中东欧四个转型经济体国家的农村信用担保计划及其经验借鉴

[内容摘要] 在农村贷款市场上,由于农业的市场化程度不高、高风险低收益以及缺少贷款担保品,很多农户和农村中小企业不符合农村金融机构的贷款担保条件而得不到贷款。为缓解这种困境, 在中东欧转型经济体中很多国家都构建了以服务农民和农村经济发展为目的的信用担保体系,有效的缓解了农村贷款难的问题。当前我国正在积极构建农村信贷担保机制,本文在详细分析了四个中东欧转型经济体的农村信用担保基金和计划的运作模式和作法的基础上,总结并提出可供我国借鉴的方法和经验。     

暂时贫困人口问题研究

目前,在中国存在数量较多收入徘徊在贫困线上、且缺乏有效的脱贫手段的群体,在中国区域、城乡之间,暂时贫困率存在显著差异。通过对于中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)数据的研究与分析,对上述假设进行了检验。结果表明：（1）在CHNS的有效样本中,25.87%的家庭出现了暂时贫困状况,远大于样本中出现的贫困率与长期贫困率;（2）就区域、城乡比较而言,经济落后地区与农村地区的暂时贫困率要高于发达地区与城市地区。依据该研究结果提出政策建议：加大“能力扶贫”的力度,特别是对于贫困人群初、中级应用技术、技能的免费培训工作;继续推进各项一体化政策,重点关注欠发达地区、农村地区的经济发展。     

State Fiscal Structure and Economic Development Policy

This essay adds a new dimension to the debate concerning taxes and business location decisions by raising a simple, but perhaps underappreciated point concerning political implications of state and local fiscal structure for state economic development policy. Low taxes may well be attractive to business owners and their employees; however, a fiscal structure that is not incentive-compatible with economic expansion may end up frustrating public policies of all types aimed at promoting growth. Economic growth may be seen as increasing types aimed at promoting growth. Economic growth may be seen as increasing demands for public services, thereby placing upward pressure on tax rates faced by the original taxpayers. In Wyoming, this problem is compounded because the tax base is narrow and highly income inelastic and the incidence of taxes levied falls significantly on out-of-state residents who do not benefit from public services provided. Additionally, prospects for reducing the mismatch between taxpayers and public service beneficiaries appear to be limited because, quite understandably, state residents do not wish to pay more for public services for which they have historically paid cents on the dollar.     

Influence of Fiscal Policy on the Growth of Income of Farmer During Economic Transition in China

The influence of fiscal policy on income of farmer is analyzed in terms of theory and studied by real data from 1978 to 2002. The coefficients of effect of state expenditure and revenue on income of farmer are 0. 0296 and -0. 1033 respectively. The fiscal policy have negative influence on income of farmer. Some policies are suggested based on the above analysis.     

Breeding strawberries for Eastern Central Canada

Summary Canada imports more than 21,000 tonnes of strawberries annually, of which approximately 5,000–6,000 tonnes are frozen berries used for processing at a cost of more than $ 10 million. These could be replaced by Canadian grown fruit if improved cultivars, and suitable for mechanical harvesting, processing and fresh market adapted to canadian climatic conditions would be available. For many years producers in Quebec have grown the cultivar ‘Redcoat’ (Sparkle × Valentine) released in 1957 by Agriculture Canada, Ottawa. Redcoat is now rapidly being replaced by ‘Kent’, (`K68-58 × Raritan’) released in 1981 by Agriculture Canada, Kentville. Despite Quebec's preeminant position in Canada as a strawberry producing region, no strawberry cultivars have ever been bred specific for Quebec conditions. In 1982 a breeding program was initiated at Agriculture Canada St-Jean. This program was terminated in 1986 without any material having been tested sufficiently for release. In 1987 a joint project between McGill University and Agriculture Canada initiated to continue the breeding program and develop cultivars particularly suitable for mechanical harvesting and processing, resistant to disease and adapted to local conditions. Agriculture Canada, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Contribution No. 335/93.12.02R     

Poverty and Local Governments: Economic Development and Community Service Provision in an Era of Decentralization

