微囊藻毒素MC-LR对凡纳滨对虾细胞免疫相关基因表达水平的影响

对凡纳滨对虾进行血窦注射微囊藻毒素MC-LR染毒,取染毒前后肝胰腺及血细胞,采用Illumina Hiseq 2500测序平台进行基因表达谱分析,并对差异基因的基因本体(gene ontology,GO)注释和京都基因与基因组百科全书(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)通路进行显著性富集分析。结果发现,酚氧化酶原、胰蛋白酶及C型凝集素等基因有显著的差异性表达。在GO富集性分析中发现细胞粘附显著性差异表达,细胞杀伤及细胞粘附分子结合物差异表达。KEGG富集性分析发现血细胞中吞噬体显著性差异表达,细胞凋亡、内吞作用和细胞粘附分子等通路呈表达差异。结果表明,凡纳滨对虾在被MC-LR染毒后,细胞免疫是抵御毒素的重要部分,其中细胞粘附和吞噬作用在抵御MC-LR对虾体的毒害过程中发挥了重要作用。     

The antibacterial lectin RegIIIgamma promotes the spatial segregation of microbiota and host in the intestine

The mammalian intestine is home to ~100 trillion bacteria that perform important metabolic functions for their hosts. The proximity of vast numbers of bacteria to host intestinal tissues raises the question of how symbiotic host-bacterial relationships are maintained without eliciting potentially harmful immune responses. Here, we show that RegIIIγ, a secreted antibacterial lectin, is essential for maintaining a ~50-micrometer zone that physically separates the microbiota from the small intestinal epithelial surface. Loss of host-bacterial segregation in RegIIIγ(-/-) mice was coupled to increased bacterial colonization of the intestinal epithelial surface and enhanced activation of intestinal adaptive immune responses by the microbiota. Together, our findings reveal that RegIIIγ is a fundamental immune mechanism that promotes host-bacterial mutualism by regulating the spatial relationships between microbiota and host.     

Cytostructural localization of a tumor-associated antigen

Tumor cell membrane glycoproteins may be involved in the induction of tumor immunity or in the escape of tumors from immunologic defense mechanisms. Forty-four benign and malignant breast lesions were examined for the presence of a carbohydrate precursor antigen (T antigen) of the human blood group system MN. T antigen was demonstrated by means of an immunohistochemical technique to detect tissue binding of peanut agglutinin, a plant lectin, with affinity for T antigen. Malignant breast lesions showed a pattern of T antigen expression different from that of benign breast tissues. A possible role for T antigen in the modulation of the immune response to breast carcinoma is suggested.     

TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT HISTOTYPIC CHANGES IN WALKER CARCINOSARCOMA IN THE CHORIOALLANTOIS

Solid tumors grew in the chorioallantois of chick embryos after the topical inoculation of ascites tumor cells. The microscopic character of the growth varied depending on the temperature of incubation. At 32.5 degrees C a sarcomatous appearance was prominent; at 37.5 degrees C carcinomatous structure in several alveolar patterns predominated; at 42.5 degrees C growth was that of a "giant cell" carcinoma.     

Interferon binding: the first step in establishment of antiviral activity

Chick cells incubated at 1 degrees C with interferon fail to develop antiviral activity, but this activity appears subsequent to a 7-hour incubation at 37 degrees C after removal of interferon by repeated washings. Treatment with actinomycin D blocks the development of the latter activity. Cells incubated with interferon at 1 degrees C for up to 1 hour and then washed and incubated for 2 hours at 37 degrees C develop a degree of antiviral activity proportional to the concentration of interferon at initial incubation; at any concentration, the antiviral activity increased with the duration of initial incubation at 1 degrees C, but a maximal response was reached at 10 or 20 minutes. Treatment with trypsin after incubation with interferon at 1 degrees C inhibited development of antiviral activity. Interferon is rapidly bound to a superficial cell site, and this binding is necessary for development of antiviral activity in chick cells.     

Glycosylation and the immune system

Almost all of the key molecules involved in the innate and adaptive immune response are glycoproteins. In the cellular immune system, specific glycoforms are involved in the folding, quality control, and assembly of peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and the T cell receptor complex. Although some glycopeptide antigens are presented by the MHC, the generation of peptide antigens from glycoproteins may require enzymatic removal of sugars before the protein can be cleaved. Oligosaccharides attached to glycoproteins in the junction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells help to orient binding faces, provide protease protection, and restrict nonspecific lateral protein-protein interactions. In the humoral immune system, all of the immunoglobulins and most of the complement components are glycosylated. Although a major function for sugars is to contribute to the stability of the proteins to which they are attached, specific glycoforms are involved in recognition events. For example, in rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease, agalactosylated glycoforms of aggregated immunoglobulin G may induce association with the mannose-binding lectin and contribute to the pathology.     

