-2基因在大肠杆菌中表达及多克隆抗体制备*

将编码鸡(Gallus gallus)白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)蛋白的基因亚克隆到大肠杆菌(Eschetichia coli)原核表达载体pPROEX^HT中，构建重组质粒并进行确证性序列测定。然后将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌DH5α并用IFTG于37℃诱导培养。SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析显示，表达的鸡IL-2融合蛋白分子量约为19kD。融合蛋白经薄层扫描发现目的蛋白表达量约占菌体蛋白的30％。包涵体被6mol／L，盐酸胍裂解后，通过镍离子亲和树脂进行了纯化。用所获得的重组鸡IL-2融合蛋白及其纯化产物免疫家兔，制备兔抗鸡IL-2多克隆抗血清，并用琼脂扩散实验对多克隆抗血清进行鉴定，表明其与纯化的重组鸡IL-2蛋白具有良好的反应性，而且该反应是特异的。     

Rapid digestion of Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 in simulated gastric fluid

Two genes were identified in Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) that code for the proteins that comprise a Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 binary insecticidal crystal protein. Maize, Zea mays L., plants have been transformed to express the Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 proteins, and as a result, these plants are resistant to attack by western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, a major pest in the Midwestern corn-growing area of the U.S.A. As part of the safety assessment for the proteins, digestibility studies were conducted. Digestion experiments with both proteins demonstrated rapid degradation in simulated gastric fluid, comparable to other registered plant-incorporated protectants. Quantitative and qualitative approaches for determining digestibility are illustrated.     

Characterization of Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 insecticidal crystal proteins expressed in transgenic corn plants and Pseudomonas fluorescens

Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 proteins, identified from Bacillus thuringiensis strain PS149B1, act together to control corn rootworms. Transgenic corn lines coexpressing the two proteins were developed to protect corn against rootworm damage. Large quantities of the two proteins were needed to conduct studies required for assessing the safety of this transgenic corn crop. Because it was technically infeasible to obtain sufficient quantities of high purity Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 proteins from the transgenic corn plants, the proteins were produced using a recombinant Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) production system. The two proteins from both the transgenic corn and the Pf were purified and characterized. The proteins from each host had the expected molecular mass and were immunoreactive to specific antibodies in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis. Data from N-terminal sequencing, tryptic peptide mass fingerprinting, internal peptide sequencing, and biological activity provided direct evidence that the Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 proteins produced in Pf and transgenic corn were, respectively, comparable or equivalent molecules. In addition, neither protein had detectable glycosylation regardless of the host.     

转基因高粱Cry1Ab蛋白含量的比较研究

通过农杆菌介导法将杀虫晶体蛋白基因cry1Ab导入高粱恢复系115中,共获得13个独立的转基因株系,26株转基因植株,转化率为5.1%;GUS活性、PCR、Southern和Western杂交分析表明,此基因已整合进高粱基因组并得到正确表达。利用ELISA试剂盒测定Cry1Ab蛋白含量,结果表明,不同转基因植株的Cry1Ab蛋白含量有明显差异,最高可达0.850 μg/g,占可溶性蛋白的0.016%,还有一些转基因植株中不能表达;同一转基因植株的不同组织中表达量有明显差异,其顺序为：叶>颖壳>籽粒>根>茎;不同部位的叶片也有差异,其顺序为：中部叶>基部叶>新叶。     

Bollgard II cotton: compositional analysis and feeding studies of cottonseed from insect-protected cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) producing the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins

Bollgard II cotton event 15985 producing the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins has been developed by genetic modification to broaden the spectrum of insects to which the plant is tolerant and to provide an insect resistance management tool to impede the onset of resistance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the composition and nutrition of Bollgard II cotton, relative to the use for food and animal feed, compared to that of conventional cotton varieties. Compositional analyses were conducted to measure proximate, fiber, amino acid, fatty acid, gossypol, and mineral contents of cottonseed from a total of 14 U.S. field sites over two years. Compositional analysis results showed that the cottonseed and cottonseed oil from Bollgard II cotton were comparable in their composition to those of the conventional control cotton line and other commercial varieties. The composition data are supported by nutritional safety studies conducted with dairy cows, catfish, and quail. Results from these studies showed that Bollgard II performed similarly to the conventional control cotton varieties. These data demonstrate that Bollgard II cotton is compositionally and nutritionally equivalent to conventional cotton varieties. These data support the conclusion that Bollgard II cotton is as safe and nutritious as conventional cotton for food and feed use.     