Social scientists have given substantial attention to poverty across U.S. localities. However, most work views localities through the lens of population aggregates, not as units of government. Few poverty researchers question whether governments of poorer localities have the capacity to engage in economic development and service activities that might improve community well‐being. This issue is increasingly important as responsibilities for growth and redistribution are decentralized to local governments that vary dramatically in resources. Do poorer communities have less activist local governments? Are they more likely to be engaged in a race to the bottom, focusing on business attraction activities but neglecting services for families and working people? We bring together two distinct literatures, critical research on decentralization and research on local development efforts, that provide contrasting views about the penalty of poverty. Data are from a unique, national survey of county governments measuring activity across two time points. The most consistent determinants of activity are local government capacity, devolutionary pressures, and inertia or past use of strategies. Net of these factors, levels and changes in poverty do not significantly impact government activity. There is no evidence the nations' poorest counties are racing to the bottom. Findings challenge views that poverty is a systematic structural barrier to pursuing innovative economic development policies and suggest that even poorer communities can take steps to build local capacity, resources, and networks that expand programs for local businesses and low‐wage people.     

中部地区产业结构演变与经济增长关系研究

以1995-2009年统计数据为基础,利用偏离-份额分析法（SSM）重点探究了中部地区的产业结构演替与经济增长之间的关系,为各省调整产业结构、促进中部崛起提供理论指导。结果表明：1.中部地区产业结构变化总体与产业结构演进的一般规律相符。2.中部地区产业结构演替对经济发展的影响情况分为：江西和安徽产业结构偏离为负,竞争力偏离份额为负;山西和河南产业结构偏离为正,竞争力偏离份额为负;湖北和湖南产业结构偏离为负,竞争力偏离份额为正等3种类型。3.产业结构变迁对各省经济增长的影响差异较大。     

Innovation Prone and Innovation Averse Societies: Economic Performance in Europe

Although it is commonly accepted that investing in technology and research and development (R&D) is a basic catalyst for the genesis of economic activity, there is less consensus on the spatial significance and returns of the R&D effort for regional and local economies. It is often argued that innovation resulting from allocating local resources to R&D is likely to spill over to other areas, especially in the framework of open national economies. Hence, the incentive to free-ride increases at the subnational level. This paper shows, however, that in the Western European regional context, regions with higher resources devoted to R&D tend to grow at a greater pace than the remaining spaces. Nevertheless, the passage from R&D to innovation and growth is not achieved in a similar way across Europe. Local social conditions play an important role in the formation of what can be defined as ‘innovation prone’ and ‘innovation averse’ societies. Innovation prone regions are those featured by a weak social filter, which facilitates the transformation of innovation into growth. Conversely, regions burdened by rigid labor markets, shortage of skills, outward migration of able individuals, and an aging of the workforce are less prone to assimilate innovation and to transform it into economic activity. They make up the innovation averse societies in Europe.     

信息化建设与经济增长关系的实证研究

本文以顺义区为例,利用修正的柯布-道格拉斯生产函数和现代计量方法分析资金、劳动力和信息技术进步这三个生产要素对区域经济增长的贡献和影响,并对顺义区经济增长的稳定性进行了验证。结果表明信息化建设对地区经济增长具有显著的推动作用,能有效促进当地经济的增长。     

Integrating Civil Society and Economic Growth in Appalachia

ABSTRACT Building from a framework that incorporates ideas from the civil society perspective into market‐based sociological models of economic growth, this article examines the effects of three measures of civic engagement on measure of economic growth in Appalachian counties during the 1990–1995 period. The analysis shows that net of other market competition‐based measures, civic engagement does have a net positive impact on economic growth (increases in private non‐farm employment, private establishment, per capita income, earnings, etc.). The three measures of civic engagement are (1) percent of population in civically engaged denominations (1990), (2) number of national associations per capita (1990), (3) and number of third places per capita (1990). All three measures have significant positive effects in one or more models. Percent in civically engaged denominations has the most consistent effects. Implications are discussed.     