Immune adherence by the fourth component of complement

An immune complex becomes reactive in immune adherence after the specific binding of the fourth component of complement (C(4)). Immune adherence produced by the fourth component of complement is indistinguishable from classical immune adherence in terms of all parameters tested, except that it is entirely independent of the participation of the second and third components of complement.     

草鱼免疫相关细胞的超微结构的研究

以草鱼血液为样品作超微结构的观察。与哺乳动物相比较,草鱼血液中除红细胞、血栓细胞外,还有免疫相关细胞,包括淋巴细胞、单细胞、酸性白细胞、中性白细胞及巨噬细胞,但没有观察到碱性粒细胞。另发现草鱼淋巴细胞表面有较多突起,巨噬细胞形状不定。     

雏鸡对新城疫疫苗的免疫应答及其免疫保护机理

本实验共用240只1日龄健康雏鸡,分别于14,14和28日龄点眼滴鼻接种 Lasota 疫苗,在免疫后不同时期,采取实验鸡血液、泪液、肠液、气管液和胆汁、脾脏、法氏囊、胸腺、盲肠扁桃体、丕氏斑、十二指肠及哈德尔腺、支气管,检测了相应的 IgG,IgA,IgM 和 HI 滴度。T,B 细胞数量和功能,淋巴细胞数量以及浆细胞和酸性α-萘酚酯酶阳性 T 细胞(ANAE~+T)数量的动态变化。实验结果,雏鸡免疫后,脾脏、法氏囊和胸腺中 ANAR~+T 细胞与浆细胞显著增加,消化道和呼吸道相关局部免疫组织中的浆细胞、ANAE~+T 细胞数量也明显上升;与此相应,血液 T 细胞和脾脏 B 细胞免疫功能显著增强;血液 T,B 细胞、淋巴细胞数量显著升高;血清、泪液、气管液、胆汁和肠液中的 IgG,IgA,IgM 含量和 HI 滴度均程度不同地增加。免疫鸡脾脏、盲肠扁桃体和丕氏斑的淋巴小结数量增多,直径增大。这些表明免疫鸡不仅全身和局部的体液免疫反应,而且其细胞免疫应答也显著增强。雏鸡新城疫二免后,其免疫器官和局部免疫组织的浆细胞和 ANAE~+T 细胞进一步增多,血液 T 细胞和脾脏 B 细胞免疫功能也增强;血液 T 细胞。B 细胞与淋巴细胞数及 IgG,IgA,IgM含量和 HI 滴度程度不等地增加;泪液、气管液、肠液和胆汁的前述指标均升高,说明雏鸡 ND二免产生了显著的体液免疫和细胞免疫增强作用。新城疫强毒攻击后,对照鸡免疫器官组织和相应体液中的免疫指标均明显降低。呈现全身和局部免疫机能衰竭,全部死亡。与此相反,二免鸡免疫应答水平进一步提高,明显优于一免鸡,获得可靠的免疫保护,这与其显著增强的全身和局部细胞免疫和体液免疫反应密切相关。     

Self-nonself discrimination by T cells

The alpha beta T cell receptor (TCR) recognizes antigens that are presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded cell surface molecules by binding to both the antigen and the MHC molecules. Discrimination of self from nonself antigens and MHC molecules is achieved by negative and positive selection of T cells in the thymus: potentially harmful T cells with receptors that bind to self antigens plus self MHC molecules are deleted before they can mount immune responses. In contrast, the maturation of useful T cells with receptors that bind foreign antigens plus self MHC molecules requires the binding of their receptor to MHC molecules on thymic epithelium in the absence of foreign antigen. The binding of the TCR to either class I or class II MHC molecules directs differentiation of the selected cells into either CD4-8+ (killer) or CD4+8- (helper) T cells, respectively.     

Blood viscosity: influence of erythrocyte deformation

Suspensions of canine and human erythocytes hardened with acetaldehyde differ from the suspensions of normal erythrocytes with respect to their rheological behavior. Normal erythrocytes can be packed by centrifugation so that the sediment volume is nearly 100 percent cells, but the hardened erythrocytes (RBC's) can be packed only to approximately 60 percent cells. At the same cell percentage the viscosity of the hardened RBC suspension is higher than that of the suspension of normal erythocytes. An increase in shear stress deforms the normal erythocytes and lowers the suspension viscosity, but has no influence on the viscosity of the hardened cell suspension. In blood with high cell percentages, the shear deformation of normal RBC's plays an important role in reducing viscosity and facilitating flow at high shear stresses.     