Adsorption and Desorption of Cry1Ab Proteins on Differently Textured Paddy Soils

In recent years, selected cry genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) encoding the production of Cry proteins (Bt toxins) have been engineered into crop plants (Bt-crops). Through the cultivation of Bt crops and the application of Bt pesticides, Cry proteins could be introduced into arable soils. The interaction between the proteins and soils was analyzed in this study to investigate the affinity of Cry proteins in paddy soil ecosystems. Four Paddy soils were selected to represent different soil textures. Cry proteins were spiked in soils, and the amount of protein adsorbed was measured over 24 h. Desorption of Cry1Ab proteins from paddy soils was performed by washing with sterile Milli-Q water (H₂O_MQ), and subsequently extracted with an extraction buffer. The paddy soils had a strong affinity for Cry1Ab proteins. Most of the Cry1Ab proteins added (> 98%) were rapidly adsorbed on the paddy soils tested. More Cry1Ab proteins were adsorbed on non-sterile soils than on sterile soils. Less than 2% of the adsorbed Cry1Ab proteins were desorbed using H₂O_MQ, while a considerable proportion of the adsorbed proteins could be desorbed with the buffer, ranging from 20% to 40%. The amount of proteins desorbed increased with the increases in the initial amount of Cry1Ab proteins added to the paddy soils. The concentration of Cry1Ab proteins desorbed from the paddy soils was higher for sterile soils than non-sterile ones. Our results indicate that Bt toxins released via the cultivation of Bt crops, the application of Bt pesticides can be adsorbed on paddy soils, and soil texture could impose an impact on the adsorption capability.     

Degradation of Cry1Ab protein from genetically modified maize in the bovine gastrointestinal tract

Immunoblotting assays using commercial antibodies were established to investigate the unexpected persistence of the immunoactive Cry1Ab protein in the bovine gastrointestinal tract (GIT) previously suggested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples of two different feeding experiments in cattle were analyzed with both ELISA and immunoblotting methods. Whereas results obtained by ELISA suggested that the concentration of the Cry1Ab protein increased during the GIT passage, the immunoblotting assays revealed a significant degradation of the protein in the bovine GIT. Samples showing a positive signal in the ELISA consisted of fragmented Cry1Ab protein of approximately 17 and 34 kDa size. Two independent sets of gastrointestinal samples revealed the apparent discrepancy between the results obtained by ELISA and immunoblotting, suggesting that the antibody used in the ELISA reacts with fragmented yet immunoactive epitopes of the Cry1Ab protein. It was concluded that Cry1Ab protein is degraded during digestion in cattle. To avoid misinterpretation, samples tested positive for Cry1Ab protein by ELISA should be reassessed by another technique.     

Fate of the Cry1Ab protein from Bt-maize MON810 silage in biogas production facilities

Biogas plants fuelled with renewable sources of energy are a sustainable means for power generation. In areas with high infestation levels with the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.), it is likely that transgenic Bt-maize will be fed into agricultural biogas plants. The fate of the entomotoxic protein Cry1Ab from MON810 maize was therefore investigated in silage and biogas production-related materials in the utilization chains of two farm-scale biogas plants. The Cry1Ab content in silage exhibited no clear-cut pattern of decrease over the experimental time of 4 months. Mean content for silage was 1878 +/- 713 ng Cry1Ab g(-1). After fermentation in the biogas plants, the Cry1Ab content declined to trace amounts of around 3.5 ng g(-1) in the effluents. The limit of detection of the employed ELISA test corresponded to 0.75 ng Cry1Ab g(-1) sample material. Assays with larvae of O. nubilalis showed no bioactivity of the reactor effluents. The utilization of this residual material as fertilizer in agriculture is therefore deemed to be ecotoxicologically harmless.     

Effects of physical and chemical properties of soils on adsorption of the insecticidal protein (Cry1Ab) from Bacillus thuringiensis at Cry1Ab protein concentrations relevant for experimental field sites

The adsorption of the insecticidal Cry1Ab protein of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on Na-montmorillonite (M-Na) and soil clay fractions was studied. The aim of this study was not to find the adsorption capacity of the soils from the experimental field site, where Bt corn (MON810) was cultivated, but rather to characterize the adsorption behavior of the Cry1Ab protein at concentrations typically found at experimental field sites. In kinetic experiments, the Cry1Ab protein adsorbed rapidly (<60 min) on M-Na. As the concentration of M-Na was varied and the added Cry1Ab protein concentration was kept constant (20 and 45 ng ml⁻¹), the adsorption per unit weight of Cry1Ab protein decreased with increasing concentrations of M-Na. Adsorption of Cry1Ab protein on M-Na decreased as the pH value of the suspension increased. All adsorption isotherms could be described mathematically by a linear regression with the parameter k, the distribution coefficient, being the slope of the regression line. Although their mineralogical composition was nearly identical, the soil clay fractions showed different k values. The different k values were correlated with the physical and chemical properties of the soil clay fractions, such as the organic carbon content, the specific external surface area, and the electrokinetic charge of the external surfaces of the clays, as well as with the external surface charge density. An increase in the amount of soil organic matter, as well as an increase in the electrokinetic external surface charge of the soil clays, decreased the distribution coefficient k. An increase of the specific external surface areas of the soil clays resulted in a higher distribution coefficient k.Less than 10% of adsorbed Cry1Ab protein was reversibly adsorbed on the soil clays and, thus, desorbed. The desorption efficiency of distilled water was higher than that of a solution of CaCl₂ (2.25 mmol) and of dissolved organic carbon (50 mg C l⁻¹).