From R&D to Innovation and Economic Growth in the EU

ABSTRACT Over the last two decades many European governments have pursued ambitious research and development (R&D) policies with the aim of fostering innovation and economic growth in peripheral regions of Europe. The question is whether these policies are paying off. Arguments such as the need to reach a minimum threshold of research, the existence of important distance decay effects in the diffusion of technological spillovers, the presence of increasing returns to scale in R&D investments, or the unavailability of the necessary socio‐economic conditions in these regions to generate innovation seem to cast doubts about the possible returns of these sort of policies. This paper addresses this question. A two‐step analysis is used in order to first identify the impact of R&D investment of the private, public, and higher education sectors on innovation (measured as the number of patent applications per million population). The influence of innovation and innovation growth on economic growth is then addressed. The results indicate that R&D investment, as a whole, and higher education R&D investment in peripheral regions of the EU, in particular, are positively associated with innovation. The existence and strength of this association are, however, contingent upon region‐specific socio‐economic characteristics, which affect the capacity of each region to transform R&D investment into innovation and, eventually, innovation into economic growth.     

Taxation of Natural Resources and State Economic Growth

The econometric evidence that has been brought to bear on the question of how state and local taxes affect the location decision of firms among competing states or regions is surprisingly sparse and often contradictory. In this research the question is addressed from a different empirical perspective than has been considered heretofore. Using a pool of cross-section and time-series data, the trends in employment and capital formation in three energy-rich states are analyzed during a period when these states substituted energy-related revenues for more traditional forms of taxation. McLure's general equilibrium model of regional taxation and industrial location forms the theoretical basis for the empirical analysis. The findings suggest that relative changes in state and local taxes on products and labor are of more significance as a location determinant than relative changes in the state corporate income tax.     

Economic Stability and Economic Growth in Rural Communities: Dimensions Relevant to Local Employment Creation Strategy

Approaches for analyzing employment stability with aggregated data for SICs in large regions or major metropolitan areas are misleading indicators of the impact of manufacturing growth in rural areas. Performance of moderate-sized individual establishments seriously impact total employment variation in small-employment-sized rural communities, requiring analysis of the determinants of employment stability of these establishments. Aggregate SIC performance and most conventional criteria for judging probable stability appear to provide very limited predictability for individual firm performance. However, manufacturing development appears generally to have desirable effects on community-wide employment stability.     

兰州-白银经济区高新技术产业集聚与区域经济增长关系的实证分析

以兰州-白银经济区的高新技术产业为研究对象,依据2000—2011年的时间序列数据,采用区位熵指数对高新技术产业的集聚水平进行测度,并在此基础上,对高新技术产业的集聚与经济增长的关系进行协整及格兰杰因果检验,进而构造VAR模型并得到脉冲响应函数。实证结果表明：兰白经济区的高新技术产业已经形成了集聚且集聚度呈稳定增长的趋势,同时,高新技术产业的集聚与经济增长之间存在长期的均衡关系。最后分析得出兰白经济区的高新技术产业集聚是一种政府主导型的集聚模式,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

一种消毒剂对陕西关中东部温室西瓜生长及土壤的影响

渭南是陕西省西瓜种植主产区,但多年连作种植加上不合理的田间管理使得土壤理化性质恶化,病虫害加剧,果实品质下降等问题突出。为了有效地改良土壤环境,促进当地西瓜产业的发展,本试验以小型礼品西瓜 “玲珑王”为供试作物,探究了使用土壤消毒剂之后西瓜的生长、根结线虫发病以及土壤微生物和酶活性的变化。结果表明,西瓜生长后期株高茎粗随着消毒剂浓度的增加都有所增加;植株总鲜重、西瓜产量和含糖量均表现为52.5 kg/ hm2浓度处理最高,亩产比对照高7.30%;随着消毒剂浓度的增加根结线虫发病率降低,二者相关系数为0.747;加入消毒剂之后土壤在0~10与10~20 cm土层细菌总数均低于对照,而四种土壤酶的活性均高于对照,且蔗糖酶与碱性磷酸酶的活性也均表现为52.5 kg/ hm2浓度处理最高。