草鱼脂多糖结合蛋白的分离纯化(英文)

脂多糖结合蛋白(lipopolysaccharide binding proteins ,LBP)是机体对革兰氏阴性菌感染产生的可溶性急性期蛋白,结合并提呈LPS给细胞表面的模式识别受体,激发免疫反应。在本试验中,用低浓度嗜水气单胞菌( Aeromonas hydrophila)感染草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)24 h后,抽取全血,离心,获得血浆。结合LBP活性检测,经硫酸铵沉淀、CMSephadex C-50阳离子交换层析和DEAE Sephadex A-25阴离子交换层析后,分离纯化得到LBP。该蛋白对异硫氰酸荧光素标记的脂多糖(Fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled li-popolysaccharide ,FITC-LPS)有较强的结合能力。在SDS-PAGE电泳后,考马斯亮蓝染色可见3条明显的带,分子量大约为68、53和48 kDa。同时探索一条简便分离纯化脂多糖结合蛋白的方法,为进一步研究LBP的功能奠定了基础。     

3种高致病性猪蓝耳病疫苗对仔猪免疫器官的损伤作用

【目的】研究3种高致病性猪蓝耳病(PRRS)疫苗(MLV、TJM92、JXA-1R)对仔猪免疫器官的损伤作用。【方法】选取50头初生健康仔猪,分为4组进行免疫:未免疫空白对照组(CK组)、MLV疫苗免疫组(A组)、TJM92疫苗免疫组(B组)、JXA-1R疫苗免疫组(C组)。病理剖检后,制作石蜡切片,通过优化的酯酶染色(α-ANE染色)、甲基绿-派洛宁染色(MG-P)方法统计各免疫器官的酯酶阳性T淋巴细胞和浆细胞(效应B淋巴细胞)比率变化。【结果】各免疫组的免疫器官酯酶阳性T淋巴细胞和浆细胞所占百分比与对照组存在显著或极显著差异。【结论】3种疫苗对仔猪免疫器官均有不同程度的损伤作用,具体表现为JXA-1R疫苗损伤作用最强,TJM92疫苗次之,MLV疫苗最弱。     

鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫对免疫细胞体外增殖及产生的免疫相关分子的影响

【目的】检测鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫体外刺激的巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞活力及分泌的细胞因子目的是了解球虫对免疫细胞增殖及产生的免疫相关分子的影响。【方法】无菌条件分离鸡外周血和脾淋巴细胞,淋巴细胞和HD11巨噬细胞分别与鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫子孢子体外共培养,采用MTT、Griess、ELISA、RT-PCR法、流式细胞术等方法检测细胞增殖、免疫相关分子水平。【结果】子孢子组鸡外周血和脾淋巴细胞增殖明显高于对照组(P0.05);子孢子组HD11巨噬细胞NO和iNOS的分泌量明显增加(P0.05),外周血和脾淋巴细胞NO和iNOS分泌量升高,但统计差异不显著,脾淋巴细胞iNOS分泌量低于对照组差异不显著,但子孢子组免疫细胞上iNOS基因表达水平上调且显著高于对照组(P0.05);子孢子组HD11巨噬细胞和外周血淋巴细胞IL-2分泌量极显著低于对照组(P0.01),且IL-2mRNA表达下调;HD11巨噬细胞和脾淋巴细胞IFN-γ量极明显高于对照组(P0.01),而外周血淋巴细胞IFN-γ分泌量明显降低,IFN-γmRNA表达量与对照组无显著统计差异;子孢子组HD11巨噬细胞吞噬能力及明显强于对照组(P0.01),其表达MHC-Ⅱ分子的阳性细胞百分率显著高于对照组,细胞上表达KUL01表面分子阳性百分率显著降低,但阳性细胞平均荧光强度都极明显高于对照组(P0.01)。【结论】鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫刺激免疫细胞增殖,提高巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞NO和iNOS的分泌量明显增加及iNOS基因表达水平上调,但IL-2分泌量下降其mRNA表达下调,免疫相关分子(MHC-II)表达量增加,结果表明鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫能不同程度影响免疫细胞增殖及产生免疫相关分子。     

Private lives: reflections and challenges in understanding the cell biology of the immune system

The immune system comprises a variety of cell types whose activities must be carefully regulated to act as a coherent unit for the purpose of host defense. To perform their autonomous functions, immune cells must rely on the same basic organizational features that apply to all cells, although immune cells often exhibit remarkable degrees of specialization and adaptation. The study of these specializations has lagged behind advances in understanding the immune response and cell biology individually. As a result, there are great opportunities, but also great challenges, for new conceptual discoveries by taking a more cell-biological approach to probing the function of the immune system.     

Lysosphingolipids inhibit protein kinase C: implications for the sphingolipidoses

Lysosphingolipids potently and reversibly inhibited protein kinase C activity and binding of phorbol dibutyrate in vitro and in human platelets. As with activation of protein kinase C by phosphatidylserine and sn-1,2-diacylglycerol, inhibition was subject to surface dilution. Accordingly, inhibition in mixed micelle assays was dependent on the molar percentage of lysosphingolipids rather than the bulk concentration. Lysosphingolipids inhibited protein kinase C activity at molar percentages similar to those required for activation by phosphatidylserine and sn-1,2-diacylglycerol. Since lysosphingolipids accumulate in Krabbe's disease, Gaucher's disease, and other sphingolipidoses, the hypothesis that lysosphingolipid inhibition of protein kinase C represents the missing functional link between the accumulation of sphingolipids and the pathogenesis of these disorders appears to unify existing data. The accumulation of lysosphingolipids would cause progressive dysfunction of signal transduction mechanisms vital for neural transmission, differentiation, development, and proliferation and would eventually lead to cell death.     

Lateral movements of membrane glycoproteins restricted by dynamic cytoplasmic barriers.

Cell membranes often are patchy, composed of lateral domains. These domains may be formed by barriers within or on either side of the membrane bilayer. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 molecules that were either transmembrane- (H-2Db) or glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored (Qa2) were labeled with antibody-coated gold particles and moved across the cell surface with a laser optical tweezers until they encountered a barrier, the barrier-free path length (BFP). At room temperature, the BFPs of Qa2 and H-2Db were 1.7 +/- 0.2 and 0.6 +/- 0.1 (micrometers +/- SEM), respectively. Barriers persisted at 34 degrees C, although the BFP for both MHC molecules was fivefold greater at 34 degrees C than at 23 degrees C. This indicates that barriers to lateral movement are primarily on the cytoplasmic half of the membrane and are dynamic.     

Effect of temperature on the life of soap bubbles, and their solidification at low temperature

Soap bubbles (also films on wire frames) have been solidified at low temperatures. At~-30 degrees C the bubbles still behave normally, that is, they can be expanded by blowing air into them and contract when the air is let out. At ~ -80 degrees C they become glassy, have very little surface tension, and cannot be blown up any more. At ~-120 degrees C they become completely solid. No further change is observed by cooling them to 90 degrees or 77 degrees K.     

鱼类体表粘液分泌机制·组分与功能研究进展

鱼类体表粘液来自体表粘液细胞,其成分和量受到粘液细胞的分布、数量、发育情况以及外界环境的影响。粘液的主要成分是粘多糖和蛋白类,同时还含有少量脂质。多糖类作为生物活性物质,在抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗衰老等方面起到了重要作用。蛋白类的含量达55%,主要成分为88~95 kD的免疫球蛋白、溶菌酶、凝集素、补体、抗病毒蛋白/肽以及SOD酶,在鱼类的生命活动中有着重要意义。分离鱼类体表粘液中生物活性蛋白的方法主要有柱层析法、盐析法、离子交换层析法等。结合国内外研究成果,对鱼类体表粘液分泌机制、粘液的组分及Ig的分离、体表粘液的免疫功能研究和趋势等方面进行了综述,旨在为今后体表粘液免疫蛋白的应用研究提供切入点。     

微生态制剂对肉鸡免疫器官发育影响的研究

将微生态制剂添加到饲料中饲喂肉鸡,检测肉鸡的免疫器官指数和免疫器官中T细胞百分数,探讨微生态制剂对肉鸡免疫器官发育的影响。结果表明,17日龄时,试验组的胸腺指数、法氏囊指数、脾脏指数分别比空白对照组高6.76%、10.69%、11.09%,差异显著(P<0.05);49日龄时,试验组的胸腺指数、法氏囊指数、脾脏指数分别比对照组高11.07%、19.01%、14.52%,其中胸腺指数和脾脏指数差异显著(P<0.05),法氏囊指数差异极显著(P<0.01)。另外,10、17日龄时试验组鸡的胸腺T细胞百分数分别比对照组高13.01%和6.41%;试验组10、17日龄时鸡的脾脏T细胞百分数分别比对照组高19.40%和9.71%,差异显著(P<0.05)。